Blog

How to Prepare for UPSC Exam?

Introduction to UPSC Exam The following article provides an outline for How to Prepare for UPSC Exam? UPSC conducts a national level exam for 24 services which falls under the Central & State Governments of India. It is a highly competitive exam, and there are a lot of aspirants who go through prelims and mains of UPSC. While preparing for an exam, the main challenge is to manage time. Without a proper direction, the journey would not be easy to complete. There are many factors for the one, who needs to keep in mind before starting the preparation. Table of contentsIntroduction to UPSC ExamHow to Prepare for UPSC Exam?10 Major Tips to Prepare for UPSC Exam1. Time2. Syllabus3. Optional Selection4. Health5. Revision6. Reading7. NCERT Books8. Mock Test9. Previous Year’s Question Papers10. Writing SkillsConclusionRecommended Articles How to Prepare for UPSC Exam? There are three parts, UPSC prelims, UPSC mains, and the interview. For 2021, the prelims and UPSC mains exams are due in June & September this year. So, if you want to apply this year, then the application's last date is 2nd March 2021. You can apply online, through upsconline.nic.in . You need to submit the DAF1 form which is Detailed Application Form I. Once you are done with your documentation part, make sure you are updated with any kind of changes that happened. Keep visiting that website once in a while. If you have just finished your 12th exams, then this is a very good time to start your preparation. The eligibility for civil services is that you should have a Bachelor's degree from any recognized university in respective subjects. So basically you will have 3 to 4 years in your hand. Apart from your regular college studies, you can manage time to be prepared well. 10 Major Tips to Prepare for UPSC Exam Given below are the 10 major tips to prepare for UPSC exam: 1. Time Prioritizing time is very much important. After 12th, 3 to 4 years can be a long time or it can be short, it depends on how you manage time. Before starting preparation, it is important to prepare yourself first. Apart from your college hours, make sure you study for at least 9 hours with full dedication. A comfortable timetable you should always follow. It is not bad to set a daily target or deadline for your planned study. 2. Syllabus Whether prelims or mains, you will find so many segments and it is you who is best to understand that where you have put more time and where less. Always start with the difficult one. But never stop to revise old topics or practicing reasoning and aptitude tests and so on. 3. Optional Selection Go through the complete breakdown of the syllabus. There are sections, where you can choose a subject as per your choice. Make sure you select subjects, where you are best at or you are more comfortable with. 4. Health A good healthy body always leads to a healthy mind. Here, a calm, healthy, and focused mind is required while studying. So take the all necessary measures to be physically fit. There are many options to explore such as yoga, gym, eating nutritious food, meditation, etc. 5. Revision There are so many areas in the UPSC syllabus thus it is equally important to do a regular revision of subjects that you have studied earlier. 6. Reading Build a habit to read the newspaper regularly. You should always keep yourself updated with the latest news. There are some magazines that too you can follow such as Down to Earth, Economic and Political Weekly, Kurukshetra, Yojana, etc. 7. NCERT Books NCERT textbooks from class six to twelve play a very crucial role for exam preparation, as it covers many topics of Civil Service Examination. It gives a crystal clear clarity. 8. Mock Test Enroll yourself for the prelims mock test series. Practice more with consistency. It is a very useful way to understand important concepts faster and earlier. It increases confidence level too. 9. Previous Year’s Question Papers Once you have covered more or less all areas do try solving previous year’s questions. This is the best way to test yourself that where do you stand and take action accordingly. 10. Writing Skills After clearing prelims, the mains exam would be descriptive type. It explores areas such as essays, synopsis writing, reading comprehension, grammar, basic language usage, translation, which include English to compulsory language and vice versa, Indian heritage & culture, history & geography of the world & society, governance, economic development, biodiversity, constitution, polity, social justice & international relations, technology, security & disaster management, ethics, integrity, and aptitude. It is not at all possible to clear the exam without sufficient writing skill knowledge. Conclusion It is always good to go through the free FAQs available at upsc.gov.in/faqs where the candidate would be able to get information related to examination, recruitment rules, services, etc. Recommended Articles This is a guide to How to Prepare for UPSC Exam? Here we discuss the introduction and 10 major tips to prepare for UPSC exam respectively. You can also go through our suggested articles to learn more - UPSC Exam Syllabus 2021 UPSC CSE How to Prepare for UPSC CSE? How to Crack UPSC CSE?

read more

SSC Exams

Introduction To SSC Exams SSC (Selection Staff Commission) exams are one of the hardest and laborious exams. Applicants need to know the whole exam process to align their time appropriately. SSC conducts numerous tests however among them SSC CGL is generally famous. It follows the procedures of SSC CGL and different tests likewise are pretty much has the same procedure with the addition or elimination of some steps. Table of contentsIntroduction To SSC ExamsApplicants Of SSC Exams1. Application Filling Process2. Tier 1 Exam3. Tier 2 Exam4. Tier 3 Exam5. Tier 4 Exam6. Final Selection7. Study Materials8. SSC Is Time Consuming9. SSC Posts Preference10. Have A backupConclusionRecommended Articles Applicants Of SSC Exams Given below are the applicants for the selection staff commission(SSC) exams: 1. Application Filling Process SSC test application is an online mode that incorporates: One-Time Registration: For the candidates applying for the first time need to register in the SSC website and get their registration number and password. This can be used to apply for all the SSC exams. Application For Exam: After getting the register number, apply for the intrigued exam by paying the recommended expenses. The exam fee is Rs 100. The test charge is excluded for women, SC/ST, people with inabilities, and Ex-Servicemen. Application filling will be normally 3-4 months before the exam. After filling up the form, SSC verifies the information and releases the admit cards on the website and candidates need to download them from the official website. The admit cards will be given separately for each exam phase and usually, it will be 1 week before the exam. 2. Tier 1 Exam Tier 1 will test the fundamental understanding of candidates. It is CBT (computer-based test) which includes general knowledge, aptitude, reasoning, and english which are all multiple-choice questions with negative marking. Candidates need to get the minimum qualifying exam and pass the cutoff marks to get eligible for the tier 2 exam. 3. Tier 2 Exam The tier 2 exam tests the deep understanding of candidates. The schedule and test type will be pretty much equivalent to Tier 1 test yet the test is prolonged. Each subject will be 2 hours and need to score the least qualifying test and pass the cutoff imprints to get qualified for the Tier 3 exam. There may be the inclusion of some subjects for specific profiles like for the post of the statistical investigator, they need to give exam on statistics. For more information visit the site. 4. Tier 3 Exam The tier 3 exam test the writing skills of candidates and it is a pen and paper mode test. Candidates need to prepare for essays and articles on general topics. For this exam, candidates need to follow the current affairs and practice handwriting as it also carries marks. The qualifying marks are 33%. 5. Tier 4 Exam This is a qualifying paper and more of a skill test. For appearing for this exam, candidates need to pass and secure a good score from all 3 exam phases. 6. Final Selection Finally, the merit list will be generated after totaling tier 1, tier 2, and tier 3 exams. Usually, there will not be any interview post-exam, it’s better to check the site for more information. Shortlisted candidates will be sent the appointment letters and finally, the candidates will be on board. There will be document verification before giving the tier 3/4 exam and candidates need to keep all the related documents ready and present them to avoid any rejections at later stages. 7. Study Materials Candidates need to plan themselves and arrange proper study materials which include the previous year’s question papers. monk exams and course materials. Some of the best materials are: Course Materials: Study Kit for SSC CHSL (10 2) Examination. Study Kit for SSC CGL (Tier-2) Exam. Study Kit for SSC CGL (Tier -3) Exam. SSC Junior Engineer(JE) EXAM (Paper-1). SSC CGL (Tier-1&2) Exam 2020: QUICKER Study Notes. Study Kit for SSC CGL (Tier-1) Hindi Medium. These all are available on https://sscportal.in/study-kit Previous Year’s Paper: SSC CGL Tier-1,2,3 Exam Papers. SSC CHSL Exam Papers. SSC MTS Exam Papers. SSC JE Exam Papers. SSC Stenographers C&D Exam Papers. These all are available on https://sscportal.in/papers 8. SSC Is Time Consuming Candidates need to realize that it is a tedious cycle that may take around 1.5 to 2 years for the test cycle. Other than this, it is hard to break in the first endeavor in light of the tremendous number of applicants. So, it takes 2-3 years for preparation, and thus make sure to have a clear mindset. 9. SSC Posts Preference SSC releases multiple posts every exam and for getting into one of the posts, candidates need to provide their preferences during application filling. Based on rank attained, demand on the post, and the number of posts available, candidates can avail that post. 10. Have A backup It's always advised to have a backup plan or B plan while preparing for SSC. Since it's a long process, there might be several barriers which candidates might have to pass through like negative taught, exam cancellation, late results, medical problems. These situations can be overcome with plan B can help and save some of the precious youth life of candidates. Thus, its recommended to have an alternative employment/education/exam plan in hand along with SSC. Conclusion These were some of the things each applicant has to know before giving the SSC exam. Its highly recommended for candidates to visit the official website, i.e., https://ssc.nic.in/ for nitty-gritty data on SSC exams. Recommended Articles This is a guide to SSC Exams. Here we discuss a brief overview on SSC exams and the applicants like application filling process, study materials, final selection, etc. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more– Eligibility for SSC Exam SSC Exam Paper SSC Exam Pattern What is UPSC Exam?

read more

UPSC CSE Mains Syllabus

Introduction To UPSC CSE Mains Syllabus The following article provides an outline for UPSC CSE Mains Syllabus. UPSC conducts a national level examination for twenty-four services that fall under the Central & State Governments of India such as the Indian Revenue Service, Indian Administrative Service, Indian Foreign Service, Indian Police Service, etc. UPSC syllabus format is common for those services. Civil Services Exam (IAS Exam), the greatly envied exam of all, is conducted by UPSC every year to recruit applicants. A general applicant’s age should be in between 21 to 30 years to appear in the exam. But for IAS the age limit is 32. A general applicant can attempt up to 6 times. For those who are aspiring to clear all the tests and work in the public service sector, it’s better to start your preparation just after finishing your class 12 exam. But one should be a graduate to apply. Applicants Of UPSC CSE Syllabus There are three parts to the Civil services exam. They are Prelims, Mains, and Personal interviews or UPSE personality tests. Every phase has its importance, therefore the applicant must proceed with proper planning. Let’s see them phase by phase. In the first part, let’s begin with Civil Services Preliminary Examination. There are mainly two segments. One is the general studies test and the second is the civil services aptitude test or CSAT. Both are tested with objective type-questions consists of a total of 400 marks, 200 marks for each paper. The applicant has to attempt both papers. The general studies test is mainly focused on general and social awareness. This is the first paper of the preliminary examination with 100 questions. Each correct answer would get two marks. It has negative marking for wrong answers marked to the ratio of 1/3rd of the total marks assigned to that particular question. There is no negative marking for any unattempted question. The prime focus of this test is, to check the awareness about the present happenings in the various span of subjects. Subjects cover such as information technology and general science, environmental ecology, biodiversity, climate change, Indian economy, history of India and Indian national movement, sustainable development, poverty, inclusion, demographics, political system, public policy, rights issues, etc. Aptitude Test, which is the second paper, also called CSAT, which aspires to evaluate the capability of the applicant in resolve ‘Analytical & Reasoning’ questions, ‘Decision Making’, and ‘Reading Comprehension questions. There are no negative marks for the question based on ‘Decision Taking’. CSAT paper consists of 80 questions with 200 marks. Each correct answer would get 2.5 marks. It has negative marking for wrong answers marked to the ratio of 0.833 of the total marks assigned to that particular question. Subjects cover such mental proficiency, relations between numbers, data interpretation, logical reasoning, analytical ability, decision making, comprehension, interpersonal skills including communication skills, etc. Once the applicant successfully cleared the preliminary exam, then he/she would be able to sit for IAS Mains which are descriptive type. In the second part, the Mains of UPSE syllabus, the exam comprises nine papers. Within that, there are two papers consists of 600 marks total, 300 marks each, and those are qualifying papers. And the total marks are 1750. The Mains exam tests the applicant’s academic talent in-depth and that person’s ability to present the understanding perfectly. To qualify, those two papers are, an Indian language paper, and the second is an English language paper. The minimum qualifying marks in these papers is 25% in both the language papers. If an applicant doesn’t qualify in these language papers, then the marks obtained by such an applicant wouldn’t be counted. It contains 100 marks for essays, 60 marks each for synopsis writing and reading comprehension, 40 marks for grammar and basic language usage, 20 marks each for translation which includes English to compulsory language and vice versa. The other seven papers contain 250 marks each. Papers are: i) ‘Essay’ which can be written in the medium of the applicant’s choice, ii) ‘General Studies: Part 1’ topics includes such as Indian Heritage & Culture, History & Geography of the World & Society, iii) ‘General Studies: Part 2’ covers areas such as governance, constitution, polity, social justice & international relations, iv) ‘General Studies: Part 3’ which section includes technology, economic development, biodiversity, security & disaster management, v) General Studies: Part 4’ which includes ethics, integrity and aptitude, vi) ‘Optional Subject: Paper 1’, vii) Optional Subject/ Paper 2’. For the optional subject paper (vi) and (vii) applicants need to select anyone from the ‘Optional Subjects’ under the 48 Optional Subjects list. The list includes Manipuri (Literature), Marathi (Literature), Odia (Literature), Punjabi (Literature), Sanskrit (Literature), Philosophy, Physics, Political Science & International Relations, Psychology, Public Administration, Sociology, Statistics, Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science, Maithili (Literature), Malayalam (Literature), Chemistry, Civil Engineering, Sindhi (Literature), Tamil (Literature), English (Literature), Urdu (Literature), Anthropology, Gujarati (Literature), Kannada (Literature), Kashmiri (Literature), Telugu (Literature), Agriculture, Bengali (Literature), Bodo (Literature), Geology, History, Medical Science, Zoology, Commerce & Accountancy, Economics, Mechanical Engineering, Assamese (Literature), Law, Management, Konkani (Literature), Santhali (Literature), Geography, Mathematics, Dogri (Literature), Hindi (Literature), Botany, Electrical Engineering, Nepali (Literature). And the final part is the personal interview or UPSE personality test, which holds 275 marks. Applicants would get a call for an interview, those who have successfully cleared for the UPSC mains. UPSE has appointed a board for applicants, those who are qualified for the interview. The main purpose of the interview is, to assess the compatibility of the applicant for a career in civil services. The interview mainly explores the analytical ability and intellectual capabilities of the applicant. Based on all the tests the result would get appeared in the merit list where the applicant can get to know whether he/she is selected or not. Conclusion As the area is vast, one should plan first, and then start covering sections one by one and revise periodically with utmost dedication. Following a timetable would be a good practice. Selecting the correct optional paper can be beneficial. It is always better to test yourself by trying the previous year’s papers. Writing and reading skills need to be improved simultaneously. Recommended Articles This is a guide to UPSC CSE Mains Syllabus. Here we discuss introduction to the UPSC CSE mains syllabus and the applicants of UPSC CSE syllabus. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more– Introduction to UPSC CSE Syllabus UPSC CSE Eligibility Guide to UPSC CSE Age Limit UPSC Exam| How to Apply for the UPSC Exam?

read more

CAT Exam Age Limit

Introduction To CAT Exam Age Limit The following article provides an outline for CAT Exam Age Limit. CAT, the acronym for Common Admission Test, is an All-India common entrance test to study management courses. It is basically a test for aspirants who wants to have a post-graduate degree in management studies i.e. MBA or PGDM. It is also a chance for students to study in the coveted and premium institutions like IIM and IITs, the best Gurukuls of India managed the best Instructors of India also. Not to mention the competitiveness & toughness level of this exam, only the very best, cream of the crops are able to achieve the required eligible marks to get admissions in these hallowed establishments. CAT is conducted every year by the IIMs or the Indian Institute of Management all across India. At first, it was a paper-based test but since 2009 it has been converted into a computer-based test held annually. Common Admission Test Or CAT Exam In Details: CAT is an annually held common entrance test for all post-graduate management courses in India. It is also a direct entrance test for studying in the IIMs and IITs. It is now a computer-based test since 2009 before it was a paper-based written test. It is administered by one of the IIMs alternatively based on a rotating policy every year. The exam pattern has been divided into three parts or sections: Quantitative Aptitude. Logical Reasoning & Data Interpretation. Verbal Ability & Reading Comprehension. There are a total of 100 questions compounding total marks of 300 The duration given is 3 hours or 180 minutes. Negative marking is also there. Although the overall CAT exam pattern has been subject to change many a time in the past years but since the last 2 years the pattern has not changed with subject to total sections and marks. Although the CAT Exams are organized by the IIMs but the Computer tests are conducted by an external body. When the Computer-based tests started back in 2009, it was conducted by an American software firm named Prometric till 2013 and later from 2014 onwards CAT exams have been conducted by none other than TCS or Tata Consultancy Services. The syllabus for these exams are generally based on high school subjects like Math (Arithmetic, Algebra and Geometry), Science, English (Error finding, grammar, sentence completion and sentence jumbling) and also some logical reasoning questions along with graphical & data interpretation also. This year’s CAT exam will probably be held in November 2021. Key Takeaways So now we can surmise that CAT is one of the best exams which are conducted in India to gain entry to one of the most prestigious B-Schools in India, it is a tough and competitive exam churning out the best candidates year after year. We now know that CAT is an annually held computer-based exam administered by the IIMs and conducted by TCS. We also have come to know that the main syllabus is based on high school subjects like Math, English and Reasoning and the minimum eligibility is having a 50% aggregate in his/her UGC recognised bachelor’s degree. Age Limit For CAT As of now, there is no specific maximum age limit to apply or appear for CAT or Common Admission Test. Although the basic minimum parameters for appearing in CAT exams are: One should be at least 20 years of age. Should have a bachelor’s degree in any stream from a rerecognised university or college. One must have at least 50% aggregate in his/her bachelor’s degree for general candidates. For SC/ST/PwD candidates, the aggregate percentage is merely 45%. So now we also know the age criteria for appearing in CAT exams. Age Chart For CAT As we have already seen above, the basic age chart in CAT exams, although there is no maximum age limit for appearing so one must be at least 20 years of age with a completed bachelor’s degree. Eligibility Of CAT Exam The basic eligibility criteria to appear in CAT exams is as follows: One must be a bachelor’s degree holder in any stream. The minimum required percentage for General candidates is 50%. The minimum required percentage for SC/ST/PwD candidates is a mere 45%. All these bachelor’s degrees should be from a recognized University or College (UGC approved). Students who are appearing for their final year in their respective bachelor's degree or have completed it and awaiting results can also apply for CAT exams, although they must have a certificate of approval from their College head or Registrar or Dean that they have qualified all the necessary requirements to hold a bachelor’s degree. Recommended Articles This is a guide to CAT Exam Age Limit. Here we discuss the introduction, age chart and eligibility of CAT exam for better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Cat Exam Preparation CAT Exam for MBA CAT Exam Syllabus CAT Exam

read more

CAT Exam Details

Introduction To CAT Exam The common admission test (CAT) is for MBA admission into prestigious colleges of India. IIMs and many popular management institutes conduct the admission process through the CAT exam. CAT is conducted by the IIM and it is on a rotational basis. 20 IIMs and 1200 Business management schools across India come under the CAT entrance exam. CAT is a computer-based exam. It is a highly competitive exam and candidates should have to prepare hard to crack the exam. Key Takeaways Know the admission process for MBA course into the IIM of India: For the admission process, IIM conducts 3 rounds: The first is the CAT entrance test. After shortlisted in the CAT, the applicant will be eligible for the next round is WAT (Written Ability Test) and PI (Personnel Interview). IIM also considers the Bachelor’s degree records. Complete Guide To CAT Exam Details Given below shows complete guide to CAT Exam: 1. Eligibility Criteria For CAT Exam The candidate should hold a bachelor’s degree with 50% marks. For reserved categories such as SC (Scheduled Cast), ST (Scheduled Tribe), PWD (Persons with Disability), and DA (Differently Able) should have 45% marks in their Bachelor’s degree. Bachelor’s degree should be awarded by the universities under the act of the central or state statutory body of India. Candidates who are appearing for the final year of their bachelor’s degree also can apply for the exam. 2. Verification Process If the applicant is shortlisted in the CAT has to complete the following verification process: Shortlisted candidates required to submit all the original mark sheets and attested photocopy of it at the time of the interview. Reserved categories SC, ST, OBC, PWD, and DA if shortlisted need to submit their caste certificate or disability certificate. 3. CAT Exam Pattern Total number of sections: 3 Total number of questions: 100 Total number of marks: 300 Type of questions: MCQ and non-MCQ Mode of exam: Online exam Frequency of exam: Once a year Marking scheme: 3 marks for the accurate answer and -1 mark for the incorrect answer 4. CAT Exam Fees Category Registration Fees General and OBC 2000 SC, ST, PWD 1000 5. Syllabus Number of sections are: 3 Verbal Ability And Reading Comprehension (VARC) Quantitative Aptitude (QA) Logical Reasoning And Data Interpretation (LR & DI) Quantitative Aptitude Data Interpretation & Logical Reasoning Verbal & Reading Comprehension Profit and Loss Table English grammar Speed, Time, Distance Graph (Bar & Column) Sentence correction Time and Work Chart (Pie & Line) Fill in the blanks Average Venn diagram Article and prepositions Ration and Proportion Calendar Passage Percentage Clock Jumbled paragraph Interest Directions Vocabulary based (synonyms & antonyms) LCM and HCF Blood relation & family tree Number System Number and letter series Complex Number Puzzles Series Data structure Logarithm Trigonometry Quadratic and Linear Equations Probability Geometry Permutation and Combination 6. CAT Important Dates Salient Points Dates Notification July 24-25, 2021 CAT Registration August 2-3, 2021 Registration End September 15, 2021 Admit Card October 24, 2021 CAT Exam November 28, 2021 Final Result Declaration January 4, 2022 7. Highlights Of CAT Exam Features Details Exam Frequency Once a year Number of Applications 2.30 lakh (in 2020) Course Offered MBA and PGDM Exam Toll-Free Help 1-800-209-0830 Exam Website https://iimcat.ac.in 8. Guidelines For CAT Exam Day Candidate must carry Admit card, entry without admit card will not b e permitted. Candidates are required to carry ID proof. In case of name change then carry the name changed certificate. Calculator, IPAD, mobile phones, bags, electronic gadgets are prohibited in the exam hall. Conclusion It is a highly competitive exam. Common aptitude test is mandatory to take admission into the IIM and top-most institutes of management in India. Candidates need to strive hard to crack the exam. Recommended Articles This is a guide to CAT Exam Details. Here we discuss the introduction and complete guide to CAT exam details respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – CAT Exam Syllabus Cat Exam Preparation CAT Exam for MBA

read more

CAT Exam Papers

Introduction To CAT The following article provides an outline for CAT Exam Papers. CAT is the most popular and mandatory entrance exam for top-most management colleges in India. It is a common admission test for MBA admission into IIM (Indian Institutes of Management) and various famous business schools across India. 20 IIM and 1200 business management schools conduct their admission process through CAT. It is conducted by the IIMs on a rotational basis. CAT exam 2020 was conducted by the IIM Indore. CAT is an online computer-based and highly tough-competitive exam. Key Takeaways Candidates should be aware of the important dates regarding the CAT exam: Registration for the CAT starts in the month of August. Closing date for CAT registration is expected in the month of September. Admit card releases in October. CAT exam will be held by the IIMs in the month of November or December. Criteria For CAT Exam Candidate should have a Bachelor’s degree with 50% marks. Candidates who are belonging reserved categories like SC (Scheduled Cast), ST (Scheduled Tribe), or physical disability should have 45% marks in their Bachelor’s degree. Candidates should have completed Bachelor’s degree from recognised universities or educational institutes by the Indian government. Final year candidates also can apply for the CAT exam. Candidates who are carrying professional degrees like CA, CS, ICWA can apply for the CAT exam. CAT Exam Papers Pattern Given below table shows CAT Exam Papers Pattern: Section Total Questions No Of MCQ No Of Non-MCQ Duration Verbal And Reading Comprehension 34 24 10 60 Quantitative Aptitude 34 22 12 60 Data Interpretation And Logical Reasoning 32 24 8 60 Total 100 70 30 180 (3 hrs) CAT Previous Year Exam Papers To crack the CAT Exam, it is necessary to solve the previous year’s exam papers to understand the pattern of the CAT exam. Giving mock tests and solving papers will helps you to get familiar with the competitive test and to understand the critical level of the questions. How To Get Ready For CAT Exam? There is a wide range of books are available for the CAT exam. Candidates have to select the right book which will help to cover all the topics of all sections of the syllabus. The book must contain an updated exam pattern and syllabus. Take a look at the following topics of the syllabus that will help to select a perfect book for you. Verbal and reading comprehension is to check the English skills. Question pattern includes: Reading and comprehension passages Para jumbles Sentence correction and completion Grammar Preposition Use of article and clauses types The quantitative aptitude section contains standard numerical-based questions. It covers various mathematics topics. Geometry Algebra Trigonometry Profit and loss Ratio and proportion Time-speed-distance Work and time Percentage and interest Number system Modern maths The data interpretation and logical reasoning section are to check the candidate’s logical skills and data interpretation skills. It contains topics given below: Direction sense Series Family tree Puzzles Clock and calendar Venn diagram Data structure Pie charts Graphs Question Papers For CAT Exams Question papers are set by the IIMs on a rotational basis. Papers are very crucial to solve. A negative marking system is there. 100 questions are there for 300 marks. Marking System: 3 marks for each correct answer. -1 for each incorrect answer. 0 mark for unattempted question. Conclusion Preparation of the CAT exam must start with solving the previous year’s question papers. It will help to increase the confidence to crack the exam. Candidates must aware of the syllabus of the CAT Exam, it is important to learn all the sections of the syllabus. Once you completed the learning, start solving the previous year’s question papers then you will get familiar with the difficult level questions. It is necessary to improve the technique of time management during exam time. Recommended Articles This is a guide to CAT Exam Papers. Here we discuss introduction, criteria, pattern, previous year papers, how to get ready & question papers for exam. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Cat Exam Preparation CAT Exam for MBA CAT Exam Syllabus CAT Exam

read more

CAT Exam Registration

Introduction To CAT Exam The following article provides an outline for CAT Exam Registration. CAT will be conducted in 156 cities across India. Notification for CAT registration will release in the last week of July and the registration process will start in the first week of August and will continue till September. Key Takeaways Before applying for the CAT exam check the eligibility criteria. Applicant should hold a bachelor’s degree with 50% marks. Applicants from the reserved categories such as SC, ST, PWD, and DA should hold bachelor’s degree with 45% marks. Bachelor’s degree should have from recognized universities or educational institutes. Students who are appearing for the final year of the degree courses also can apply for the CAT exam. Important Dates Of CAT 2021 Registration Process Given below are the important dates of CAT 2021 registration process: CAT Events Important Dates For CAT Registration Notification Release Date Last Week Of The July Registration Start Date First Week Of August Registration End Date Second Week Of September Admit Card Release Date October CAT Exam Date November CAT Exam Answers Key Release Date December Steps For CAT 2021 Registration For registration of the CAT 2021 go through the official website http://www.iimcat.ac.in/ and follow the following steps: New candidate login to generate unique user ID and password. Registered candidate login. Login with the user ID and password that you have created in the first step. Submit the application by filling in-detailed information. Step 1: New Candidate Login This step is to create a user profile on the official website. It will generate a user Id and password for registration. Once you create a profile your mobile number and email address will be verified by OTP. After verification, ID and password will be sent to a registered email address. Using these login details you can log in as a registered candidate. Entries that you need to fill in to create a profile. Name of the candidate Date of birth Email address Mobile number Candidate need to retain an email address and mobile number till the admission process is completed. All the communication will be done using an email address and mobile number only. Step 2: Registered Candidate Login Got to the registered candidate login tab, log in with the user ID and password that is created in the first step. After login, you will be redirected to the applicant’s details page and the next tab is go to application form. Step 3: Submit An Application Form Candidates need to fill details are given below: Personal details Academic qualification Work experience Programs Test city Payment Preparation For The CAT 2021 CAT is a computer-based and highly competitive entrance exam. Almost 2.30 lakh candidates appeared for the CAT exam in the year of 2020. Hence to crack the CAT exam candidates need to strive hard. The pattern of the exam: Exam Pattern Details Total Number Of Questions 76 Total Marks 228 Marking Scheme 3 Marks For Each Correct Answer -1 For Each Incorrect Answer Duration 120 Minutes Mode Of The Exam Online Syllabus For CAT 2021 Three sections are there: Quantitative aptitude Data interpretation and logical reasoning Verbal ability and reading comprehension Quantitative Aptitude Data Interpretation & Logical Reasoning Verbal & Reading Comprehension Profit And Loss Table English Grammar Speed, Time, Distance Graph (Bar & Column) Sentence Correction Time And Work Chart (Pie & Line) Fill In The Blanks Average Venn Diagram Article And Prepositions Ration And Proportion Calendar Passage Percentage Clock Jumbled Paragraph Interest Directions Vocabulary Based (Synonyms & Antonyms) LCM And HCF Blood Relation & Family Tree Number System Number And Letter Series Complex Number Puzzles Series Data Structure Logarithm Trigonometry Quadratic And Linear Equations Probability Geometry Permutation And Combination Conclusion - CAT Exam Registration https://iimcat.ac.in/ is the official website for the CAT registration. All the information regarding CAT such as the eligibility criteria, syllabus, pattern, application fees, list of test centers, list IIMs, admission process you will get on this website. Recommended Articles This is a guide to CAT Exam Registration. Here we discuss important dates, steps of CAT 2021 registration process, preparation & syllabus for CAT 2021. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Cat Exam Preparation CAT Exam for MBA CAT Exam Syllabus CAT Exam

read more

UPSC CSE Previous Year Paper

Introduction To UPSC CSE The following article provides an outline for UPSC CSE Previous Year Paper. UPSC [Union Public Service Commission] is a predominant national-level competitive exam to select suitable candidates for India’s civil services like IAS, IFS, and many more. UPSC is also called IAS Exam, is one of the competitive exams conducted by the UPSC. UPSC Civil Service Exam is the second toughest exam national level, with that competition high and the only small number of recruitment. Usually, UPSC exam notification is released in February month. Aspirants can get all information about the exam like Exam Application Date, Syllabus, Question Paper Pattern, Exam Center, Exam Fees, Eligibility, etc. Here we will see how UPSC previous paper used to score high marks, UPSC Prelims Paper Pattern, and UPSC Main Paper patterns as below. Key Takeaways UPSC Civil Service Examinations is the toughest examination consisting of three stages: UPSC Prelims, UPSC Main, and Interview. UPSC Prelims consists of two papers with multiple-choice questions. UPSC Main consists of nine descriptive papers. UPSC Previous year questions are a backbone to score high marks in UPSC Civil Service Examination. Details Of UPSC CSE Previous Year Paper Given below are the details of UPSC CSE Previous Year Paper: 1. Importance Of UPSC Previous papers UPSC previous year question papers play an important role for Aspirants to succeed in the UPSC Civil Service Exam with high marks. Only studying syllabus lessons does not give success. You have to practice previous year question paper successfully and get high marks as well. UPSC Previous year paper helps the aspirants to get to know about the exam pattern, what type of questions will be asked in the exam, and what the important topics are, and also it improves your time management skill. Students can get previous year's papers from many online portals, download the previous paper, and practice for the upcoming exams. Aspirants consistently practice previous year question paper gives more confidence in the exam. Simply say, Previous Year question papers are the backbone to crack the exam with high marks. 2. UPSC Prelims Exam Pattern UPSC CSE exam is conducted in two stages called UPSC Prelims and UPSC Main. Aspirants who clear UPSC Prelims will qualify for the UPSC Main Exam, then aspirants who clear the main exam will qualify for the interview. UPSC Preliminary Exam pattern details are given below: UPSC Preliminary Examinations consist of two papers, which will be conducted on the same day. Both papers have multiple-choice questions, and it has negative marks. Preliminary Exam Exam Type Marks/Duration No. Of Questions Negative Marks Paper I – Generals Studies I Multiple Choice Questions 200 Marks / Two Hours 100 Questions Yes Paper-II – General Studies II [CSAT] Multiple Choice Questions 200 Marks / Two Hours 80 Questions Yes 3. UPSC Main Exam Pattern UPSC Main Exam contains 9 papers, and the exam type is descriptive. UPSC Main Exam is conducted in nearly 5 to 7 days. Aspirants who clear UPSC Preliminary exam only allowed for UPSC Main Exam. The UPSC Main Exam details are given below: UPSC Main Exam Subject Duration / Total marks Paper A Indian Language Compulsory 3 Hours / 300 Marks Paper B English 3 Hours / 300 Marks Paper I Essay 3 Hours / 250 Marks Paper II General Studies I Indian Heritage And Culture, History And Geography Of The World 3 Hours / 250 Marks Paper III General Studies II International Relations, Social Justice, Constitution, Governance, Polity 3 Hours / 250 Marks Paper IV General Studies III Economic Development, Technology, Security And Disaster Management, Bio-Diversity, Environment 3 Hours / 250 Marks Paper V General Studies IV Ethics, Integrity, Aptitude 3 Hours / 250 Marks Paper VI Optional I 3 Hours / 250 Marks Paper VII Optional II 3 Hours / 250 Marks Conclusion - UPSC CSE Previous Year Paper Thus in the following article we conclude UPSC CSE Previous Year Paper. Recommended Articles This is a guide to UPSC CSE Previous Year Paper. Here we discuss the introduction and details of UPSC CSE previous year paper respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – UPSC CSE Age Limit UPSC CSE Eligibility How to Crack UPSC CSE? How to Prepare for UPSC CSE?

read more

NEET Exam Eligibility

Introduction To NEET Exam Eligibility The following article provides an outline for NEET Exam Eligibility. NEET is your ticket to get into medical courses. Here we will see the eligibility of candidates to appear for the tests. To get into UG courses of medical NEET is the most important test in India. Earlier JIPMER & AIIMS had separate exams for MBBS. But now that has been discontinued and for both admissions happens through NEET only, which makes it more important and competitive as well. What Is NEET Exam? NEET stands for National Eligibility cum Entrance Test and is conducted by NTA (National Test Agency). NEET is the sole test for entrance into the BDS or MBBS courses in India. This exam is conducted once a year (Aspirants have demanded that the exam must be conducted twice a year and the Health Ministry is looking into this). NEET is held at around 150 centers all around India. Each year 1.5 million candidates appear for the exam. NEET Exam Eligibility Criteria Before appearing for NEET, a candidate must qualify certain criteria which are as below: 1. Residence (Nationality) Indian Resident NRIs (Non-Resident Indians) OCI (Overseas Citizen of India) PIO (Person with Indian Origin) Foreign Nationals 2. Age Criteria The candidate should be at least 17 years old as of Dec 2021. 3. Qualification Criteria Candidate must pass 12th class or equivalent from a recognized board or institute. Candidates appearing for 12th class or equivalent can also apply. 4. Stream and Subject Criteria The candidate must be a science student with the subjects Physics, Chemistry, and Biology. Minimum marks required to qualify NEET exam ranges from 40 to 50 % according to Category. Last-Minute Exam Tips NEET is a competitive exam and one needs to prepare well for the exam to crack it. It’s continuous learning and improving exercise. Last-minute exam tips come into play when you prepare it well for a good amount of time, but here are the tips that can help you. Avoid Stress: If you stress about an exam, it would not help it’s better to sit down and write down the goals of the day, break them down into small-small achievable targets and order them as per the priority. We know it sounds a lot of work but it would certainly keep you out of stress and on track. The higher priority thing must be covered first or in your effective hours. Everyone has their own set of effective hours. Prepare Short Notes for Reference at the Last Moment: This is really important for competitive exams and gives you chance to recall everything in a short span of time. As the syllabus tends to be never-ending but basic concepts do remain the same. So in order to have a quick look over the concepts, you shall prepare short notes when studying the subjects that you can refer to later to have a clear idea of the summary. Bring Consistency: We know competitive exams are not a sprint but are like a marathon you need to keep going and make it consistent. You cannot put all your energy into one day’s study and in others, you don’t study at all. It’s like eating one byte after another to take a full meal. Dos And Dont For NEET Exam Do prepare an exam kit beforehand. Don’t panic and keep breathing. Do take tea-coffee breaks during preparation. Don’t use social media when preparing, they generally distract one. Do ask for help whenever in trouble. Conclusion We saw the NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test). We went over the eligibility of the candidate and also discussed Last minute exam tips, dos and don’ts of the NEET exam, and how to be calm and be prepared for the NEET exam. Recommended Articles This is a guide to NEET Exam Eligibility. Here we discuss a brief overview on NEET exam eligibility, dos and dont for NEET exam, exam tips, and eligibility criteria. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more– NEET Entrance Exam 2021 NEET Preparation NEET Exam Syllabus NEET Login

read more

NEET Full Form

Introduction To NEET Full Form The following article provides an outline for NEET Full Form. NEET stands for National Eligibility Entrance Test and it started in 2013. Previously there were several different National and State wise medical entrance tests held and also individual Medical college specific-entrance tests like AIIMS and JIPMER were held but now it has been combined into one single test called NEET since 2019. It was first developed and administered by the Central Board of Secondary Education or CBSE between 2013 to 2018. Later it was passed to the National Testing Agency or NTA in 2019 to conduct the exams, the NTA then reports to the Directorate General of Health Services to produce the results of those exams conducted for allocating the seats to the selected candidates. For your information, The Directorate General of Health Services comes under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and State Counselling Authorities. This singular combined entrance test offers admission opportunities for more than 60,000 aspiring undergrad students in the fields of medicine studies across India and abroad. The degrees offered post-qualification of NEET are MBBS, BDS, BAMS, BUMS and BHMS. NEET previously referred to as AIPMT, is categorized into two types, NEET-UG (under- graduation) and NEET-PG (post-graduation) both administered by NTA. The basic educational requirement for NEET-UG is having a solid science background (Physics, Chemistry, Biology) and also qualifying marks in these subject to start with it. NEET-PG exam is for candidates pursuing advanced or master’s degree in medicine like MD or MS and other post-grad medical degrees. NEET is held every year with a duration of 3 hours in over 11 different languages nationally across India. What Is NEET Exam? NEET is also known as the National Eligibility Entrance Test, it is a medical entrance test for students aspiring and pursuing the career path to be a Medical professional. This exam was previously called the All-India Pre-Medical Test or AIPMT. It is basically a pre-assessment entrance test of the medical fields for undergraduate students who want to have a medical degree. Such medical degrees include MBBS (basic graduation degree), BDS (basic graduation degree in dental) and AYUSH (basic graduation degree in the field of Ayurveda, Naturopathy and Homeopathy). We can say National Eligibility Entrance Test or in short, NEET is actually the one single National common entrance test to pursue any medical degree in any Medical Colleges and Institutions, Government or private in India or even abroad. What Does NEET Stand for? NEET is actually the acronym for the National Eligibility Entrance Test, a pre-medical entrance test for students who want to pursue the field of medicine as a career path. It is held annually every year and is regarded as one of the premier entrance examinations in the country churning out one of the best and the brightest in the country, a prestigious exam to create the future doctors and medical professionals for India and also for the world. How Can You Appear For NEET? The basic requirements for appearing for the NEET examinations are: 1. A candidate must be of at least 17 years of age for appearing in the exam, this is the minimum age limit. 2. The maximum age limit for NEET-UG is 25 years for General category students and for SC/ST/OBC and PwDstudents there is a relaxation of up to 5 years. 3. The mandatory requirement to appear in the NEET is that the candidate must have passed in the 10 2 board exams (CBSE, ICSE or equivalent State-wise Board exams) with having achieved the qualifying marks in the core subjects (Physics, Chemistry, Biology and English) also. 4. The minimum qualifying percentage (total aggregate) for the core subjects i.e., Physics, Chemistry and Biology have been differentiated as per the categories, which are: General- 50% SC/ST/OBC - 40% PWD - 45% 5. There is no maximum limit for the number of attempts to appear in the NEET examinations as of 2021. 6. The people who can appear in these exams are Indian Nationals, Person of Indian origin, NRIs and also aspiring foreign nationals. Conclusion - NEET Full Form NEET is the singular All India Medical Entrance Test to all medical colleges and institutions, Government and Private for students who want to be doctors and medical professionals in India and abroad. It is tough and also at the same time a lucrative entrance examination offering the opportunity to have one of the oldest, noblest and worthy professional careers in the world. Recommended Articles This is a guide to NEET Full Form. Here we discuss the introduction to NEET Full Form, what is NEET exam, how can you appear for NEET and what does NEET stand for. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – NEET Exam Eligibility NEET Preparation NEET Login NEET Exam

read more

NEET Exam

Introduction To NEET Exam The full form of NEET is National Eligibility Entrance Test and it started in 2013. Before the enactment of the NMC Act of 2019, there were more than one medical test held at different levels and also some college specific-entrance tests like AIIMS and JIPMER separately, now there is only one medical entrance exam, namely NEET since 2019. It was first started and monitored by the Central Board of Secondary Education or CBSEuntil 2018. Then the control was passed over to the National Testing Agency or NTA in 2019 to administer the NEET exams, the NTA then sends all the results of NEET to the Directorate General of Health Services to assign the allocated seats to the selected candidates. Basic general knowledge for all, The Directorate General of Health Services falls under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and State Counselling Authorities. National Eligibility Entrance Test provides admissions opportunities to more than 60,000 seats across India. The many degrees offered after qualifying NEET are MBBS, BDS, BAMS, BUMS and BHMS. There are two types of NEET exams categorized as NEET-UG (under- graduation) and NEET-PG (post-graduation) both administered by NTA. Students having a solid background and qualifying marks (total aggregate) in Physics, Chemistry, Biology can appear for NEET-UG. NEET-PG is for those who want to apply for advanced or master’s degree like MD or MS and other post-grad medical degrees. NEET is held annually across India with a duration of 3 hours in over 11 different languages having a total of 720 marks What Is NEET Exam? NEET or the National Eligibility Entrance Test, it is an all-India entrance test for candidates who wants to have a career in the medical world. Before NEET was referred to as, All-India Pre-Medical Test or AIPMT. NEET is actually a pre-assessment entrance test to study medicine for those students who want to have a medical degree. The most famous medical degrees which you can apply for after successfully passing NEET are MBBS (basic graduation degree), BDS (basic graduation degree in dental) and AYUSH (basic graduation degree in the field of Ayurveda, Naturopathy and Homeopathy). To have a better understanding, we can say that NEET is the amalgamation of all the previously held State and National Medical exams formed into a singular All-India medical entrance exam since 2019 under the newly enacted NMC Act of 2019 by the Govt. of India. NEET Exam Criteria The basic criteria for appearing for the NEET examinations are: 1. The minimum age of a candidate who wants to appear in this exam should be at least 17 years of age by December 31, 2021. 2. On the other hand, 25 is the upper or maximum age limit for a candidate who wants to appear for NEET 2021, although provisionally. 3. The maximum age limit for NEET-UG is 25 years for General category students and for SC/ST/OBC and PwD students there is a relaxation of up to 5 years. 4. The basic but the must-required educational qualification for appearing in the NEET is that the candidate should have the passing marks in the 10 2 board exams (CBSE, ICSE or equivalent State-wise Board exams) including the qualifying marks in the core subjects (Physics, Chemistry, Biology and English) also. 5. The minimum qualification percentage (total aggregate) for the core subjects (Physics, Chemistry, Biology) are different for different categories, as stated: General - 50%, SC/ST/OBC - 40%, PWD - 45% 6. There is no specific limit to the number of attempts for the NEET exam as it has not been specified by the NTA. 7. Indian Nationals, Person of Indian origin, NRIs and also aspiring foreign nationals can apply to appear in the exam. NEET Exam Paper Pattern The NEET Exam paper patterns are decided by the Union Ministry of Health & Family Welfare and are conducted by the NTA, the same process will be followed for the upcoming NEET Exam 2021 also. The Pattern Includes: Exam Pattern Parameters Details Total number of questions in the exam 180 Questions No. of questions per section Biology- 90 (Botany- 45 Zoology- 45), Physics- 45, Chemistry- 45 Total marks 720 marks Marks per section Biology- 360 (Botany- 180 Zoology- 180), Physics- 180, Chemistry- 180 Duration 3 hours Mode of exam Offline, pen and paper-based Question type MCQs Languages or mediums 11 Languages (English, Hindi, Bengali, Urdu, Oriya, Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, Marathi, Gujarati, and Assamese) Marking pattern For correct answer 4 and for incorrect answer -1 Occurrence Twice a year from 2021 How To Prepare For NEET? Some tips for you to prepare for the NEET exams: Clear idea about the whole syllabus and familiarity with each of the items in the syllabus. Proper knowledge of the core subjects is a must i.e., Biology mainly but also Physics and Chemistry. Accurate time management by following a specified routine. Practicing and solving previous years sample question banks. Improving accuracy and increasing speed by giving a lot of mock exams. Lastly, having some amount of self-confidence to appear for the exam. Conclusion So, we can say that NEET, an acronym for National Eligibility Entrance Test is actually the one single Nationalcommon entrance test to pursue a medical degree in any Government or Private Medical Colleges and Institutions in India and also abroad. It is one of the best and probably one of the most desirable entrance examinations there is offering an opportunity to have a noble and a worthy professional career in the world. Recommended Articles This is a guide to NEET Exam. Here we discuss a brief overview on NEET exam, its exam criteria and how to prepare for NEET? along with exam paper pattern. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – NEET Exam Eligibility NEET JEE NEET Full Form NEET Login

read more

NEET Login

Introduction To NEET Login The following article provides an outline for NEET Login. NEET [National Eligibility cum Entrance Test] is the entrance exam conducted by NTA [National Testing Agency] to get admission in MBBS, BDS, and other medical-related courses in a reputed institution. NEET Exam was conducted in a single phase by pen and paper mode which have 180 multiple choice questions from the subjects of Physics, Chemistry, Botany, Zoology. In each subject there are 45 questions asked for the exam. NEET exam is conducted in various regional languages like English, Hindi, Kannada, Telugu, Urdu, Bengali, etc. Registration Process Of NEET Exam National Testing Agency has yet not announced an official date for the registration of NEET 2021. Based on the NTA’s annual calendar, NEET 2021 registration is expected to open soon. Once registration opens for NEET 2021 Exam, Candidates have to go to the official website of NEET [ntaneet.nic.in]. The registration process of NEET exam is given below: Go to NEET official website Current events New registration Read instructions Click the check box Proceed to apply online NEET-UG 2021 Fill the Registration form Click preview Check the details that are filled in the registration form Click next Create a password Select a security question and answer Select the OTP verification icon Enter the OTP that you have received in your registered phone number/email id Submit registration form A provisional application number is created Note down the number for further reference Once you get the application number, then go to the candidate login section, log in with your application number and password. In this section, there are four steps listed as follows: Step 1: Apply online, the registration form will be open, there you have to fill out the missed data like minority category, place of birth, desired medium, school education board, school name, and address, etc. Once you fill in all the details review the application form and then click OTP verification. After OTP verification successful, then click final submit. Step 2: Upload scanned images like photos, documents. Step 3: Make payment section, here you have to pay your examination fees according to your category. Step 4: Once payment successful, print the NEET application form confirmation page for future reference. How To Give Mock Exams? Mock Exam for NEET is essential for aspirants to crack the exam. The mock exam gives the idea of exam pattern to the candidates which are helpful to increase your confidence. Mock tests are available from easy to difficult which is helpful to train the candidates in all levels for the exam. Before attending the mock test, the candidate has to cover the 50% of the syllabus; this will increase your score in the mock exam. National Testing Agency also provides the link for mock tests. Candidates have to go to the official link of NTA and login with your user id and password and start taking your mock test online. Preparations Tips Some preparation tips are listed below: Make a study timetable before you start your study. Download the latest NEET syllabus and prepare yourself accordingly. Study regularly as per your timetable without any distractions. Keep good study materials with you and follow them. Once you cover the more than 50% syllabus, attempt the mock test in all subjects which is helpful to improve your study methods. After finishing your favorite subjects, give more time to weaker subjects. When you study, make a short notebook for each subject for revision. Prepare for the exam in a focused manner, and avoid guesswork as well. Always be confident about your exam preparation. Conclusion - NEET Login This article explains the NEET login, how to prepare for this exam, mock test preparation, and NEET login details. Recommended Articles This is a guide to NEET Login. Here we discuss the introduction, how to give mock exams, registration process and the preparations tips. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – NEET Full Form NEET Exam NEET Exam Eligibility NEET JEE

read more

NEET JEE

Introduction To NEET JEE NEET [National Eligibility Cum Entrance Test], JEE [Joint Entrance Examinations] is the most predominant examination in India that is conducted by NTA [National Testing Agency]. NEET Exam is conducted for the admission of medical courses or medical-related courses in India. JEE Exam is conducted for the admission of engineering courses in India. Both Exams are very hard to crack. The lakhs of students are participated in the above examination every year to get admission for their dream course. NEET Exam was conducted in phase but JEE Exam is conducted in two phases. NEET & JEE Eligibility Criteria As already said, NEET and JEE exam is a national level exam conducted by the National Testing Agency to get admission for the medical and engineering courses. To attend the NEET and JEE exam we have to fulfill the eligibility conditions. Age limit: 17 to 25 years. Qualification: 12th pass. Number of attempts: Unlimited until the age is the bar. How To Appear For The NEET Exam? To appear examination, National Testing Agency gives certain instructions that are listed as follows: 1. Candidates are supposed to arrive at the examination centers as indicate in exam hall tickets. As a safety measure of Coronavirus Pandemic candidate ought to reach early as possible. 2. Candidates should carry the following items as needed. 3. A valid id proof with your name and photograph. Admit card [Hall ticket] with self-declaration A ballpoint pen Additional photograph Sanitizer Water bottle 4. The candidates have to maintain a social distance of at least 6 feet. 5. The candidates will take away the mask worn by him/her from home and use the mask provided by the exam center. NEET & JEE Study Plan In NEET and JEE exams, the study plan is playing an important role to crack the examination. First, we have to make a plan for the study, then follow the study plan regularly and constantly to get admission in medical or engineering seats in well-known colleges. We have to make the study plan by dividing the chapters by most important (have more weightage), moderate, and simple topics. Another key factor to crack the exam is to study the previous year's question materials regularly and the last is not least is attending the mock exams. When you are studying taking regular breaks is also important for exam preparations which is helpful to refresh your mind. JEE Exam Pattern JEE exam is conducted by two phases is called JEE Main and JEE Advanced. NEET Exam is conducted by single phase. JEE EXAM has a question from Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics. NEET Exam has a question from Physics, Chemistry, and Biology. NEET Exam Pattern Table The NEET Exam pattern table is given below: JEE Main Pattern Table The JEE Main pattern table is given below: JEE Advanced Exam Pattern Table The JEE Advanced exam pattern table is given below: Conclusion This article gives information on NEET and JEE Exams. We hope this article helps those who want to know about the NEET and JEE Exams. Recommended Articles This is a guide to NEET JEE. Here we discuss the introduction to NEET JEE, eligibility criteria, study plan along with JEE main and advanced exam pattern. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – NEET Full Form NEET Exam NEET Exam Eligibility NEET Login

read more

NEET Preparation

Introduction To NEET Preparation The following article provides an outline for NEET Preparation. NEET is your ticket to get into medical courses. And to get into it you must prepare well to beat the competition. You need a strategy for your preparation which you can adopt. We must know that each one has his/her capabilities one can finish a chapter in 10 minutes for the other it can take more than 1 hour or a day also. Let me be clear it’s okay to be slow but you need to be consistent and keep it up. You are not losing anything when preparing but you are learning and gaining something. Yes, it’s slow but worth it. We will be discussing strategies; you can adopt the one which fits best to you. In the end, it’s you who will prepare. What Is NEET Exam? NEET stands for National Eligibility cum Entrance Test and is conducted by NTA (National Test Agency). NEET is the sole test for entrance into the MBBS or BDS courses in India. This exam is conducted once a year (Aspirants have demanded that the exam must be conducted twice a year and the Health Ministry is looking into this). NEET is held at around 150 centers all around India. Each year 1.5 million candidates appear for the exam. When To Start Your NEET Preparation? Before you start to make a strategy you shall know when your exam is. Generally, it takes place in the month of June. So you need to prepare in such a way that you would be able to cover all syllabus well before the exam. It’s better to have a one to two-year period dedicated to preparing for the exam. Well, it doesn’t mean you have to take the drop, it’s just you can start from your class 11th itself. Or if you are late you can start from class 12th too. Because in class 11th one figures out a lot about elementary things so maybe some won’t be able to set NEET as a target. But once you do make consistent progress. Some suggest from class 10 you shall start preparing but I personally find it, choosing your career that early is not good. You would mostly be learning the basics of subjects and forming your opinions. It’s better to start after the 10th standard only. How To Check Your Progress? Once you know when to start preparing for the exam the next thing will be to assess your progress your daily/weekly and monthly progress. When preparing it comes down to three subjects Biology, Chemistry, and Physics. As each one of us has our own strengths and weaknesses, looking into that the strategy goes like this. You got to answer a total of 180 questions which represents 720 Marks. You get 4 for each right answer and -1 for the wrong answer. 1. Find out which subject is hard for you and how much does it weigh in the exam. Subject Questions Marks Physics 45 180 Chemistry 45 180 Biology(Botany Zoology) 90 360 2. Break down the subject syllabus in a way that suits best to you. Initially spend more time on hard subjects. let’s say easy subject (2hours), medium-hard (3 hours) and for hard one put (4 hours) each day. You have got to put 8-9 hours a day suck it. 3. Now to check your progress give tests each weekend to see where you are for each chapter of the subject. How To Give Test papers? Take as many tests as you can. Join different test series. Set everything aside and make your mind work for test duration to perform well in the exam. Along with preparation make short notes and after the test revise them. Conclusion Preparation is a journey one must take to perform well in an exam. We discussed different strategies. One shall select what works best for him/ her. Recommended Articles This is a guide to NEET Preparation. Here we discuss the introduction to NEET preparation, what is NEET exam, when to start your NEET preparation and how to check your progress. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – NEET Full Form NEET Exam NEET Exam Eligibility NEET Login

read more

NEET Exam Syllabus

Introduction To NEET Exam Syllabus The following article provides an outline for NEET Exam Syllabus. NEET exam is for Science (Biology) Students. So the subjects will be Physics, Chemistry, and Biology. So, Basically the syllabus of class 11th and 12th from both the classes. One shall target to cover the whole syllabus before the exam. What Is NEET Exam? NEET stands for National Eligibility cum Entrance Test and is conducted by NTA (National Test Agency). NEET is the sole test for entrance into the MBBS or BDS courses in India. This exam is conducted once a year (Aspirants have demanded that the exam must be conducted twice a year and the Health Ministry is looking into this). NEET is held at around 150 centers all around India. Each year 1.5 million candidates appear for the exam. 2021 NEET Exam Dates The application form for NEET will be released in February 2021, Candidate must fill the form in February 2021 itself. Admit cards will be available in the last week of March as per your choice of the city the candidate would get the center for exam. The exam is to be conducted in the 1st week of May. Answer keys would be released in the 2nd week of May. The candidate can challenge the answer key in 1 weeks’ time. Results with Rank would be announced on the 1st week of June. A week after that counseling will commence. 2021 NEET Exam Syllabus Below are the exam syllabus for NEET: Subject Questions Marks Physics 45 180 Chemistry 45 180 Biology(Botany Zoology) 90 360 1. Physics NEET 2021 Syllabus Given table shows Physics NEET 2021 syllabus: 11th Class Topics 12th Class Topics Physical-world & measurement Electrostatics The behavior of Perfect Gas & Kinetic Theory Current Electricity Laws of Motion Dual Nature of Matter & Radiation The motion of System of Particles & Rigid Body Electromagnetic Waves Kinematics Magnetic Effects of Magnetism & Current Oscillations & Waves Optics Thermodynamics Alternating Currents & Electromagnetic Induction Properties of Bulk Matter Atoms & Nuclei Work, Power, & Energy Gravitation 2. Chemistry NEET 2021 Syllabus Given table shows Chemistry NEET 2021 syllabus: 11th Class Topics 12th Class Topics Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Surface Chemistry Molecular Structure & Chemical Bonding Solutions Environmental Chemistry Biomolecules States of Matter: Gases and Liquids Chemical Kinetics s-Block Element (Alkaline & Alkali earth metals) Coordination Compounds Thermodynamics Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers Equilibrium p- Block Elements Redox Reactions Electrochemistry Some Basic Principles & Techniques of Organic Chemistry- Processes & Principles of Isolation of Elements Hydrogen Haloarenes & Haloalkanes Some p-Block Elements Solid State Elements and Periodicity in Properties & Classification of same Ketones, Aldehydes, and Carboxylic Acids Hydrocarbons Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen Structure of Atom d and f Block Elements 3. Biology (Botany  Zoology) NEET 2021 Syllabus Given table shows Biology NEET 2021 syllabus: 11th Class Topics 12th Class Topics Diversity in Living World Biology and Human Welfare Human physiology Biotechnology & Its Applications Cell Structure & Function Environment & Ecology Structural Organisation in Plants & Animals Genetics and Evolution Plant Physiology Reproduction NEET Exam Paper Pattern It is very crucial for the candidate to know the pattern of the NEET exam. The exam duration is 180 minutes (3 hours) and the mode of the test is offline. (Online mode is still in discussion phase). A total number of questions would be 180 (All MCQs only) divided among 3 subjects as shown in the table earlier and each correct answer would land 4 marks and each wrong answer will cost you a -1 mark. [There is a chance that the number of questions could increase, it’s still in discussion]. The candidate has a choice from 11 different languages to appear in the Exam. Conclusion In this article, we have seen the syllabus for the National Eligibility cum Entrance Test. We discussed the possible dates, syllabus topics, and the pattern of the NEET. Recommended Articles This is a guide to NEET Exam Syllabus. Here we discuss the introduction, what is NEET exam, exam dates and 2021 NEET exam syllabus in detail. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – NEET Full Form NEET Exam NEET Exam Eligibility NEET Login

read more

What is UPSC Exam?

Introduction to UPSE Exam The UPSC CSE is held over a period of time in three different phases. Firstly, preliminaries are held under two categories, i.e. General Studies Paper-I and General Studies Paper-II. Each consisting of 200 marks held over a period of 2 hours each. For all candidates who appear in UPSC CSE, it is mandatory for them to give the “Preliminaries” in order to apply for the lucrative. “Mains” UPSC CSE as one must qualify the prelims to sit for the mains. As the regulations mandate, the first one must qualify the prelims and then the mains, and after that, the “Personality Test” which is intended to explore whether the candidates possess the mental quality and analytical ability and potential depth for the services they intend to hold.The combined marks achieved from the mains and the personality test determine the final merit list or the eligible few who carry the metal to perform these services. Key Takeaways Overall, a person needs to possess qualities such as mental alertness, powers of comprehension, logical interpretation, power of judgment, depth, leadership capabilities, intellectual & moral integrity. One must also keep themselves in a single pace with the current events happening around them all over and everywhere, whether it’s educational or social or political or humanitarian and display their own perspective on all of them. A person who is in tandem with all of the above requirements is an ideal candidate for the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) Civil Services Examination (CSE). Now we a proper understanding of UPSC CSE, its syllabus, strategy and the notifications of UPSC 2021 also, so best of luck to those who are appearing for the upcoming UPSC CSE 2021. What is UPSC Exam? Firstly an introduction to Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) Civil Services Examination (CSE), it is a nationally held competitive examination in India. It is conducted by the UPSC for the recruitment of various civil service jobs for the Government of India. This includes prestigious services such as Indian Administrative Service, Indian Foreign Service, and Indian Police Service jobs as well. This examination is held annually with a prescribed date to recruit the best & brightest of India. It is conducted in three parts, preliminary, main & a personality test (interview), and it first commenced back in 1922. Stages of UPSC 2021 The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) Civil Services Examination (CSE) 2021 has been built upon a strict, regulated, tried and tested meticulous curriculum which churns and helps filter out the very best of candidates from India. These are carefully supervised by a panel of top-notch and excellent selected administrators or controllers appointed by the UPSC committee. The UPSC CSE 2021 is divided into two stages: First, the Prelims part of the exam consists of two parts, General Studies Paper I and General Studies Paper-II exploring candidate’s general ability Second, the Mains, this involves the second phase of the UPSC CSE, which checks the candidate's academic talent through depth perception and his/her ability to perform as per the requirement of the questions in a time-bound manner. Similar to the Prelims, the Mains is also divided into sub-parts which overall determines his/her capability to live up to this prolific exam’s standard. UPSC 2021 Syllabus As discussed before, UPSC CSE has two stages: Firstly, the Prelims consisting of: General Studies Paper I (includes current events, History, Geography, Politics & Governance, Economy, General Issues and Science). General Studies Paper-II (includes comprehension, logical reasoning, decision making, general mental ability and basic numeracy). Each section is allotted 200 marks each, a total of 400 marks. The time limit is of 2 hours each ( 20 mins extra for special candidates, blind or with a disability). Question types are MCQ objective types. Secondly, the Mains exam syllabus or curriculum consists of : There are a total of ‘9 papers’, and from them, two of them are qualifying papers and all of these are in descriptive medium. These qualifying papers are any language papers and English language paper, each having 300 marks separately. It is absolutely mandatory for all candidates who have qualified from the prelims to the mains and are appearing for the mains must qualify these two papers for their overall mains marks to be considered and to finally pass the mains exam. These Language papers consist of Essay Writing, Reading Comprehension, Precis Writing, Translation (English to Preferred other languages and Preferred other languages to English) and Grammar and also basic language usage. This leaves the rest of the 7 papers that generally include papers like Essays which include topics to be written in a medium as per the candidate’s choice. Then comes General Studies 1, which explores the candidate’s depth in knowledge regarding Indian Heritage, Culture, History, Geography of the World and Society. Similarly, General Studies 2 checks the political knowledge of the candidates such as Constitution, Governance, Politics, and Social Justice & International Relations. General Studies 3 consists of the latest & very potential subjects like Economic Development, Technology, Biodiversity, Security & Disaster Management to verify a candidate’s social awareness and whether they are up to date with the latest & crucial topics as these concerns everyone around us. General Studies 4 is included in the syllabus to test the candidate’s Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude. Finally are the two Optional subject papers. Candidates can choose these two optional papers from a pool of 48 subjects according to their strong points and backgrounds and also includes Literature of different languages. All these 7 papers are allotted grading marks of 250 each. So the total marks allotted for the Mains part of CSE is 1750. UPSC 2021 Strategy So this is the overall view of the syllabus for the UPSC 2021 which needs to be strictly and deliberately observed by all candidates who want to appear for these exams which include rigorous studies, revisions and practices like solving test papers, a thorough paper by paper studies and also giving countless mock tests thus this is a simple and effective but at the same time strenuous and highly disciplined strategy for success in this UPSC exam. UPSC Exam 2021 Notification The UPSC 2021 exam notifications have been released now: The online application process will begin from 4th March 2021 till 6:00 PM of 24th March 2021, which is the closing date. Prelims to take place on 27th June 2021. Results to be released mid-July. Mains to take place from 17th September 2021. Personality test date yet to be announced. Recommended Articles This is a guide to What is UPSC Exam? Here we discuss a brief overview on the UPSC exam, stages, strategies and notifications along with the main syllabus of the UPSC CSE exam. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more– Introduction to UPSC CSE Syllabus UPSC CSE Eligibility Guide to UPSC CSE Age Limit UPSC Exam| How to Apply for the UPSC Exam?

read more

CAT Exam Qualification

Introduction To CAT Exam Qualification The following article provides an outline for CAT Exam Qualification. CAT is an all-India entrance test to study post-graduate business and management courses. CAT is the path to study in the best B-Schools like IIM and IIT. When it started it was a paper-based test but now it is a computer-based test since 2009. The CAT exam is organized by one of the IIMs alternatively each year on a rotating policy. The exam has three sections: Quantitative Aptitude Logical Reasoning & Data Interpretation Verbal Ability & Reading Comprehension The exam consists of 100 questions with a total of 300 marks. The total exam time is 180 minutes or 3 hours. Negative marking is present. Over the years the CAT exam patterns have been upgraded and modified several times but since the last 2 years, it has remained the same with regards to total sections and total marks. We all know the CAT exam is administered by the IIM but the computer-based test is conducted by an external body. When the computer-based type test started in 2009 it was conducted by Prometric, an American company till 2013, from 2014 onwards it has been continuously conducted by TCS or Tata Consultancy Services. The CAT syllabus is based around high school subjects like Math, English and logical reasoning topics and also data & graphical interpretation. This year’s CAT exam will be held around November 2021. Key Takeaways CAT or Common Admission Test is conducted on an annual basis by the IIMs to select candidates for their prestigious B-Schools, only the best of the best gets selected there. CAT is a single unified exam for applying in other private Management and Business Schools also in India. In this article, we have covered what is CAT and its origins, patterns, syllabus, eligibility criteria and the tentative dates for the CAT Exam of 2021 also, overall descriptive knowledge of CAT or Common Admission Test. What Is CAT Exam? Common Admission Test or generally known as CAT is an admission test held all over India for studying management courses. It is an entrance test for an aspirant who wants to have a post-graduate management degree like MBA or PGDM. It is also a direct chance entry test for studying in the hallowed and coveted institutions like IIM and IIT, the best management schools in India with some of the finest instructors present there also. The toughness and competitiveness level of this exam is unmatched thus only the best and the brightest are able to achieve the qualifying marks to get selected in those premium institutions like IIM and IIT. IIM or the Indian Institute of Management is the governing body that oversees the happening of the CAT exams every year all across India. In the beginning, it was a paper-based test but now it is a computer-based test being held annually since 2009. Educational Requirements For CAT 2021 The primary educational requirements or qualifications to appear for the CAT exam are: Having a bachelor’s degree from any stream is mandatory. The minimum aggregate percentage for General candidates is 50%. The minimum aggregate percentage for SC/ST/PwD candidates is 45% only. All bachelor’s degrees must be from a UGC recognized University or College. Final year students in their respective bachelor’s degree or have already appeared and awaiting results can also apply for the CAT exam. keeping in mind that they must have the certificate of approval from their respective Deans or College heads or Registrar stating the fact that they have fulfilled all the necessary requirements to have a bachelor’s degree. CAT Exam Syllabus CAT exam doesn’t really have a specified syllabus although it revolves around the subjects and topics from high school, common subjects and topics which we studied in our 10th, 11th and 12th standards. Some of these subjects are a mandatory part of CAT question banks: Math topics like arithmetic, algebra, geometry, graphs, number systems and others fall in the Quantitative Aptitude section of the exam. English topics like grammar questions, error finding, suitable words for sentence, jumbled up sentences, similar words, opposite words, all these falls under the Verbal Ability and Reading Comprehension section. Data and graphical interpretation falls under the Data Interpretation & Logical Reasoning section. CAT Exam Pattern The latest exam pattern for CAT 2021 is given below: CAT 2021 Exam parameters Description Total Questions 100 (QA-34, VARC-34, DILR-32) Total Marks 300 Total Time 3 hours or 180 minutes Total section 3 Negative Marking For wrong answers, the deducted mark is 1 Section Names Quantitative Aptitude Verbal Ability and Reading Comprehension Data Interpretation & Logical Reasoning Question Pattern MCQ and also the Type in the Answers format CAT Exam 2021 The CAT exam 2021 will be organized by IIM as usual in 2021 also, the tentative dates are: Description Dates(Tentative) Online registration start date First week of August 2021 Online registration close date Last week of September 2021 Admit card release date Middle of October 2021 Exam date Probably last week of November 2021 Exam result date January 2022, 2nd week probably Recommended Articles This is a guide to CAT Exam Qualification. Here we discuss a brief overview on CAT Exam Qualification, its primary educational requirements, along with the 2021 syllabus and pattern. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more– CAT Exam Papers CAT Exam Age Limit CAT Exam Details CAT Exam Preparation

read more

JEE Mains Sample Paper

Introduction To JEE Mains Sample Paper The following article provides an outline for JEE Mains Sample Paper. National Testing Agency [NTA] conducting national level common entrance exam in engineering named Joint Entrance Examination. Joint Entrance Examinations were conducted to get admission in undergraduate courses of engineering courses in well-known institutions like IIT and NIT, etc. From 2021 onwards, it will be conducting four times a year, and the highest score is taken for the admission process. Joint Entrance Examination has two sessions called JEE Main, JEE Advanced. JEE Main is the first level of the Joint Entrance Exam; Students who passed in JEE Main are only allowed for JEE Advanced Exam. Key Takeaways To get admission engineering undergraduate course, students have to clear the common engineering entrance exam named JEE [Joint Entrance Examination] conducted by NTA [National Testing Agency]. JEE Exam has two parts, JEE Main and JEE Advanced. JEE Main Exam divided into two parts Paper I and Paper-II. JEE Main Exam was conducted four times a year. Students who are passing the JEE Main Exam will qualify for JEE Advanced Exam. JEE Mains Exam The following table explains all about JEE Mains Exam: JEE Mains Paper Pattern The new exam pattern for JEE Main exam released by NTA, JEE Main, is divided into Paper I for B.Tech and Paper II for B.Arch and B. Planning. The questions are asked for JEE Exam, from Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics. A total of 90 questions asked, 20 MCQ’s and 10 Numerical value questions from each subject. In Numerical value questions, out of 10 students have to answer 5 questions. For MCQ’s 4 marks are given for each correct answer, and 1 mark as a negative mark for the wrong answer. For Numerical Value Questions, four marks are provided for each question, and there is no negative mark in this session in the JEE Main Exam. Paper I and Paper II are conducted online mode, exclude B.Arch Drawing Test. JEE Mains 2020 & 2021 Question Papers Below are the JEE Mains 2020 & 2021 Question Papers: 1. 2020 Question Paper In 2020 JEE Mains was conducted in January and September month. The questions paper pdf was available in many online portals. Students can refer to the questions paper and prepare for the upcoming exams, which are helpful to score more marks in the exam. By referring to the question paper, aspirants can get an idea about the question pattern. They get to know the exam experience before attending the exam, improve their preparation strategy and time management skills, and many more. 2. 2021 Question Paper From 2021 onwards, JEE Main was conducted four times a year. JEE Main 2021 question paper with answer key was released on the first day of March. Students can refer to the question paper and prepare for the upcoming sessions of the JEE Exam. The question paper was available in many online portals; aspirants can download from there, refer to the question paper and make a note from each subject for further reference, which is helpful to get a clear idea about the exam pattern, question paper pattern, most important Topics, weightage marks, and many more. Each aspirant remembers that JEE Main passed students are qualified for JEE Advanced Exam. So be focus on your study with consistency to attain success. Recommended Articles This is a guide to JEE Mains Sample Paper. Here we discuss the introduction to JEE mains sample paper, paper pattern, along with its 2020 & 2021 question papers. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more– IIT JEE Exam IIT JEE Tips IIT JEE Syllabus IIT JEE Preparation

read more

UPSC CSE Marks

Introduction To UPSC CSE Marks The following article provides an outline for UPSC CSE Marks. UPSC exam is conducted in 3 phases which are Pre, Mains and Interview. The aspirant is required to score marks above the cut-off criteria in order to pass each stage. Below is the distribution of marks over different phases: Prelim Exam Total Marks: 400 Marks Qualifying Mains Total Marks: 600 Marks Mains Exam Total Marks: 1750 Marks Interview Marks: 275 Marks Key Takeaways It is the first stage for an Aspirant who is preparing for an exam, is to know about the marks. Prelim Exam Total Marks: 400 Marks Qualifying Mains Total Marks: 600 Marks Mains Exam Total Marks: 1750 Marks Interview Marks: 275 Marks What Is UPSC Exam? UPSC or Union Public Service Commission is recruiting committee for Civil Services across all India for group A and group B posts. The commission was formed in 1926, and its headquarter is in Delhi. UPSC conducts examination for CSE or Civil Services Examination. The committee peculiarly designs the exam so that candidates’ ability to present his/her capabilities in a consistent manner can be tested. The Exam is conducted for high-level posts of IAS, IFS, IPS, etc. UPSC Marks, UPSC Negative Marks As UPSC conducts the competitive exam, the first thing for the candidate is the mark distribution for each section and paper. What kind of marking is there, is there negative marking for the wrong answer, what is the cutoff for different phases of exams? UPSC Marks Distribution Below is the marks distribution for the UPSC exam: 1. Prelims Exams General Studies Paper-I:  Number of question: 100 Marks: 200 Negative marking: Yes (1/3rd) Medium: Hindi, English Type of exam: Multiple Choice objective type questions Duration: 2 hours General Studies Paper-II (CSAT):  Number of question: 80 Marks: 200 Negative marking: Yes (1/3rd) Medium: Hindi, English Type of exam: Multiple Choice objective type questions Duration: 2 hours Min qualifying criteria: 33% 2. Mains Exam Those who have made their way out of pre by getting marks above cutoff from prelims would be allowed to appear for the mains exam. Here is the Marks Distribution for Mains Exam. Paper A: Indian Language (Compulsory) Marks: 300 Medium: As per the candidates’ choice. Type of exam: Subjective Duration: 3 hours Min Qualifying Criteria: 25% Paper B: English Marks: 300 Medium: English Type of exam: Subjective Duration: 3 hours Min qualifying criteria: 25% Paper I: Essay Marks: 300 Medium: Hindi, English Type of exam: Subjective Duration: 3 hours Min qualifying criteria: 25% Paper II: General Studies -I Marks: 300 Medium: Hindi, English Type of exam: Subjective Duration: 3 hours Min qualifying criteria: 25% Paper III: General Studies -II Marks: 300 Medium: Hindi, English Type of exam: Subjective Duration: 3 hours Min qualifying criteria: 25% Paper IV: General Studies -III Marks: 300 Medium: Hindi, English Type of exam: Subjective Duration: 3 hours Min qualifying criteria: 25% Paper V: General Studies -IV Marks: 300 Medium: Hindi, English Type of exam: Subjective Duration: 3 hours Min qualifying criteria: 25% Paper VI: Optional - I Marks: 300 Medium: Hindi, English Type of exam: Subjective Duration: 3 hours Min qualifying criteria: 25% Paper VII: Optional - II Marks: 300 Medium: Hindi, English Type of exam: Subjective Duration: 3 hours Min qualifying criteria: 25% The last thing the candidate needs to know about the marking system of the Interview. Interview: Marks: 275 Recommended Articles This is a guide to UPSC CSE Marks. Here we discuss a brief overview, what is UPSC exam? along with UPSC marks, UPSC negative marks. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more– UPSC CSE Previous Year Paper How to Prepare for UPSC Exam? UPSC Exam Syllabus 2021 UPSC CSE Eligibility

read more

JEE Mains Books

Introduction To JEE Mains Books The following article provides an outline for JEE Mains Books. Joint Entrance Examination [JEE] is a national-level competitive engineering entrance exam for those who want to get admission in engineering courses. JEE exam is conducted by two phases that are JEE Main, JEE advance. NTA [National Testing Agency] conducted JEE Exam for students to get admission in engineering courses in India’s top-level institutions. JEE Exam will be held four times a year, from 2021 onwards. The JEE Exam competition level is very high so that only the top two lakhs students are qualified for the JEE Advanced Exam. Study Materials and books are essential elements to crack the exam. Key Takeaways JEE Exam is the most important National Level Common Entrance exam to get admission in Engineering conducted by the National Testing Agency. JEE Main and JEE Advanced are the two phases of JEE Exam. Questions are asked from Physics, Chemistry, Maths in JEE Main Exam. Books, Study Materials are important key factors to crack the exam to get admission like IIT and NIT’s, etc. Best Books For JEE Mains To crack the JEE Main exam, aspirants must know the books that help crack the exam. The books are an essential key factor to get admission in the topmost institutions like IIT and NIT’s, etc, with the highest score in the exam. Here we list out the best books for studying subject-wise. Experts recommend the following list of books in each subject, exam toppers, and other students. Before getting ready for study, students must know about exam patterns, exam syllabuses, latest updates, and additional key factors in cracking the exams. 1. JEE Mains Books For Maths Maths is the toughest subject than rest subject, But proper practice with best books gives full marks that help increase cut off marks in exams. The best books for maths are tabulated below: 2. JEE Mains Books For Physics In the Physics section, questions are from theoretical and problems; very rarely direct questions are asked from this section. The following listed books are best to score more exams in this section. 3. JEE Mains Books For Chemistry Chemistry is the easiest subject among all others. Still, we have to practice chemistry as well to score more in exams. The best books for chemistry tabulation given below: Recommended Articles This is a guide to JEE Mains Books. Here we discuss the introduction to JEE mains books and also the best books to crack the JEE mains exams. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more– IIT JEE Exam IIT JEE Tips IIT JEE Syllabus IIT JEE Preparation

read more

NEET Physics Questions - 2021

Introduction To NEET The following article provides an outline for NEET Physics Questions. NEET [The National Eligibility Cum Entrance Test] Exam is conducted by NTA [National Testing Agency] to select the candidates for getting admission in undergraduate courses of MBBS, BDS, and other paramedical courses in India. More than 16 lakh students have participated in NEET Exam, and it’s an important national level entrance exam for UG admission of medical courses in India. NEET will be conducted in nearly 155 examination centres and conducted in 11 languages, including Hindi and English through offline like Pen and Paper mode. In 2021 NEET will be conducted by one time clarified by Vineet Joshi, NTA Director. Union Education Minister confirmed that NEET 2021 would be conducted on August 1 by offline mode. Key Takeaways NEET [National Eligibility Cum Entrance Test] is conducted by NTA [National Testing Agency]. NEET Exam 2021 will be conducted on August 01 2021, in 11 languages with 155 examination centres. NEET 2021 Syllabus is the same as the previous year. Question pattern for NEET Exam 2021 is offline by using pen and paper. The focused study and regular practice gives high marks in NEET Exam. Guidance To NEET Physics Given below is the guidance to NEET Physics: 1. NEET Physics Syllabus NEET Physics syllabus topics are taken from the Class XI and Class XII books and the syllabus of NEET 2021 will same as NEET 2020. In NEET Exam, the Physics section is one of the toughest sections than others; however, consistent practice of studying and taking mock exams will help get a high score. The detailed syllabus of NEET Physics is tabulated below: Sr. No Topics From Class XI Topics From XII 1 Properties Of Bulk Matter Current Electricity 2 Kinematics Optics 3 Gravitation Electrostatics 4 Laws Of Motion Electromagnetic Waves 5 The Motion Of System Of Particles And Rigid Body Magnetic Effects Of Current And Magnetism 6 Work, Energy And Power Dual Nature Of Matter And Radiation 7 The Behavior Of Perfect Gas And Kinetic Theory Electromagnetic Induction And Alternating Currents 8 Thermodynamics, Oscillations And Waves Electronic Devices 9 Physical-World And Measurement Atoms And Nuclei 2. NEET Physics Questions The physics section is a difficult subject for who those do not understand the concept of the theory. For better understanding the concepts, solving the questions regularly and memorized the important physics formulas. NCERT books are the best book for NEET Physics preparation. Once you study the NCERT books fully, solve the questions through mock exams that help to improve your time management and accuracy. Here what type of questions are asked from physics, question difficulty levels are given below: Fact-based or Theory oriented questions are asked in NEET Exams is nearly 15-20 from the NCERT Books. Numerical or Derivation-based questions are asked in NEET Exams is nearly 15-20 from NCERT Books. Logical concepts-based questions are asked in NEET Exam is 5-10 from NCERT Books. Critical concept-based questions are asked in NEET Exams is 5-10. 3. NEET Physics Formula Formulas are the backbone for the physics section. Aspirants who are well known in formulas can score high marks in the exam. The important formulas picture is given below: 4. NEET Physics MCQ’s The questions are based on the syllabus especially from Class XI and Class XII Books. Here we share two examples of MCQ’s physics Questions NEET: a. Space Station Vikram Sarabhai is located in? Pune Sriharikota Thiruvananthapuram Ahmedabad The answer is Thiruvananthapuram. b. Based on Physical Sciences, which of the following is true? The study of matter is conducted at atomic or ironic levels. The deal with nonliving things. A & B All the above The answer is A & B. Conclusion - NEET Physics Questions Thus in the following article we conclude NEET Physics Questions. Recommended Articles This is a guide to NEET Physics Questions. Here we discuss the introduction and the guidance to NEET physics respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – NEET Exam Syllabus NEET Preparation NEET Login NEET Exam

read more

NEET Entrance Exam 2021

Introduction To NEET Entrance Exam The government of India and the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) has developed NTA, a National testing agency to conduct a common entrance test for higher medical institutions in India. NEET stands for National Eligibility cum Entrance Test conducted by the NTA for admission to MBBS, BDS, and other undergraduate medical courses. Premier institutions like AIIMS and JIPMER conduct admission through the NEET. NTA conducts NEET Entrance Exam once a year. Key Takeaways Some guideline for the day of the exam: Candidates need to carry one photo and admit card. Candidate must have to follow the guidelines given on the official website regarding the dress code. All electronic items are prohibited in the exam hall. Key Points Of NEET Entrance Exam Given below are the key points of the NEET Entrance Exam: 1. NEET UG Exam Pattern Given below is the NEET UG exam pattern mentioned: Subjects For The Exam Physics, Biology, Zoology, Chemistry Number Of Questions 180 Duration For The Exam 3 Hours Mode Of The Exam Offline Type Of The Question Objective Marking Scheme 4 Marks For Correct And 1 Negative Mark For One Wrong 2. Paper Pattern Given below is the paper pattern mentioned: Subject No Of Question Total Marks Physics 45 180 Chemistry 45 180 Botany 45 180 Zoology 45 180 Total 180 720 3. Eligibility Criteria For UG NEET The candidate must have completed 12 standards with physics, chemistry, and biology. Required percentage in the 12th standard: Category Percentage General Candidate 50% Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe/Other Backward Classes 40% Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe/Other Backward Classes-Physically Handicapped Candidates 40% General Physically Handicapped Candidates 45% 4. Age Limit For NEET The candidate must have completed 17 years. No upper age limit. 5. Nationality Indian Persons with Indian Origin Non-Resident Indians Overseas Citizen of India 6. Important Date For NEET UG Given below are the important date for NEET UG: Events Date Form Release Date Last Week Of March Closing Date For Form Submission Last Week Of April Admit Card Release Date Last Week Of May Exam Date The First Week Of August Answer Key The Second Week Of August Result Last Week Of August 7. NEET UG Syllabus Given below is the NEET-UG syllabus: Physics Chemistry Botany Zoology Optics Periodic Table Plant Physiology Human Physiology Wave Organic Chemistry Reproduction Biomolecules Oscillation Inorganic Chemistry Ecology Evolution Nuclear Physics Chemical Bonding Diversity Of Life Reproductive System Thermodynamic Physical Chemistry Cell And Cell Cycle Physiology Of Animal Modern Physics Genetics Electricity Magnetism 8. Registration For NEET Entrance The official website for the NEET registration is https://ntaneet.nic.in/. The registration process to generate registration no and password. To fill the application form, you need to fill in the personal details such as: Applicant’s name Father’s name Mother’s name Date of birth Email id and mobile number Academic details and exam centre selection Upload documents, photo, and signature Payment for examination Submit form 9. NEET PG Entrance NEET entrance is for the admission process to take admission in government colleges and some famous colleges. This is required to take admission for MD, MS and various PG diploma courses. It is a computer-based entrance exam. 10. Eligibility Criteria For NEET PG Candidate must have MBBS degree. Candidate should have completed their internship. Must carry a valid internship certificate. Along with the degree certificate candidate must have a one-year experience certificate. 11. Important Dates For NEET PG Given below are the important dates for NEET PG: Events Date Registration Starts Last Week Of February Registration Ends Last Week Of March Admit Card The First Week Of April Exam Date Second Week Of April Result In May 12. Some Important Highlights Regarding NEET PG Pattern Given below are some important highlights regarding the NEET PG pattern: Frequency Of The Exam Once In A Year Language Of The Exam English Mode Of The Exam Online Total Question 200 Total Marks 800 Type Of The Question MCQ Duration For The Exam 3 Hours 30 Min Recommended Articles This is a guide to NEET Entrance Exam 2021. Here we discuss the introduction and the key points of the NEET entrance exam, respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – NEET Exam Syllabus NEET Preparation NEET Login NEET Exam

read more

JEE Advanced Important Topics

Introduction To JEE Advance Exam The following article provides an outline for JEE Advanced Important Topics. JEE Advance Exam formerly known as to be IIT-JEE is an All-India entrance exam for aspiring students and candidates who want to pursue the field of engineering as a career. It is an annually held exam throughout India. As the previous name stands IIT-JEE i.e. Indian Institutes of Technology-Joint Entrance Examination is actually conducted by the Indian Institutes of Technology, well by one of the IIT regional centres (there is a total of seven IITs in India, these are IIT Kharagpur, IIT Delhi, IIT Bombay, IIT Roorkee, IIT Kanpur, IIT Madras, IIT Guwahati) jointly with the Joint Admission Board or JAB. It is basically an opportunity for any aspirant to join the prestigious IITs if they qualify for this exam. Thus making it one of the toughest and hardest, if not the hardest entrance exam for a graduation course (Engineering Course) in India, that is why it is so lucrative. What is JEE Advance? As we already know that JEE Advance Exam is the current name of IIT-JEE or Indian Institutes of Technology-Joint Entrance Examination. This exam with the new name, JEE Advance Exam started in 2013. It is conducted annually by one of the IITs in a round-robin pattern. JEE Advanced Exam is conducted in an online computer-based format. JEE Advanced Exam 2021 will be conducted by IIT Kharagpur. JEE Advanced Exam is the entrance exam for gaining admission in the IITs and also in the IIPE and IISERs. This is one of the best, toughest and most lucrative exam for a candidate who wants to have a career in engineering or advance sciences This exam offers opportunity in course like B.Tech, B.E and B.S also. The toughness level of this exam makes it churn out a meagre 0.92% approx from the staggering number of participants for this exam approximately around 1.2 to 2 lakhs candidates per year. So to qualify in this exam a candidate needs to have tremendous potential and mental strength along with an excellent academic and a strong science background i.e. the student have to be brilliant in mathematics, physics and chemistry. Key Takeaways So in a nutshell we can deduce that JEE Advanced exam is the dream-catcher for all the aspiring engineering candidates to achieve their epitome moment i.e. admissions in the IITs. In this topic we have come to know in details about the JEE Advanced exam of 2021, its important topics, syllabus, admit card and also the comparison between the marking and ranking systems. Also now we know in details what the JEE Advanced exam is all about, its meaning and purpose and also some of its historical facts. Guidance To JEE Advanced Important Topics Given below is the guidance to JEE advanced important topics: 1. JEE Advanced 2021 Some important facts about JEE Advanced 2021 are as below: Facts Details JEE 2021 Exam To Be Conducted By IIT Kharagpur JEE 2021 Institute Lists 23 IIT Institutes And 9 Other Top Institutes Courses Offered B.Tech And B.E. Courses Total Seat Availability Depends On The Vacancies Every Year Official JEE 2021 Exam notification Yet To Be Released Start Date Of Online Application Yet To Be Released End Date Of Online Application Yet To Be Released JEE 2021 Exam Date 3rd July Admit Card Release Date Yet To Be Released Result Release Date Yet To Be Released Allotting Seats Date Yet To Be Released 2. JEE Advanced Important Topics Some of the most important topics of JEE Advanced Exam includes: a. Registration Process The steps for registering for the JEE Advanced Exam are given below: First, we have to log in to the official website of JEE Advanced Exam. Then after creating a profile with a password we will have to fill the application form ( personal, academic details, exam centres, etc) present on the website through your profile. Then we have to upload soft/scanned copies of our documents like: 10th and 12th mark sheets Your photograph Your signature Left-hand thumb impression Caste certificate for reserved candidates Paying the exam fees online Finally, after successfully filling the form, you have to carefully check and then submit it, also you should have a print out copy of this application form and payment receipt for the future. b. Registration Fees The registration fees for this exam are: For general candidates: Rs. 2600 For reserved candidates: Rs. 1300 c. Exam Pattern Facts Details Total Papers 2 Papers (Paper 1 And Paper 2) Mode Online Computer Based Time Duration 3 Hours Each Shifting 2 Shifts (9 AM to 12 AM & 2:30 PM to 5:30 PM) Total Sections 3 (Maths, Physics & Chemistry) Total Questions Changes Time To Time Question Pattern MCQ, Numerical And Matching List Languages Used English & Hindi 3. JEE Advanced Admit Card The candidates who are successful in applying for their application form are eligible to download their admit cards from the same website and profile they used to fill up the application form. The details about JEE Advanced Exam 2021 are: Admit Card release date has not been declared yet. The JEE Advanced Exam admit card will consist of the below-mentioned details: Participant’s Name Photograph Parent Or Guardian’s Name DOB Participant’s Signature Gender Category (General or Reserved) Roll Number Zone Name And Also Address Of Exam Centre Date And Time Centre Code Chairman’s Signature Exam Guidelines 4. JEE Advanced Marks Vs Rank The comparison between marks and rank totally varies depending upon the total allotted marks to the exam. Although the analysis could be that the higher the marks so higher the ranks, the closer one can get to the total allotted marks, the better will be their rankings, sometimes one can even get to the top 50 or 100. 5. JEE Advanced Syllabus The JEE Advanced syllabus of 2021 consists mainly of: Maths subject (topics like trigonometry, probability, permutations and combinations, logs, functions, Series and many others). Physics subject (topics like laws of motion, electromagnetism, electric current, gravitation, fluid pressure, waves, reflection and many others). Chemistry subject (topics like physical, inorganic and organic chemistry). Recommended Articles This is a guide to JEE Advanced Important Topics. Here we discuss the introduction and guidance to JEE advanced important topics respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – IIT JEE Exam IIT JEE Crack IIT JEE IIT JEE Tips

read more

UPSC CSE Question Paper

Introduction To UPSC CSE The following article provides an outline for UPSC CSE Question Paper. UPSC or Union Public Service Commission is recruiting committee for Civil Services across all India for group A and group B posts. The commission was formed in 1926, and its headquarter is in Delhi. UPSC conducts examination for CSE or Civil Services Examination. The committee peculiarly designs the exam so that candidates ability to present his/her capabilities in a consistent manner can be tested. UPSC conducts the exam to check the candidate’s overall performance. For CSE, it conducts two exams: Preliminary Exam: 400 Marks Two papers each of 200 Marks Objective type questions Main Exam: 2025 Marks Candidate must qualify pre before appearing in Mains The candidate has to appear for 9 question papers Key Takeaways UPSC conducts Civil Services Exams, and candidates need to perform consistently to pass the exam. Papers are taken in two parts, Pre and Mains. Candidate must qualify pre to appear in mains. UPSC Question Paper UPSC question papers are designed uniquely and test candidates' overall ability. The papers are held in 2 different languages (Hindi and English). For literature, the candidate has the choice to select from 15 languages. Blind Candidates are given extra time as well. For pre-candidate has to answer objective-type questions only, but in mains, all the papers are subjective. The papers are time-bounded, and the candidate must appear for all the papers. UPSC Question Paper Prelims There are two papers for prelims that must be cleared before appearing in the mains exam. Below are the details of both the papers of the prelims exam: 1. Paper 1: It is of 200 Marks, and the duration is 2 hours. Topics Of Paper 1: Current affairs national & international. Indian history and movements of India. Geography of both India and the world, including social, physical and economic conditions. Governance and polity of India including the constitution, rights, panchayati raj, public policy and political system. Social and economic development addressing social sector initiatives, poverty, sustainable development, clean energy etc. Bio-Diversity, climate change, ecology and related general issues. Science 2. Paper 2: It is 200 Marks, and the duration is 2 hours. This paper must be qualified min 33%. Topics Of Paper 2: General aptitude Comprehension Interpersonal and communication skills Analytical ability and logical reasoning Problem-solving and decision making Math’s: Class X level UPSC Question Paper Mains Candidate can appear for main only and only when he has qualified Prelims exam. In the mains Exam, the paper pattern is as below: 2 Qualifying papers 7 papers to account for merit All papers are subjective Below is the breakdown of the mains exam: 1. Two Qualifying Papers: Paper A: 300 Marks Literature in any of the language candidates selects as per the constitution’s 8th Paper B: 300 Marks English 2. 7 Papers To Account For Merit: Paper 1: 250 Marks Essay writing Paper 2: 250 Marks General studies - I Indian culture and heritage Geography and history of India and world Paper 3: 250 Marks General studies – II Constitution Polity International relations Social justice Paper 4: 250 Marks General studies – III Economic development Security Bio-diversity Environment Technology Disaster management Paper 5: 250 Marks General studies – IV Integrity Aptitude Ethics Paper 6: 250 Marks Optional subject paper - 1 Paper 7: 250 Marks Optional Subject Paper – 2 Final personality interview test: 275 Marks The total mains marks add up to 2025 Marks. Recommended Articles This is a guide to UPSC CSE Question Paper. Here we discuss the introduction and UPSC question paper, prelims and mains respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – UPSC CSE Previous Year Paper UPSC CSE Mains Syllabus UPSC CSE How to Prepare for UPSC CSE?

read more

UPSC CSE Eligibility Criteria

Introduction to UPSC CSE Eligibility Criteria To appear for UPSC Civil Services Exam, there are some eligibility criteria that candidates must satisfy. As this job comes up with lots of responsibilities, the candidate must be eligible for certain criteria decided by UPSC. The candidate shall ensure that he falls within the eligibility criteria failing to which the UPSC has full authority to cancel the candidate’s candidature. We will discuss the criteria for the UPSC exam in the coming sections in detail. Let us discuss the UPSC CSE Eligibility Criteria. Table of contentsIntroduction to UPSC CSE Eligibility CriteriaWhat is UPSC Exam?Types of UPSC CSE Eligibility Criteria1. Nationality2. Educational Qualification3. Special CriteriaUPSC Exam EligibilityUPSC Eligibility AgeRecommended Articles Key Takeaways UPSC is an exam-conducting body for Civil Services in India. There are different eligibility criteria which are based on Nationality, Qualification, Age, Number of attempts, etc. What is UPSC Exam? UPSC, or Union Public Service Commission, is recruiting committee for Civil Services across All India for group A and group B posts. The commission was formed in 1926, and its headquarter is in Delhi. UPSC conducts an examination for CSE or Civil Services Examination. The committee designs the exam in a peculiar way so that candidates’ ability to present his/her capabilities in a consistent manner can be tested. The Exam is conducted for high-level posts in IAS, IFS, IPS, etc. Types of UPSC CSE Eligibility Criteria There are different types of eligibility criteria that a candidate must satisfy in order to appear for the exam, such as: 1. Nationality The applicant must be an Indian citizen. A person of Indian origin but has the intention of settling in India. Came to India before 1962 and permanently settled in India. 2. Educational Qualification UPSC requires the candidate must be graduated or equivalent from a Govt recognized UPSC doesn’t have minimum percentage criteria. If the candidate is graduated, then what percentage he got doesn’t matter. He can appear for the exam. 3. Special Criteria If the applicant is already serving as IAS or IFS and wants to change, he cannot appear for the exam while already on the post. The applicant can resign and appear for the exam again UPSC Exam Eligibility UPSC Exam eligibility is measured by the number of attempts the candidate is allowed to take: Candidates are limited by the number of attempts to appear for the exam: Below are the attempts one candidate can take: Unreserved / General / EWS: 6 Attempts Other Backward Classes: 9 Attempts ST / SC: Unlimited only if the candidate is within the age limit Disabled Person: Unlimited only if the candidate is within the age limit Because of Covid-19 Govt has allowed them to appear in exams even though they have exhausted their attempts. The only condition is that they must fall within the age criteria. Below are the rules to count attempts for  a candidate: If the candidate has appeared in any one of the UPSC Pre exams, it counted as an attempt. If the candidate has appeared for per and mains both. UPSC Eligibility Age Age is one of the factors that a candidate must attain in order to appear for an exam. As the job comes up with a lot of responsibility, the candidate needs to be mature enough to understand the various scenarios that may come up with the job. The Official age eligibility criteria for UPSC goes as below: The minimum age to appear for the exam is 21 years as of July 1 of the current year. The maximum age the candidate is allowed to appear for the exam is 32 years. If the candidate wants to appear for UPSC 2021 exam, he must be born Aug 2000 and must not exceed Aug 1989. There are some relaxations as well ST-SC: 5-year age relaxation OBC: 3-year age relaxation Defense Service Personnel: 5 years of relaxation PWD, blind and acid attack victims: 10 years Recommended Articles This is a guide to UPSC CSE Eligibility Criteria. Here we discuss the Introduction, definition, and different types of Eligibility Criteria along with their Age limits. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more – Introduction to UPSC CSE Syllabus UPSC CSE Eligibility Guide to UPSC CSE Age Limit UPSC Exam| How to Apply for the UPSC Exam?

read more

NEET Biology Syllabus

Introduction To NEET Biology Syllabus National Testing Agency [NTA] conducting a national-level common competitive examination to select the right candidates to get admission in undergraduate courses like MBBS, BDS, and other paramedical courses called National Eligibility Cum Entrance Test [NEET]. NEET Exam is conducted in eleven regional languages in various examination centers, and nearly 16 lakh students have participated. The Medical Council of India designs the syllabus of NEET 2021 from the topics covered in Class XI and XII books of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology. Due to more syllabus and competition levels, NEET Exam is one of India’s toughest exams. Before preparing for the NEET Exam, aspirants need to know about the complete exam syllabus and the pattern of questions that are given below. Key Takeaways NEET Exam is a dream exam for those who want to pick out a career in Medical Field. NTA conducts the NEET exam to select the candidates for undergraduate courses like MBBS, BDS, AYUSH, and other para-medical courses. NEET Syllabus is heavier than other competitive exams. NEET Exam is conducted at the national level and the syllabus from Class XI and Class XII books. Consistent Study and focus in preparation will give success in NEET [National Eligibility Cum Entrance Test]. NEET Syllabus 2021 For Physics and Chemistry Aspirants want to crack the neet exam; they have the complete syllabus with them. The complete syllabus of NEET 2021 in Physics and Chemistry is tabulated below: Sr. No Physics Chemistry From Class XI From Class XII From Class XI From Class XII 1 Kinematics Current electricity Structure of atom Solutions 2 Work, energy, and power Electrostatics States of matter gases and liquids Solid-state 3 Gravitation Electromagnetic induction and alternating currents Some basic concepts of chemistry Chemical kinetics 4 Physical-world, measurement Magnetic effects of current, magnetism Classification of elements & periodicity and properties Electrochemistry 5 Laws of motion Dual nature of matter and radiation Equilibrium P block elements 6 The motion of systems of particles and rigid body Optics Redox reactions Surface chemistry 7 Thermodynamics Atoms and nuclei Hydrogen processes of isolation of elements and general principles 8 Properties of bulk matter Electronic devices Some p-block elements Haloalkanes & haloarenes 9 The behavior of perfect gas and kinetic theory Electromagnetic waves Hydrogen p-block elements 10 Oscillations and wave s-Block elements (Alkali and Alkaline earth metals) Coordination compounds 11 Thermodynamics D & F block elements 12 Hydrocarbons Aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids 13 Environmental chemistry Alcohols, phenols, and ethers 14 Organic chemistry – some basic principles and techniques Biomolecules, polymers, and chemistry in everyday life. NEET Syllabus 2021 For Biology The detailed syllabus of 2021 in the biology section is tabulated below: Sr. No From Class XI From Class XII 1 Cell Structure and Function Genetics and Evolution 2 Diversity in Living World Ecology and Environment 3 Human Physiology Biology and Human Welfare 4 Plant Physiology Reproduction 5 Structural Organization in Animals and Plants Biotechnology and its Applications NEET Syllabus 2022 Preparation Tips NEET Syllabus of 2022 is almost the same as the NEET syllabus 2021. NEET Exam 2021 will be conducted on August 01 2021, released by NTA. After getting the syllabus, we have to make a study plan subject-wise with a time allotment. First, take easy topics in each subject. Concentrate on the most important topics, like more weightage topics. Practice problems in physics and chemistry with formulas. Take mock tests in each subject. Analyze your answers, then concentrate on your weaker sections in each subject. Once complete all the topics and make a short note on every subject, which helps last time revision. Eat healthy food with a regular diet and be confident. Recommended Articles This is a guide to NEET Biology Syllabus. Here we discuss a brief overview, syllabus of NEET 2021 in physics, chemistry and biology section, along with NEET Syllabus 2022 preparation tips. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more– NEET Exam Syllabus NEET Preparation NEET Exam Eligibility NEET Login

read more

NEET Biology Questions

Introduction To NEET The following article provides an outline for NEET Biology Questions. The full form of NEET is National Eligibility Entrance Test, and it started in 2013. Before the enactment of the NMC Act of 2019, there were several different National and State wise medical entrance tests held, and also individual Medical college specific-entrance tests like AIIMS and JIPMER were held, but now it has been combined into one single test called NEET since 2019. It was first started and monitored by the Central Board of Secondary Education or CBSE between 2013 to 2018. Later, the control was passed to the National Testing Agency or NTA in 2019 to conduct the exams; the NTA then reports to the Directorate General of Health Services to produce the exam results for allocating the seats to the selected candidates. Basic general knowledge for all, The Directorate General of Health Services falls under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and State Counseling Authorities. National Eligibility Entrance Test provides admissions opportunities to more than 60,000 seats across India for aspiring undergrad students in the field of medical studies. The degrees offered post-qualification of NEET are MBBS, BDS, BAMS, BUMS and BHMS. There are two types of NEET exams categorized as NEET-UG (under- graduation) and NEET-PG (post-graduation), both administered by NTA. The basic educational requirement to appear for NEET-UG is to have a solid background and qualifying marks (total aggregate) in Physics, Chemistry and Biology. NEET-PG exam is for candidates pursuing advanced or master’s degrees in medicine like MD or MS and other post-grad medical degrees. NEET is held annually across India with a duration of 3 hours in over 11 different languages, having a total of 720 marks. Key Takeaways NEET is one of the toughest and also, at the same time a very lucrative entrance test for students who want to be doctors and medical professionals in India and abroad. Here in this topic, we have seen the meaning of the NEET exam, one of its subjects, i.e. biology, its syllabus, sample questions asked in the exam, suggested books, and how to prepare for the exam. NEET offers you a grand opportunity to have a very noble and worthy professional career in the world. What Is NEET Exam? NEET, also known as the National Eligibility Entrance Test, is a medical entrance test for aspiring and pursuing the career path to be a Medical professional. This exam was previously referred to as the All-India Pre-Medical Test or AIPMT. NEET is basically a pre-assessment entrance test for those students who want to have a medical degree. These medical degrees, which you can apply for, includes MBBS (basic graduation degree), BDS (basic graduation degree in dental) and AYUSH (basic graduation degree in the field of Ayurveda, Naturopathy and Homeopathy). So to understand this clearly, we can say that NEET is the combination of all the previously held State and National Medical exams formed into a singular All-India medical entrance test since 2019 under the newly enacted NMC Act of 2019 by the Govt. of India. NEET Biology Syllabus Here are the basic details of the biology syllabus of the NEET exam of 2021: From the 11th standard, we have topics like Human physiology, Plant Physiology, Structural organization of plant and animals, Cell Structure and Functions, Animal kingdom, Digestion & Absorption, Biomolecules, Diversity in the Living World and others. From the 12th standard, we have topics like Evolution, Reproduction, Reproductive Health, Ecology and Environment, Human Health & Disease, Body, Fluids & Circulation, Biotechnology, Biology and Human welfare, Genetics and others also. NEET Biology Questions We have mentioned some sample biology questions which are asked in the biology section of the NEET exams below: 1. Which of these forms capillaries? a. Veins b. Arteries c. Venules d. Arterioles 2. Gull’s diseases are caused due to the deficiency of what? a. Calcitonin b. Thyroxine c. Vasopressin d. Glucagon 3. The first form of life originated on? a. In Air b. In water c. On land d. All of them 4. Which of these is the bird flu virus? a. HIV b. H5N1 c. Rhino Virus d. Haemophilus Influenzae 5. Which one has the lowest rate of respiration? a. Leaf b. Dry seeds c. Collenchyma d. Germinated Seeds 6. Father of microscopy? a. Schwann b. H.G. Khorana c. Leeuwenhoek d. M.J. Schleiden NEET Biology Book Some of the highly mentioned and prescribed books of biology for the upcoming NEET exam of 2021 are: Biology books of NCERT for classes 11 & 12. Volume 1 and Volume 2 biology books by Trueman. Biology books by SC Verma. Pradeep’s Publication of Biology books. Dinesh’s Objective Biology. These are few of the many books available in the market and online to prepare for the NEET exam of 2021. NEET Biology Mock Test Mock tests are an essential component for preparing for any exams, including NEET 2021, to achieve success in them. Mock tests basically help you prepare yourself to the best of your ability to face any type of question pattern or the exam’s difficulty level naturally; NEET biology mock tests are also necessary and very important to succeed in the upcoming NEET exam of 2021. Recommended Articles This is a guide to NEET Biology Questions. Here we discuss the introduction, syllabus for 2021, sample questions, prescribed books and the mock test. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more– NEET Exam Syllabus NEET Login NEET Full Form NEET Exam Eligibility

read more

JEE Advanced Weightage

Introduction to JEE Advanced Weightage We will discuss the JEE Advanced Weightage Exam in more detail. We already know that the JEE Advance Exam’s last name was the IIT-JEE or Indian Institutes of Technology-Joint Entrance Examination. The inauguration with its new name, JEE Advance Exam, started in 2013. It is conducted annually by one of the IITs in a round-robin pattern. The format of JEE Advanced Exam is online computer-based. JEE Advanced Exam 2021 will be conducted by IIT Kharagpur. JEE Advanced Exam is the entrance exam for admissions in the IITs, IIPE, and IISERs graduate programs. This is one of the best, most challenging, and most lucrative exams for a candidate who wants to have a career in engineering or advanced sciences. JEE Advanced Exam offers opportunities to study courses like B.Tech, B.E, and B.S also. This exam is so tough that only about a meager 0.92 approx percentage of candidates from the staggering number of participants, approximately around 1.2 to 2 lakhs per year, actually pass this exam. So to qualify for this exam, a candidate must possess not only tremendous potential and mental strength but also an excellent academic and a strong science background i.e., the candidate must be brilliant in mathematics, physics, and chemistry. That’s the brief overview of JEE Advanced Weightage Exam 2021 with more details for your understanding. Table of contentsIntroduction to JEE Advanced WeightageWhat is JEE Advanced Exam?JEE Advanced Qualifying MarksJEE Advanced Rank PredictorJEE Advanced WeightageRecommended Articles Key Takeaways JEE Advanced Exam is the best and the toughest in its category of exams and disciplines making it the holy grail of most aspiring engineering and science students in India and also abroad. So now we have a much broader and clearer picture of JEE Advanced Exam, its qualifying/cut-off marks, rank predictions and its weightage also. In short, we can clearly determine and understand the value & worthiness of the Joint Entrance Examination (JEE) Advanced as an All-India entrance exam. What is JEE Advanced Exam? JEE Advance Exam, previously known as IIT-JEE, is an entrance test conducted all over India for those who have a passion for having a career in engineering and advanced sciences. It is conducted annually on an all-India basis. Its former name IIT-JEE i.e., Indian Institutes of Technology-Joint Entrance Examination, clearly suggests that it has been conducted by the Indian Institutes of Technology consistently since the beginning. It is administered by one of the regional IITs annually: IIT Kharagpur, IIT Delhi, IIT Bombay, IIT Roorkee, IIT Kanpur, IIT Madras, and IIT Guwahati, along with the joint supervision of the Joint Admission Board or JAB also. JEE Advanced Exam is the path to gain entry to the prestigious IITs if the candidates qualify for this exam. This is the reason why JEE Advance Exam is probably the most challenging and hardest, if not the hardest, the entrance exam for a graduation course (Engineering course) in India; that is why it is so attractive. JEE Advanced Qualifying Marks The qualifying or cut-off marks for JEE Advanced Exam vary yearly as it changes from time to time depending on various factors. Some of these factors are: Total participants in that year’s JEE Advanced Exam. Total seats available combined in all the participating institutes. The toughness level of the exam. The overall average performance of the participants in that year’s exam also determines the cut-off marks. The previous year’s qualifying marks also sometimes factor in determining the present year’s qualifying marks. The qualifying marks also are different for different categories i.e. the cut-off marks for a general candidate (has higher cut-off marks) are different from a reserved candidate (has lower cut-off marks). These are the main factors determining the qualifying marks for JEE Advanced Exam every year. JEE Advanced Rank Predictor Candidates can predict their ranks based on an approx estimation of their performances and scores they might achieve in the exam. The answer keys released by the JEE authorities after the exam also help determine a participant’s soon-to-be future rank. The toughness level and pattern of the exam are also deciding factors for the rank predictor. But mainly, the performance in the exam matters the most i.e. higher the marks you get, the higher your rank will be. The more studious and meritorious you are, the better your performance in the exam and the higher the rank you will get. Sometimes, one can get even in the top 50. JEE Advanced Weightage The importance of JEE Advanced Exam is enormous in terms of standards, its value, and also the future it determines for a candidate. It holds a major weight and position for career disciplines like engineering and advanced science course programs. The most important factor is that it holds the key to the gates of the most reputed and premier institutions in India i.e. the Indian Institutes of Technology. So now we know the worth and weightage of JEE Advanced Exam. Recommended Articles This is a guide to JEE Advanced Weightage. Here we discuss the introduction to JEE Advanced Weightage, its definition, Qualifying Marks, and Rank Predictor in detail. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more– JEE Mains Books JEE Mains Sample Paper Crack IIT JEE IIT JEE Tips

read more

UPSC CSE Eligibility

Introduction To UPSC CSE Eligibility Union Public Service Commission is the Indian employment Agency for various Civil Services, including the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Indian Foreign Service (IFS), and, Indian Police Service (IPS). Union Public Service Commission is the government employment agency is responsible for opting for the right applicant for this service. Around 1000 candidates are selected for all the 24 services combined by every year. Every year approximately 10lakhs of candidates are applied for this Exam, but around only 5lakhs of candidates only appear for the Preliminary Exam. UPSC CSE having 3 stages, Preliminary Exam (objective Exam having 2 papers), Main Exam (Convention Exam having 9 papers), and Interview (Personality Test). UPSC CSE is extensively considered as the toughest exam in the Government of India, considering the exam duration (extends 1 year), depth of the syllabus and, the competition involved. Let us discuss the UPSC CSE Eligibility Examination. Eligibility Criteria Examination Below are the Eligibility Criteria for UPSC CSE Examination: 1. Nationality For IAS, IPS, IFS: A candidate should hold Indian citizenship. For alternative services: A candidate ought to be an Indian Citizenship, A Nepal Citizen or a subject of Bhutan, A Tibetan exile who settled eternally in India before 1 Jan 1962, Someone of Indian origin who has migrated from Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Zaire, Ethiopia or Vietnam to eternally settle in India. 2. Academic Qualification All candidates ought to have any of the subsequent instructional qualifications: A degree is given by a Central, State, or a Deemed university. A degree completed from correspondence or distance education. A degree is given by an open university. An Academic qualification acknowledged by the Govt. of India as being reminiscent of one in every of the above. The candidates, among the last year of their degree, could apply for the IAS official examination, they need to submit their final year mark sheet/ score sheet at the time of form submission for the IAS Main Examination. 3. Age Limit UPSC has declared the age limit for IAS in the official notification. The candidates have to ensure that they fall within the prescribed age limit because UPSC can cancel the application of the candidate in the wake of non-conformity to the eligibility criteria. The candidate must reach the age of 21 years and should not go above the age of 32 years. The date of birth should match with the Higher Secondary School Certificate. Applicants for UPSC CSE Examination: For UPSC CSE exam 2021, the Applicant must not be born earlier than August 2, 1989, and not after August 1, 2000. UPSC provides age relaxation to the Applicants for the reserved categories as follows: For General: 32 years For SC/ST, PWD: 37 years For OBC: 35years For Defence, Service workers disable in operation at the time of fighting: 40 years Ex-Servicemen: 37 years 4. Number of Attempts A candidate can attempt for UPSC CSE Examination as limited as follows: For General Category Applicants: 6 For OBC Category Applicants: 9 For SC/ST Applicants: Unlimited till attaining their maximum age limit. Appearing in the preliminary examination is counted as an attempt, even in the case of disqualification/cancellation of the Application. But, failing to attend the examination is not counted as an attempt. Conclusion - UPSC CSE Eligibility UPSC Examination is one in every of the foremost toughest examination and also the selected candidates for the service is considered as the most prestigious service in Government of India. The candidates got to certify that they glad all eligibility criteria for admission to the UPSC examination. Their right to entry to all or any of the stages of the examination is completely conditional subject to fulfilling the approved eligibility circumstances. The issue of admission certificate to the soul will not mean that his/her appointment has been finally cleared by the UPSC. UPSC takes up verification of eligibility conditions with indication to original documents alone, once the applier has eligible for the Interview/test. The proposal of appointment is additionally mere to exclusively those applied who have submitted the essential eligibility certificate issued to him/her by the govt. of India. Exam Preparation for UPSC CSE is the only way to get selection in the above services. The candidate should prepare for the exam and put their effort consistently to get success in the UPSC CSE Exam. Recommended Articles This is a guide to UPSC CSE Eligibility. Here we discuss the introduction to UPSC CSE eligibility and its eligibility criteria along with its applicants. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more– UPSC CSE Marks UPSC CSE Eligibility Criteria UPSC CSE Mains Syllabus UPSC Exam| How to Apply for the UPSC Exam?

read more

UPSC Exam

Introduction To UPSC Exam Many of us keep the desire of working in government bodies with respectful authority. Becoming a government officer is a way to fulfill this dream. Passing UPSC exams assist you to attain this dream. The Union Public Service Commission conducts various government officials’ exams in India that includes various public sectors like administration, foreign service, Indian Police service. The candidates who conquer the mission of the UPSC exam are qualified as Class-1 officer in the Indian government. General Exam Pattern Of UPSC UPSC exams are conducted to test the academic skills and presentation skills of the candidates. The conducting body has designed the exam pattern such that it will help to understand the intellectual level of the candidates. The UPSC exam is divided into the following phases: Preliminary Mains Interview 1. Preliminary Exam It carries 400 marks and is called the CSAT exam. Structure of the exam is MCQ. Each paper has 2 hours’ time limit and the weightage is 200 marks for each paper. First paper carries 100 questions whereas the second carries 80 number of questions. Candidates should carefully mark the answer as there is a negative marking of one-third for prelims. Question papers are produced in both Hindi and English language. But questions that are related to English language comprehension are in English only. Visually disabled candidates are allowed 20 minutes grace period for each paper. 2. Main Exam The marks acquired in prelims decide the applicability for the main exam. The candidates who qualify the main are called for the interview. Total marks allotted for this stage is 2025. The main exam contains written exams followed by the interview. It consists of a total of 9 papers out of which 2 are of qualifying nature. Total marks acquired in 7 papers and in interviews are considered as the candidate’s score for final merit. Each paper is of 3 hours duration. Name of the Paper Total Marks Paper A- Mandatory Indian Language Paper 300 Paper B- English Language 300 Paper I- Essay 250 Paper II- General Studies (I) (Indian Culture, history, the geography of world and society 250 Paper III- General Studies (II) (Constitution, Social Justice, International relations, Governance) 250 Paper IV- General Studies (III) (Technology, Security and disaster management, Economic Development, Agriculture, Biodiversity) 250 Paper V- General Studies (IV) (Integrity, Ethics, and aptitude) 250 Paper VI- Optional Subject I 250 Paper VII- Optional subject II 250 Total Marks 1750 Interview Test 275 Grand Total 2025 Optional subjects can be of any of these: Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anthropology, Botany, Chemistry, Civil Engineering, Commerce and Accountancy, Economics, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Geography, Geology, Zoology, Medical Science, History, Law, Management, Mathematics, Philosophy, Psychology, Physics, Political Science and International Relations, Public Administration, Sociology, Statistics. How To Start UPSC Exam Preparation? UPSC exam preparation takes a lot of hard work. A dedication, focus, strategic management of studies can yield success. Here are some handy tips for UPSC exam preparation: Prepare yourself mentally and physically. Proper scheduling will help you to focus. Know the syllabus and exam structure. Update yourself with current affairs. Select your optional subjects wisely. Make a habit of making notes. Writing practice. NCERT notes. Solve exam papers of the last few years and also practice the MCQs. Revise yourself periodically. Prepare yourself for UPSC interview. Be motivated and positive. How To Apply For The UPSC Exam? UPSC exam application process is online. Follow the steps given below: Go to the official website of UPSC- upsc.gov.in and click ‘apply online’. Click the link ‘Online application for various examinations’, Click ‘Part-I Registration’. Generate registration number. Fill in the registration details. Part-II Registration – upload required documents like photographs and signature. Pay the specified application fee either online or offline. Submit the form. Age Limit For UPSC Exam The candidates applying for the exam must be the age of 21 and must not exceed 30 on 1st January of the exam year. The upper limit can be extendable up to 35 for government servants if they fall in certain criteria. Educational Qualification For UPSC A bachelor’s degree from a recognized university is that basic educational criteria for the UPSC exam. Candidates who have written the final year exams of the bachelor’s degree and awaiting the result can apply for the prelims. For mains, they have to produce proof of passing the qualifying exam. Conclusion Cracking UPSC exams is not an easy-going task. It requires dedication, hard work along with the passion to chase the dreams. Recommended Articles This is a guide to UPSC Exam. Here we discuss the introduction, general exam pattern, how to start, apply and educational qualification for UPSC exam. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – UPSC Exam Syllabus 2021 UPSC CSE Exam How to Prepare for UPSC CSE? UPSC CSE Notification

read more

IIT JEE Exam Dates

Introduction To IIT JEE Exam Dates The following article provides an outline for IIT JEE Exam Dates. The Joint Entrance Examination commonly known as JEE is an entrance assessment test for engineering admissions to several engineering institutes around the country. Institute Name No. Of Institutes Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) 24 National Institute of Technology (NIT) 32 Indian Institute of information Technology (IIIT) 18 Govt. Funded Technical Institutes 19 The Joint admission process for JEE Mains and JEE Advanced is conducted for various institutes in India on the basis of the ranks achieved. JEE Main exams has two papers as paper I & paper II. Students may appear for any of them or both of them for B.E/ B.Tech Courses or B. Arch and B.Planning courses both are conducted in computer based test mode with multiple choices questions. ‘Drawing Test’ will be conducted in pen and paper mode or may be offline mode. Paper I B.E/B.TECH Courses Paper II B.Arch/ B. Planning Courses Paper III B. Planning Courses Paper I consists of 20 multiple types questions in each of three subjects (Physics, Chemistry and Maths) Plus 5 Numeric type questions with 4 marks awarded for the correct answers and no marks are deducted for the Numerical Type Questions. Admission basis for Engineering undergraduate programs in the above-mentioned institutes considers the performance of class 12th/equivalent qualifying examination and in the joint entrance examination, JEE(Main). The students planning for Indian Institute of Technology (IITs), should appear for JEE Advance for the undergraduate programs offered by IITs. IIT JEE 2021 Exam Dates: As per the various sources, the JEE Main examination is supposed to be conducted between the months of February, March, April, and May 2021. The chances for having these exams may be in 4 phases in order to make students enough prepared to face these examinations. The registration for the first phase of the examinations may start this week and as per the ministry of HRD, the ministry will certain enough gap between the board examination dates and JEE Main 2021. Yet the dates are still to be confirmed once the CBSE exams dates are declared. National Testing Agency started and Established under the society registration Act 1860 by the Ministry of HRD, is an autonomous body instituted to conduct efficient, lucid and of international standards, exams to assess the candidate's competencies in order to avail admissions in the above-mentioned premier higher education institutes and also has been directed by the Ministry of HRD to consider revising the syllabus for the JEE Main 2021. Students can appear twice every year to get admissions into the above-mentioned prestigious institutes as the clarity of the dates will be reviewed on the basis of the state’s situation on COVID and the clarity on the exams will be available by the end of the last week of December. The registration for the same is going to begin by the end of December 2020. The application form for JEE Main 2021 for the January session will be released by the National Testing Agency on its official website. Steps To Follow To Get Registered For IIT JEE Exam Given below are the steps to follow to get registered for IIT JEE Exam: Visit the website. Do the registration. Fill-in the details. Share documents. Process the payment. Slot booking. Print acknowledgement and submit the application. How To Prepare For IIT JEE? The toughest part that the students preparing for the exams is to balance between their board exams preparations and JEE Main preparations. One should divide the syllabus and identify the units to be covered for JEE Main and prioritize as required. As there are three subjects once should dedicate at lease 2-3 days for each unit to have detailed understanding of the topic Once should focus and prepare a strategy keeping in mind the time availability and should always ensure to maintain notes of all the important and related topics. Recommended Articles This is a guide to IIT JEE Exam Dates. Here we discuss the introduction, steps to follow to get registered and how to prepare for IIT JEE? You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Crack IIT JEE IIT JEE Preparation IIT JEE Tips IIT JEE

read more

UPSC CSE Age Limit

Introduction To UPSC CSE The following article provides an outline for UPSC CSE Age Limit. Past data shows that lakhs of candidates appear for the UPSC CSE exams every year, and very few make it to the final list. If I tell you in percentage only 20 percent make it to the Civil Services. For this exam, the success rate is less than 1 percent. Don't be dishearten. These are just figures to tell you how difficult the exam is. UPSC CSE conducts exams in three phases: Prelims Mains Personality Test (Interview) If you are appearing for this exam for the first time, you need to know the correct eligibility criteria for the UPSC exam. And, candidates need to fulfill the eligibility criteria, otherwise, the candidature of the candidate gets cancelled. Many times, candidates don't understand UPSC CSE eligibility, and this results in wasting one year. Guidance To UPSC CSE Age Limit In this article, we will see in detail about age limit, nationality, and various other eligibility that will require while filling up the form. 1. UPSC CSE Eligibility Given below is the UPSC CSE Eligibility: Age Limit: The candidate must be the age of 21 years, and below this age, candidates are not eligible. The candidate should not be above 32 years. The birth date that is mentioned in the high school certificate will be considered by the UPSC. For UPSC 2021 exams, age will be counted from July 1, 2021. If you are planning for IAS 2021 exams, then you must not be born before August 2, 1989, and not after August 1, 2000. Following are the details of the Maximum age limit, relaxation, and a number of attempts. Category Maximum age limit and relaxation No. of attempts General 32 years 06 OBC 35 years, 03 years relaxation 09 EWS 32 years, no relaxation 06 SC/ST 37 years, 05 years relaxation Till the age limit Physically disabled (Blind, Deaf-Mute, Orthopaedic)  42 years, 10- year relaxation General and OBC = 09 SCT/ST = Till the age limit 2. Details of 2021 Examination Given below are the details mentioned: a. Nationality Those candidates who want to appear for the IAS exam should: (a) belong to India or (b)Nepal, or (c)Bhutan or (d) be a Tibetan refugee who has come to India before January 1, 1962. or (e) An Indian origin person who has migrated from Zambia, Burma, Pakistan, Malawi, Sri Lanka, East African countries of Kenya, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania, Zaire, Ethiopia, and Vietnam. For categories (b), (c), (d), and (e) certificates of eligibility must be issued by the Government of India. b. Educational Qualification A candidate who wants to appear for the UPSC exam should have a graduation degree in any discipline from a recognized university. Candidates who are waiting for the results can appear for the examination. But, at the time of the mains examination, a candidate will have to submit a passing certificate along with an application form. UPSC has not set any minimum percentage for the exam. The only thing aspirant has to keep in mind that they should have a graduate degree from a recognized university. 3. How to Apply for UPSC Exams? Candidates who satisfy the eligibility criteria and educational qualifications are requested to follow the following steps to fill up an application form. Exam Registration Steps: Part 1: Filling up the basic details. Step 1: The aspirant has to visit the official website of UPSC i.e www.upsconline.nic.in. Step 2: Aspirant will see "New Registration". Click on that button. Step 3: They will ask you for the following information: Candidate's Name Date of birth Email Id And any more Step 4: After providing all details, aspirants need to click on the 'submit' button. Step 5: Aspirant will get User ID and Password. Part 2: Filling more details in the application form. Step 6: Aspirant has to login with their user id and password provided at the time of registration. Step 7: Aspirants will be redirected to another page where they have to fill in other details. Step 8: Following are the details that the Aspirant will fill in: Personal details Basic details Educational details Communicational details Part 3: Uploading photographs. Step 9: Aspirant will have to scan and upload the following documents: Upload the passport size photograph in jpeg/jpg format. No other format will do. Scanned photograph of a sign in jpg format. Part 4: Fee payment. Step 10: Once the aspirant is done with filling up the form, then comes fee payment. There is a mode of payment: Debit Card Credit Card Net Banking To make a payment, an aspirant has to click on the 'Make Payment’ Option. An aspirant is requested to recheck all the details and then submit an application form. After submitting an application form, a candidate can take a printout of the application form. Conclusion - UPSC CSE Age Limit If anyone wants to make a career in Civil Services, then the UPSC exam is one of the best choices. Aspirants who are passionate about the Indian Government System, want to serve the society, and want to know how the authority system works, then this service is for you. By enrolling in this area, you will not only earn a lucrative package but will also have a good reputation in society. If you are looking for a lucrative career and respect in society. Go for this exam and pass this exam with flying colors. Recommended Articles This is a guide to UPSC CSE Age Limit. Here we discuss the introduction and guidance to UPSC CSE age limit for better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – How to Prepare for UPSC CSE? UPSC CSE Exam How to Crack UPSC CSE? UPSC CSE Notification

read more

IIT JEE Mock Test

Introduction to IIT JEE Mock Test The following article provides an outline for IIT JEE Mock Test. One should not face challenges without preparing for them. Joint Entrance Examination or JEE is one such challenge that an Engineering aspirant faces during his pursuit of an Engineering carrier. As it is a Computer-Based Test or CBT, it is important that examines should be aware of the methodology and make themselves comfortable with the examination. A mock test will make you aware of the rules and regulations that must be followed during the examination. It will make sure that you are aware of these conditions in advance before the main examination. Table of contentsIntroduction to IIT JEE Mock TestHow to Prepare for the Mock Tests?Conclusion - IIT JEE Mock TestRecommended Articles How to Prepare for the Mock Tests? It is a combination of knowledge and time management. To prepare for this exam, it's necessary that students should be aware of the paper pattern and syllabus. It is also advised to analyze the syllabus and paper pattern. Apart from these, you should also follow the below steps to prepare for a mock test. Have a clear idea about your syllabus and mark key topics that will help you score more in the mock test. Regular study and practice come without saying here, don’t leave any stone unturned while you study for your subjects. Always check what particular topic can cover more marks in your mock test, increasing your chance of scoring more. Prioritize your study, identify where your weakness lies, and give more time to that particular topic. If you know that you have a stronghold on a certain topic, do not put more time into that, and don’t waste time where it is not needed. Prioritizing your questions is also of the utmost importance. Prepare a proper schedule of how you will attempt the questions in the examination. National Testing Agency has made these mock tests available on its website. Click on the link to access the mock test provided by the NTA. Further, with the help of images, we will see the steps to be followed for the Mock test. Step 1: Once you click the link, you will be taken to this page. Here, as you can see, to the right side, there are options to select test and paper. In the paper section, you will see that you have the option of selecting shift-1 and shift-2 papers. Once you have selected particulars, start the mock test. Step 2: On the next page, it will ask you to log in; however, it does not need a login. Your username and password will already be mentioned, and you just need to click on the Login button. Step 3: Please Read the Instructions carefully. Make sure you do not miss this. Read very carefully, click the box at the bottom and click on Proceed button. Step 4: Start solving. You will see your Mock test MCQs and additional instructions on navigating through questions. In addition to everything, there’s also the option to change the language. Check on the right-hand top side of the image. Once you have completed the mock test, you will be shown your result. Based on that result, you will be able to analyze how you performed on the test and what you can do for improvements. Now that you have successfully scored in the Mock test, your next focus should be on the main examination. One important tip would be to time yourself while answering the questions. Keep track of which question you spend more time on and where did you find difficulties. This would help in the main examination. You will be able to make the most of your time. At the end of the exam, you don’t want to leave any questions unanswered. Don’t stress yourself over the tests and the exams. Keep yourself calm. Panic will demotivate you. Whatever comes in the tests and examinations has already been through you more than once. You just have to practice and focus on scoring topics. Conclusion - IIT JEE Mock Test In conclusion, giving Mock tests for this examination increases your chances of scoring more and getting admission to top colleges in India. Mock tests are necessary because it is not just about knowledge but also time management. Clearing a mock test makes sure that you will perform better in the main examination, be it any exam for that matter. More number of test will ensure that you will have enough practice. Recommended Articles This is a guide to IIT JEE Mock Test. Here we discuss the introduction and how to prepare for the mock tests. respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Crack IIT JEE IIT JEE Preparation IIT JEE Tips IIT JEE Syllabus

read more

IIT JEE Syllabus

Introduction To IIT JEE Syllabus The following article provides an outline for IIT JEE Syllabus. JEE (Joint Entrance Examination) is a national-level engineering entrance exam conducted for those students who are ambitious to study in the topmost institute in India. It is one of the toughest exams in India and this exam makes a path for students to join the most prestigious colleges in India and including all the IITs, NITs, IIITs, and GFTIs. These institutes have the highest value in India and also across the world and thus most of the students strive over the years to get admission into it. Table of contentsIntroduction To IIT JEE SyllabusBest Tips For 2021 IIT JEE SyllabusConclusionRecommended Articles JEE has 2 exams; Mains and Advance. NTA (National Testing Agency) conducts JEE Mains IIT (Indian Institute of Technology) conducts JEE in Advance First, students need to crack JEE Main and the top 2,45,000 will have eligibility to enter JEE advanced. Upon cracking JEE, students will have an opportunity to pursue B.tech (Engineering) or B.Arch(Architecture and planning). Usually, people think that the students who have a good memory, intelligence, and strong grasping power will pass the exam, but in reality, the students who show good discipline, strong mindset, preparation and execution of well-structured plans along with proper intelligence, grasping power and memory will have an edge to get into these institutions. This article gives the top 10 best tips and tricks to crack JEE. The following table gives the structure of JEE and the seats available in colleges. Best Tips For 2021 IIT JEE Syllabus Given below are the best tips for the 2021 IIT JEE Syllabus: 1. Exam Pattern The best thing for a candidate is to first study the exam pattern and then the syllabus. The syllabus is very vast, hard to understand contents, and time-consuming. Studying the exam pattern and analyzing the time required is most important. The following table gives an overview of the exam pattern for the 2021 JEE syllabus. 2. Syllabus Management Planning of the syllabus and execution is next the phase in preparation for JEE. This is a continuous process and thus requires discipline in completing them. In the beginning, make sure to understand the basic concepts and improve your analytical skills. Preparing self-handwritten notes is essential and it gives a good touch to the topics. The following table gives the overview of the syllabus for JEE and the detailed syllabus will be available on the official website. 3. Study Materials The best material to refer to is the self-handwritten notes but to create that, students need to refer to multiple sources, read, digest, and write them. Having 1-2 good books for each subject would be sufficient and better not to follow more than 2 since it takes much time to understand their pattern and most of the time will end up reading the same material again. Some of the best books are as follows: NCERT (Physics, chemistry, and maths) H C Verma (Physics) Irodov (Physics) Krotov (Physics) R D Sharma (Maths) Prabhat Kumar (Physical chemistry) Jagadamba Singh (Organic chemistry) K Rama Rao (Inorganic chemistry) Top coaching institutes study materials (FIITJEE, ALLEN, etc) A self-study guide for B.Arch by PK Mishra (Architecture) JEE mains guide by R Gupta (Architecture) 4. Solving Question Papers This is the most important point of all and creates a huge difference for the candidates entering into JEE. Repetitive solving of previous year's papers will give an overview and get acquainted with the question paper pattern, time management, and selection of questions. 5. Self-Analyzing through Mock Tests Preparing for the exam is very much important along with preparing the syllabus. Students need to feel the exam situation and understand their anxiety levels and the best way to experience is to give mock tests. Mock tests help in self-analysis and improve time management. There would be many questions that would be easier to solve but may require more time for solving, in such cases pending them for a later attempt and continuing further will be a smart move. For overcoming these situations, mock tests help in finding the corrective actions to the issues faced. The official website of NTA and JEE do give mock tests for students to practice and it's highly advised for students to give periodic mock tests and evaluate honestly. Mock test link (Mains): https://nta.ac.in/quiz Monk test link (Advance): https://jeeadv.ac.in/mock.php 6. Time Management Time management needs to be applied in 3 circumstances: Preparing the syllabus: Completing the notes well within time gives a chance for getting multiple revisions. Studying the syllabus: Allotting the time for each subject/topic every day and completing the set syllabus gives more confidence. In the exam hall: Avoiding the questions which take more time in the beginning and focusing on questions that are easy to solve gives a smart move in the examination. Avoid getting stuck in 1 question and unnecessary steps while solving will give you more time to complete the paper. 7. Avoiding the Distractions Having a strong mindset to motivate yourself will be often required by the students. There would be many times when distractions will occur, and bringing the mind back to discipline is very important. Internet, smartphones, group studies, and YouTube for study purposes need to be avoided until it's required. These sources do offer some knowledge but also take precious time and the chances of timetable getting distracted are very high. 8. Revision, Revision, Revision A good number of revisions helps to get better ranks in JEE. It helps in boosting confidence and improves time management, and memory power. 9. Avoiding Negative Environment The times do come when mock test scores are less, overthinking too much about the result, and worrying too much about the future. These would cause extra pressure on the routine than giving a solution, so the best way is to avoid them. 10. JEE is Not the End This exam does provide grand entry to top institutes, but unfortunately, only 50,000 odd seats are present and thus it's not possible for every smart student gets the chance to study there. This is just one phase of life that may lead to success or failure. Success adds as an achievement and failure adds as the best learning experience. Taking the discipline from the efforts put in JEE will help in succeeding in the future than regretting the result and will make the mind more matured and capable to withstand more failures. Conclusion These are some of the best tips and tricks for students to prepare for the JEE. Periodic checking for notifications on official websites is highly recommended for changed syllabus, new patterns if added, exam dates, etc. Recommended Articles This is a guide to IIT JEE Syllabus. Here we discuss the introduction, exam pattern, syllabus management, study materials, and time management, etc. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – IIT JEE Exam IIT JEE Preparation IIT JEE Mock Test Crack IIT JEE

read more

CAT Exam for MBA

Introduction To CAT Exam for MBA The following article provides an outline for CAT Exam for MBA. MBA is a hot course for the last many years. As organizations are adopting the strategic way of doing business, the requirement for highly-professional, B school pass outs is continuously rising. For getting admission to an MBA course, you need to appear for the CAT exam that will be your first step towards your dream career. CAT broadly known as Common Admission Test is a computer-based test designed by IIM. It serves the purpose of assessing the student’s potential of getting admission for PG management courses. CAT Test Syllabus CAT test is based on the following syllabus: Verbal And Reading Comprehension (VARC) Data Interpretation And Logical Reasoning (DILR) Quantitative Ability (QA) 1. 7 Tips for Preparing CAT 2021 - VARC As there is no pre-set syllabus for VARC, many aspirants may find it a tedious task to qualify CAT VARC section. Preparing for the CAT 2021- VARC. Know the exam pattern well before commencing the preparation. You can go through previous years’ papers for understanding the nature of the exam paper. The VARC section carries 24 number of MCQs and 10 TITA questions. If you estimate the total time, you will get 40 to 53 minutes for covering this section. Vocabulary is most important for cracking this section so strengthen your vocabulary base. The books that increase your verbal ability may help you. Reading comprehension evaluates the reading capability and understanding level. If you want to enhance your reading comprehension skills, note down the current time required to read a random passage. Try to improve this timing every time. Try the tricks of flashcards, random quiz for improving vocabulary. Involve yourself in reading, don’t just go blindly. Understanding is important so try to discuss what you read with your friends. 2. 4 Tips for Preparing CAT 2021 - DILR Like VARC, this DILR section also doesn’t have a fixed syllabus. Given below is a table that will give you an idea about what type of topics are covered in this section. Sr. No Topic Name 1 DI basics 2 DI pie charts 3 DI problems related to words 4 DI tables problem 5 DI complex sets 6 LR tournaments and visualization problems 7 LR tables and grids 8 LR maths puzzles 9 LR selection and sequences 10 LR complex sets Focus on easy sets. Try to solve them first. Then try the medium sets and then concentrate on tougher sets. Look at the choices and eliminate the odd outs. Learn approximation techniques to save time. Note down all details provided in the question dataset. If you still finding it difficult or taking too much time, leave that set. Try another question. If time remains in the end, give it a second try. 3. 5 Tips for Preparing CAT 2021 - QA Quantitative Analysis is another important section in the CAT 2021 exam. It carries 34 questions that are based on arithmetic and modern mathematics. If you want a good score in the QA section, focus on accuracy rather than the number of questions you solve. Start learning the basic concepts and tricks that will save your calculation time. Once your concept foundation is strong, use short-cuts. Learn mental calculations. Practice QA problems in minimum time with accuracy. Schedule each topic wisely. Practice maximum MOC tests. Refer to previous year’s exam papers. General FAQ’s About CAT Exam Given below are the general FAQ’s About CAT Exam: a. What is the date of the CAT exam 2021? Ans: Tentative date of CAT-2021 is 28 November 2021. Once confirmed, the conducting body will release the final dates. b. Can I take CAT for practice purposes if I don’t fall into eligibility criteria? Ans: No, if you are not eligible then you cannot appear for the CAT exam. c. Is there any age limit for CAT 2021? Ans: No. d. What are the helpline contacts for CAT 2021 exam? Ans: You can call CAT Helpdesk @ 91-7312439410 or drop a mail at cathelpdesk@iimcat.co.in. Conclusion MBA course can be seen as a bright career option and has many career opportunities with a good prospectus. If you want to become an entrepreneur, then also MBA will put a rock-solid foundation for your business. Chase your business dream with an MBA course. But, before that break the hurdle of the CAT exam with an easy punch. Recommended Articles This is a guide to CAT Exam for MBA. Here we discuss the introduction, CAT test syllabus and general FAQ’s about CAT exam. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – CAT Exam CAT Exam Syllabus Cat Exam Preparation CAT Exam Qualification

read more

UPSC CSE Syllabus

Introduction To UPSC CSE The following article provides an outline for UPSC CSE Syllabus. UPSC (Union Public Service Commission) is a central government recruiting agency. This agency conducts the exam and recruits the best eligible candidates for all Indian services and group A and group B of central services. It is one of the toughest exams in India and thus has the highest reputation and value for the people who crack the exam. UPSC conducts various types of exams every year and out of which CSE (Civil Service Examination) is one among them. The recruitment in CSE is done for various services like IAS, IPS, IFS, IRS, etc. UPSC conducts the exam in 3 rounds, i.e., prelims, mains, and final interviews. The syllabus for the exam is very vast and needs extensive dedication, discipline, and determination to succeed. The prelims exam is common for all service exams, which consists of aptitude and general studies. Mains exam is specific to the CSE syllabus and upon passing, it will make way for the final interview. The marks from Mains and the Final interview will decide your selection for CSE. This article gives an overview of the CSE syllabus, what is the time plan and what are all the tricks to crack it. Guidance To UPSC CSE Syllabus Given below is the guidance to UPSC CSE Syllabus: 1. Preparing Yourself There are 2 parameters that need to be considered before preparing for the exam. a. Are you eligible? The eligibility is verified from 4 conditions: Age Attempts Nationality Educational Qualifications There are many conditions, procedures and special cases for eligibility criteria and the official website will give the complete details. For the year 2021 UPSC CSE exam, the notification will be uploaded on the official website on 10-02-2021. For reference, follow the previous year’s notification [1]. The overview of eligibility criteria is shown in the following table: b. Are you ready for the competition? The competition for these exams is very high and cracking them on the first attempt is very low. The main reasons are: Hard and vast syllabus Tight cutoffs every year Posts to candidate ratio are very low (Lakhs of candidates appear for few posts) Long duration of examination (Approximately 32 hours for the whole process) The following table provides cutoff of UPSC CSE from the past 6 years. 2. Exam Pattern and Syllabus of UPSC CSE UPSC CSE exam is divided into 2 parts: Prelims: Consist of MCQs and the score will not be counted for final ranking. Mains: Consists of written question paper and final interview. a. Preliminary Exam Syllabus [1] It consists of 2 papers of 200 marks and 2 hours each. Paper 2 of the Preliminary exam will be a qualifying paper with minimum qualifying marks of 33%. Candidates need to attend both the papers, failing to attend even one leads to disqualification. Paper 1: Current Affairs: National and International events Indian history and freedom movement Indian and World: Physical, Social, Economic and Geographic conditions Indian constitution and Indian politics Economic and Social Development Environmental ecology, Bio-diversity, and Climate Change General Science Paper 2: Comprehension Interpersonal and communication skills Logical reasoning and analytical ability Decision making and problem-solving General mental ability Basic numeracy and data interpretation b. Mains exam syllabus [1] The Mains exam is intended to evaluate the candidate’s depth of understanding of rather than merely gauging through memory. There will be 9 papers to write in the Mains exam, in which 2 are qualifying, 1 essay, 4 are general and 2 are optional subject papers. The following table gives an overview of Mains Syllabus: After qualifying for the Mains exam, candidates are called for an interview round (personality test). The total marks of mains will be 1750. Candidates should secure at least 25% marks in both the language papers as a minimum qualifying criterion for the consideration of papers on Essay, General Studies, and Optional Subject, if in case the candidate fails to qualify, then the marks obtained will not be considered. The scores of Essay, General Studies, Optional subjects, and Interview will be added to get the final marks which are 2025. Based on the number of positions, candidates will be hired and the last person hired will decide the cutoff for the next year. 3. Planning for Exam The exam process of UPSC CSE is lengthy and thus needs proper discipline for completing the syllabus and exam. Following are the tips which will help in focusing the UPSC in a better way: Follow the 10-hour rule: Good practice is to spend 1 hour for newspaper and current affairs, 6 hours for Mains syllabus, and 3 Hours for prelims syllabus with frequent breaks. Study hard things at the silent hour: The silent hours refer to midnight period (11 PM-2 AM) or early morning period (5 AM-7 AM). Based on the convenience, choose to study at silent hours. During that time, disturbances will be less and that silent environment makes the mind to grasp quickly. Creating a check list: Having a record as to what needs to be done every day with time slots and giving honest feedback will improve the study discipline. Below is shown a draft to follow the timetable: Solving previous years questions: This will help to understand the pattern of questions and managing the time for writing the answers. Pattern repetition and the importance of certain topics can be easily identified. Solving mock exam: Creating an exam environment is essential to understand one’s anxiety levels, time management, and method of answering the questions. Self-evaluating with honest opinions will help to develop better. 4. Risk Analysis Due to limitations of age and attempts, one should need to analyze properly before moving forward in preparing and writing the exam. Following are risk plan for the broad 3 types of candidates: Students (Below 22 years): They do have the best position in preparing UPSC. Fewer responsibilities, an energetic mindset, and a young brain will help to focus on UPSC, but the only disadvantage is to pass graduation and thus need to focus on both academics and UPSC. The candidates who choose the Arts stream as graduation would be considered as the best candidate for UPSC CSE as the syllabus for graduation will coincide with UPSC. Working professionals (Above 22 years): This set of candidates needs to find ways to study. Weekends need to be utilized very well to get a good grip on syllabus completion. They have the advantage of employment and thus can prepare without much pressure, but lack of intent may divert from UPSC. Non-working (Above 22 years): These are the people who are found in maximum numbers in preparing for the exam. They will be at high risk and high pressure and they need to plan extensively to get past through UPSC. It would always be good if the candidates from this category look for employment opportunities after they pass 25 years. UPSC is laborious and needs time and patience in completing. People cracking it in 1-2 attempts are considered extraordinary and thus everyone needs to understand that it’s not possible in 2 years. People with strong determination need to step up at this and always need to have an alternate plan to make life secured. Recommended Articles This is a guide to UPSC CSE Syllabus. Here we discuss the introduction and guidance to UPSC CSE syllabus for better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – UPSC CSE Exam How to Crack UPSC CSE? UPSC CSE Notification UPSC CSE Age Limit

read more

SSC Exam Pattern

Introduction To SSC Exam The following article provides an outline for SSC Exam Pattern. Staff Selection Commission is an organization, which conducts examinations for B, C, and D posts in various ministries and departments of the government of India and their subordinate offices. The main of SSC is to recruit people through competitive examinations and interviews. Every year various openings from SSC will be launched and lakhs of candidates will appear to get these jobs. Table of contentsIntroduction To SSC ExamSSC Exam PatternSyllabus of SSCExam DatesPreparation TipsRecommended Articles SSC Exam Pattern SSC recruits for various posts for the various exams. The overview of the SSC exam pattern is given below: SSC CGL (Combined Graduate Level): This exam recruits posts for groups B and C in various ministries /departments/organizations of the government of India. In the tier 2 exam, the first 2 papers are compulsory and 3rd paper will be applicable for the candidate who has applied for posts like JSO, Assistant Accountant Officer, Assistant Audit officer, etc. SSC CHSL (Combined Higher Secondary Level): This exam recruits for posts such as Lower Divisional Clerk, Junior Secretariat Assistant, Postal Assistant, Sorting Assistant, and Data Entry Operator, in various ministries of the government of India. Tier 3 exam will be given based on the post applied by that candidate. JE (Junior Engineer): This exam recruits for B group posts in various engineering branches like Mechanical, Electrical, and Civil Engineering. Various organizations include the Central water commission, Border road organization, NTRO, CPWD, etc. In the exam, the candidate needs to select his discipline. MT (Multitasking): This exam recruits for Group C posts in non-ministerial and non-gazette posts. The posts include Peon, Gardner, Chowkidar, etc. Stenographer: This exam recruits for groups C and D Stenographer posts for various ministries, departments, and organizations of the government of India. CAPF (Central Armed Police Forces): This exam recruits posts for police forces. Syllabus of SSC The syllabus for SSC varies as per different posts but there are common subjects for all the candidates. Overview of the latest syllabus for Phase 1 SSC exam subjects are as follows: The names of the subjects will slightly vary for different posts but the overall idea of the syllabus will be on the above tables. For CGL Phase 3, based on the posts, candidates need to select one of the following subjects. An overview of the topics is given in the table: For detailed topics, visit the official website for more info. For JE phase 2, candidates need to select their engineering branch. An overview of topics is given below the table. For a detailed syllabus visit: https://ssc.nic.in/Downloads/portal/english/Syllabus-JE Eamination.pdf Exam Dates The tentative exam dates of SSC for the year 2021 are given below. Candidates are recommended to visit the official website for updated dates as they may change with time. Preparation Tips Following are the tips which will help to study and perform in exams better way: 1. Create your timetable according to exam dates. 2. Revise often: The syllabus is vast and the exam is a year-long duration, thus periodic revision is essential. 3. Study with dedicated books: Candidates need to select the proper books which will cover the syllabus and need not study extra and waste time. Some of the good books are shown below: Guide for SSC CGL: https://amzn.to/37OkYMl SSC CGL Question Bank: https://amzn.to/34IPnJY Guide for SSC CHSL: https://amzn.to/3mNXdsi General Awareness: https://amzn.to/2KzD8sw General Knowledge 2021: https://amzn.to/34GYB9C Complete SSC Guide: https://amzn.to/2KZ5axh 4. Solve previous papers with mock tests: This will help the candidate to optimize time management and adapt to the question pattern. Some of the good books for question papers and mock tests are as follows: SSC CGL Previous Papers: https://amzn.to/2MbyYaV JE Mechanical Engineering Previous Question Papers: https://amzn.to/350pQfR SSC CHSL Solved Papers: https://amzn.to/34IAjfG Topic-wise Papers: https://amzn.to/38zeOiz SSC CGL 100 Mock Test Papers: https://amzn.to/3rnfPCV SSC CGL Mock Tests with Online Papers: https://amzn.to/3rqfaAt SSC CGL Quality Mock Tests: https://amzn.to/2WMUvIV SSC Mock Tests: https://amzn.to/3o1oKHO Getting government jobs through SSC is difficult as lakhs of candidates will appear for a few posts. The exam dates and patterns are formulated such that it takes a long time for recruitment. It sometimes takes around 1-2 years for the final selection. It’s always advisable to have backup plans or employment stability than relying solely on the SSC exam. The official website of SSC is https://ssc.nic.in and candidates need to check it often for updates and notifications. Recommended Articles This is a guide to SSC Exam Pattern. Here we discuss the introduction to the SSC exam, syllabus, exam dates, and preparation tips respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Eligibility for SSC Exam SSC Exam Paper SSC Exams

read more

UPSC CSE Notification

Introduction To UPSC CSE The following article provides an outline for UPSC CSE Notification. Many students prefer to make a delighting career in Civil Services. But the main hurdle in achieving this dream career is to crack the UPSC CSE exam which is conducted by Union Public Service Commission. This commission recruits various civil posts in the Indian Police Services, Indian Foreign Services, Indian Administrative Services, and Indian Revenue Services. The exam pattern of the UPSC CSE exam is quite different and thus evaluates the candidates on various levels. UPSC CSE exam is divided into three phases: Preliminary Exam Main Exam Interview The preliminary exam carries 400 marks and has an MCQ type of examination. Each paper gets a duration of 2 hours. The Main exam carries 2025 marks weightage. The main exam is divided into 9 papers out of which 2 are qualifying papers. Guidance To UPSC CSE Notification Given below is the guidance to UPSC CSE Notification: 1. Important Notifications About UPSC CSE The UPSC exam commission will release the notification for the CSE application process for the year 2021 on the 10th of February 2021. According to the regulations, the notification will contain the following information: Start date of the application. End date of the application. Eligibility criteria. Other instructions. 2. Know your UPSC Exam Dates Because of the pandemic, the UPSC CSE schedule was disrupted last year. But now the commission has issued the calendar for the year 2021. Below are some of the important dates. Mark your calendar for the dates. Exam Date Notification Date 10 February 2021 UPSC CSE Preliminary Exam 27 June 2021 UPSC CSE Main Exam 17,18,19,25,26 September 2021 3. Understand the Syllabus UPSC CSE exam needs rigorous preparation and passion to crack the exam. Millions of students appear for the exam every year but only a few of them get success. Before starting the preparation, you need to know the syllabus for the UPSC CSE. As mentioned above, the exam is divided into two phases, prelim, and main. Students need to study diverse subjects as the exam is comprehensive in nature. Preliminary Exam Syllabus: Paper Syllabus Marks General Studies Indian Economy, Science and Technology, Geography, International Relations and related UPSC current affair, Indian Polity, 200 CSAT Paper Comprehension, Basic Maths, Logical reasoning and analytics, communication skills and interpersonal skills, problem-solving, and decision making. 200 Main Exam Syllabus: Name of the Paper Total Marks Paper A– Any Indian language mentioned in the 8th schedule of the constitution of India 300 Paper B- English Language 300 Paper I– Essay 250 Paper II– General Studies Paper (I) (Indian Culture, history, the geography of world and society 250 Paper III- General Studies Paper (II) (International relations, Governance Constitution, Social Justice) 250 Paper IV- General Studies Paper (III) (Technology, Security and disaster management, Economic Development, Agriculture, Biodiversity) 250 Paper V- General Studies Paper (IV) (aptitude, Integrity, Ethics) 250 Paper VI- Optional Subject I 250 Paper VII- Optional subject II 250 Total Marks 1750 Interview Test 275 Grand Total 2025 Students can choose optional subjects from Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anthropology, Botany, Chemistry, Mathematics, Statistics, Commerce and Accountancy, Economics, Electrical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Medical Science, History, Geography, Geology, Zoology, Law, Management, Philosophy, Psychology, Physics, Sociology, Public Administration, Political Science and International Relations. 4. Where to get Right Sources to Refer for UPSC? There are a plethora of websites regarding UPSC information, but one may confuse about reliability and authenticity. Candidates appearing for UPSC CSE exams must refer only to authentic websites and sources of information to get updates about the exam. Following are some of the reliable websites that one can refer to: upsc.gov.in pib.gov.in ptinews.com ncert.nic.in vikaspedia.in mea.gov.in idsa.in Apart from these websites, students may traverse several other websites for preparation for the UPSC CSE exam. Students need to read on diverse subjects, for that they can refer to various reference books, textbooks, magazines, journals, and other materials. Conclusion Cracking UPSC CSE is a dream for many aspirants in India. Although it is a tough task to accomplish, with strong dedication and hard work, you can crack the exam and achieve your dream career. Recommended Articles This is a guide to UPSC CSE Notification. Here we discuss the introduction and guidance to UPSC CSE notification respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – UPSC CSE How to Crack UPSC CSE? UPSC CSE Syllabus UPSC CSE Eligibility

read more

How to Crack UPSC CSE?

Table of contentsLet's Crack UPSC CSEImportance of Mock ExamsDetailed Syllabus of Prelims and Main Papers1. General Studies Paper I2. CSAT/ General Studies Paper-IIConclusionRecommended Articles Let's Crack UPSC CSE The following article provide an outline for How to Crack UPSC CSE? Past data shows that lakhs of candidates yearly appear for the UPSC CSE exams, and very few make it to the final list. In percentage, only 20 percent make it to the Civil Services. In India, IAS always tops the list when it comes to government jobs. The candidate leaves no stone unturned to become an IAS officer. The Civil Services Exam is considered the toughest exam. For this exam, the success rate is less than 1 percent. Don't be disheartened. These are just figures to tell you how difficult the exam is. Every year UPSC conducts exams to recruit candidates for various posts in the government of India. Every year, UPSC conducts an exam to recruit candidates for various posts. Life is not a bed of roses, and so is the UPSC journey. During preparation, aspirants face several hurdles and obstacles. Every day a candidate has to be consistent in their performance. If you have patience and you are persistent in your studies, the chances are that you will ace the exam. The UPSC exam is a long-term process; no shortcut will work during preparation. To prepare for this exam, a candidate has to work hard with some smartness. The candidate needs to be updated with the current syllabus and trends and must have excellent command over General Studies. With the help of the Internet, anyone can study anywhere. While you are going to an office or coming from an office, you can revise or prepare smaller topics. You can utilize that time to read newspapers so that you can save time for other topics. Let's see the importance of reading a newspaper: Those who don't have a habit of reading the newspaper, start including this as a regular exercise in your preparation. While growing up, you must have received advice from elders about reading newspapers daily as it improves knowledge quotient. It also helps in improving language skills and vocabulary. Newspapers give much information about current affairs, which is helpful for both IAS Prelims and IAS Mains papers. In the last few years, it has been seen that more questions are being asked about current affairs than from static. A candidate doesn't have to read an entire newspaper as topic, verse, and line. To get the maximum benefit from reading newspapers, aspirants have to follow some do’s and don’ts of reading newspapers. Always keep the UPSC syllabus with you. Give a thorough analysis of the previous year's question papers. You are required to focus on the issue rather than the news. Instead of focusing on when and where, give more emphasis on what and why. Aspirants must divide news or issues into several categories: International Relations. Science and Technology. Environment & Biodiversity. Government Policies and Schemes. International Organisations. Personalities and Awards. Economic Policies. UPSC exam differs from other government exams like CAT, SSC, PSC, etc. If you want to clear the UPSC exam, you need to know the exam pattern and how to apply your knowledge. Importance of Mock Exams The mock test plays an essential role in preparation for the UPSC exam. If you want to know your level of preparation and where you stand, the mock test is the best tool. The reason behind that most of the candidates couldn't clear exams because of the lack of practice. The mock test gives you an exam-like environment. By attempting several mock tests, you will understand ‘what to pick’ and ‘what to skip.’ The mock tests will boost your confidence level. You will be able to handle the pressure better during examinations. Detailed Syllabus of Prelims and Main Papers Given below is the detailed syllabus of prelims and main papers: UPSC Prelims: UPSC prelims syllabus is divided into two parts: General Studies Paper I CSAT or General Studies Paper-II 1. General Studies Paper I Current events of national and international importance. Indian and World Geography. History of India and Indian National Movement. Economic and Social Development. Indian Polity and Governance. General issues on Biodiversity, Environmental Ecology, and Climate Change. General Science. 2. CSAT/ General Studies Paper-II Comprehension. Logical Reasoning and Analytical Ability. Interpersonal Skills, including Communication Skills. General Mental Ability. Decision-making and Problem-Solving. Data Interpretation. Basic Numeracy. UPSC CSE Mains Syllabus: Qualifying papers: Paper A: The candidate will have to select one of the Indian languages from the languages mentioned in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution. Paper B: English. Papers to be counted for merit: Paper-I: Essay. Paper-II: General Studies -I (History and Geography of the World and Society, Indian Heritage and Culture). Paper-III: General Studies-II (Constitution, Governance, Social Justice, Polity, and International relations). Paper-IV: Genera Studies-III (Economic Development, Security and Disaster Management, Technology, Bio-diversity, Environment). Paper-V: General Studies-IV (Ethics, Integrity, and Aptitude). Paper-VI: Optional Subject – Paper 1. Paper-VII: Optional Subject – Paper 2. Below are the Important Points: Papers A and B will qualify, and marks will not be counted for ranking. The level of papers A and B will be of Matriculation or equivalent standard. Only those papers will be considered who have attained 25% marks in ‘Indian Language’ and 25% in ‘English as minimum qualifying standards. Marks obtained by the candidates in Paper I - Only Paper VII will count. The main examination will be 3 hours and be of a conventional (essay) type. Solving previous year's question papers are must for UPSC aspirants. Through previous year's question papers, you will get an idea about what kind of questions are being asked from the topics. Conclusion If you have analyzed previous year's papers, you must have got an idea that every year's difficulty level is not the same. With hard work and determination, you will succeed in an exam. Recommended Articles This is a guide to How to Crack UPSC CSE? Here we discuss the introduction, the importance of mock exams, and the detailed syllabus of prelims and main papers. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – UPSC CSE Syllabus UPSC CSE Notification UPSC CSE Eligibility How to Prepare for UPSC Exam?

read more

IIT JEE

Introduction to IIT JEE IIT [Indian Institute of Technology] is the most well-known institute in India and worldwide. It offers an internationally recognized standard of engineering education. As of now, there are twenty-four IITs across India. IIT JEE is an engineering entrance exam conducted nationally. It’s having two stages that are JEE Main and JEE Advanced. JEE Main is a screening exam to select the candidates for JEE Advanced Exam. JEE Advanced Exam is a final exam for select candidates for admission to IITs. Introduction to IIT JEEKey Points Of IIT JEEConclusionRecommended Articles Key Points Of IIT JEE Given below are the key points of IIT JEE: #1. Syllabus and Textbooks The syllabus of JEE is the most important document that candidates should get through in detail to understand more about the entrance exam. JEE syllabus contains a lot of information, including marks weightage, study materials, and objectives of the entire JEE course, and more. JEE Syllabus can be divided into two categories: JEE Main and JEE Advanced syllabus. The JEE Main 2021 syllabus is the same as the previous years. In JEE Main 2020, there are 75 questions out of 90 questions had to be answered by the aspirants5l. First, cover the NCERT books because most of the JEE Main questions are based on these. The list of following books referred by toppers for exam preparation: Sr. NoPhysic BooksMaths BooksAuthorNameAuthorName1O.P. TandonPhysical ChemistryS. L. LoneyCoordinate Geometry2P.Bahadur(G.R.Bathla & Sons)Numerical ChemistryS. L. LoneyTrigonometry3Bruce H. MahanUniversity ChemistryR.D. SharmaMaths XI & XII4R.C. MukharjeeNumerical ChemistryHall KnightHigher Algebra5P.W.AtkinsPhysical ChemistryArihantAlgebra6EbbingGeneral ChemistryArihantDifferential Calculus7NCERTChemistry XI, XIIArihantIntegral Calculus8  [TMH] Tata McGraw HillComplete Mathematics for JEE Main 20189  Arihant PublicationNew Pattern Maths for JEE Main/Advanced Sr. NoOrganic ChemistryInorganic ChemistryAuthorNameAuthorName1O. P. TandonOrganic ChemistryNCERTChemistry XI & XII2Paula Bruice YurkanisOrganic ChemistryO.P. TandonInorganic Chemistry3Organic Chemistry by Morrison & BoydOrganic ChemistryJ.D. LeeInorganic Chemistry4Arihant PrakashanOrganic Chemistry  5Advanced Organic chemistry SolomonsOrganic Chemistry  6I. L. FinarOrganic Chemistry Volume 1  7Bahal & BahalOrganic Chemistry  8Peter SykesOrganic Chemistry  9J.D MarchOrganic Chemistry  10M. S. ChauhanConcept of Organic Chemistry   #2. Understanding Topics along with their Weightage To Pass IIT JEE, hard work is most important, but you also have to work smart. Important chapters for IIT JEE and the weightage of each chapter in IIT JEE Main play the main role in cracking the IIT JEE Exam. Here, we have prepared the chapter-wise weightage for IIT JEE as follows: Sr. NoChaptersPhysicsWtChemistryWtMathsWt1Vectors Redox Reaction0%Trigonometric Identities2%2Constraints, NLM & Friction3%Stoichiometry4%Basic Co-ordinate Geometry, Locus & Straight Line2%3Circular Motion Atomic Structure8%Determinants & Matrices5%4Work, Power, Energy3%Gas Laws4%Sequence & Series3%5Collision, Momentum & Center of Mass Chemical Equilibrium0%Pair of lines and Circle6%6Rotational Mechanics4%Ionic Equilibrium2%Conics10%7Electrostatics8%Hydrogen & Its Compound0%Trigonometric Equations & Inverse Trigonometry5%8Gravitation3%S-Block Elements0%Properties of Triangles2%9Capacitors5%P-Block (Group 13 & 14)4%Vectors5%10Electric Current3%Salt Analysis2%3-D Geometry5%11Magnetism Thermodynamics & Thermochemistry4%Logic (Only for JEE Main) 12EM5%Solution & Colligative Properties2%Statistics (Only for JEE Main) 13A.C. Current Volumetric Titration0%Logarithms1%14Units & Dimensions3%Electrochemistry1%Quadratic Equations & Expressions3%15Error Analysis & Significant Digits Chemical Kinetics & Nuclear Chemistry8%Complex Numbers6%16Kinematics5%Solid State0%Permutation & Combinations2%17Ray Optics14%Surface Chemistry1%Binomial Theorem2%18Thermal Physics I14%P-Block (Group 15 to 18)8%Probability5%19Thermal Physics II3%Metallurgy & d Block12%Functions5%20SHM Periodic Properties0%Limits & Continuity and Differentiability6%21Sound & Waves8%Chemical Bonding5%Derivatives2%22Wave Optics3%Nomenclature0%Application of Derivatives7%23Properties of Matter Fluid Mechanics5%Isomerism2%Indefinite Integration3%24Modern Physics11%Reaction Mechanism2%Definite Integration & Area under Curves10%25  Hydrocarbon3%Differential Equations3%26  Aromatic Compounds4%  27  Halogen Derivatives3%  28  Alcohols, Ethers & Phenols5%  29  Aldehydes & Ketones3%  30  Carboxylic Acids & its Derivatives2%  31  Nitrogen-Containing Compound2%  32  Coordination Compounds2%  33  Carbohydrates5%  34  Amino Acids, Peptides & Polymers2%   #3. Plan your Study The study plan is one of the vital roles in cracking the exam. Take out the syllabus and keep it with you till the exam. Refer to the best books and make a timetable to study accordingly. Revise chapter-wise and make important notes in a separate notebook. Once you revise the chapters, take the mock test, identify your mistakes, and study accordingly and consistently. #4. Revision Techniques An IIT JEE preparation is successful with proper planning and preparation and dedicated time for revisions. Making revisions will help you be in touch with the concepts. But you must remember that you should not learn new topics once you start the revision. After the revision chapters, please go through last year's question paper and mock test, which helps to improve your confidence to crack the exam. Conclusion IIT JEE is the most prestigious and also critical Engineering entrance exam in India. A proper plan, schedule, and implementation is the key to success in IIT JEE Exam. Recommended Articles This is a guide to IIT JEE. Here we discuss the introduction to IIT JEE along with key points for a better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Crack IIT JEE IIT JEE Preparation IIT JEE Syllabus IIT JEE Tips

read more

UPSC CSE Exam

Introduction To UPSC CSE Exam The following article provides an outline for UPSC CSE Exam. Toppers believe that to clear UPSC exam it is 99 per cent hard work and 1 per cent luck. Several times it must have happened with you, topics which you have left must have come in an exam. Sometimes you know the answer to the questions, but you marked the wrong option. A candidate doesn't have any control over this. A candidate has to attempt nine papers in the mains examination. Language papers are of qualifying nature and will not be on to the scores while preparing merit. Moreover, you are well aware that language can't be prepared overnight. The best thing a candidate can do is inculcate a habit of reading newspapers in daily routine. Hard work and dedication is the key to success for any examination. Different Secrets Revealed Of UPSC CSE Given below are the different secrets revealed of UPSC CSE: 1. For whom UPSC is Beneficial? In India, several candidates see a dream of becoming an IAS officer one day. Unfortunately, not everyone able to achieve their dream. The actual reason is the lack of guidance. Nowadays, many institutes misguide aspirants. Before starting preparation for IAS exam, ask yourself a question "why you want to prepare for this exam". Whether it is only for money or you want to serve and add value to society. If you are ready to give your two-three years for the preparation of IAS and have dedication, you can start preparing for this Examination. 2. What after Clearing UPSC Prelim Exam? After clearing prelims, several candidates find themselves clueless about what to prepare next? Some are in dilemma, whether they will clear prelims or not? And this waste a lot of time of the candidate. If your final goal is to become an IAS/IPS/IFS, then, you must have a proper strategy. If you are confident enough that you will clear the prelims exam, start preparing now. But, it is sad to say that only 2-3 per cent of candidates feel confident. UPSC mains exam is not an easy exam to clear as the pattern is entirely different from prelims. An aspirant doesn't get an idea about how to prepare for mains. Mains examination requires a lot of answer writing practice. A candidate must have a thorough understanding of the latest UPSC syllabus current topics that will help them to clear the exam with flying colour. 3. Understanding about Eligibility Criteria UPSC Eligibility: Age Limit: The candidate must be the age of 21 years, and below this age, candidates are not eligible. The candidate should not be above 32 years. The birth date that is mentioned in the high school certificate will be considered by the UPSC. For UPSC 2021 exams, age will be counted from July 1, 2021. If you are planning for IAS 2021 exams, then you must not be born before August 2, 1989, and not after August 1, 2000. Following are the details of the maximum age limit, relaxation, and a number of attempts.  Category Maximum Age Limit and Relaxation No. of Attempts General 32 years 06 OBC 35 years, 03 years relaxation 09 EWS 32 years, no relaxation 06 SC/ST 37 years, 05 years relaxation Till the age limit Physically disabled: (Blind, Deaf-Mute, Orthopaedic)  42 years, 10- year relaxation General and OBC = 09 SCT/ST = Till the age limit Nationality: Those candidates who want to appear for the IAS exam should: (a) belong to India or (b)Nepal, or (c)Bhutan, or (d) be a Tibetan refugee who has come to India before January 1, 1962. or (e) Anybody who is an Indian, but has migrated from countries like Burma, Zambia, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Malawi, East African countries of Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia, the United Republic of Tanzania, Zaire, and Vietnam. For categories (b), (c), (d), and (e) certificates of eligibility must be issued by the Government of India. 4. Educational Qualification A candidate who wants to appear for the UPSC exam, should have a graduation degree in any discipline from a recognized university. Candidates who are waiting for the results can appear for the examination. But, at the time of the mains examination, a candidate will have to submit a passing certificate along with an application form. UPSC has not set any minimum percentage for the exam. The only thing aspirant has to keep in mind that they should have a graduate degree from a recognized university. 5. How to Find Proper Study Material for UPSC Exam? Internet is flooded with study materials, and it becomes difficult for a candidate to choose correct study material. Many good websites are available which will provide you with high-quality study materials. You can also refer to topper's notes, and if you are going for a coaching institute, they also provide quality materials. Conclusion Thus we conclude UPSC CSE Exam. There are some uncontrollable factors, which plays some role in the selection. A candidate is required to do some extra hard work as compared to other candidates. Hard work always pays off. Recommended Articles This is a guide to UPSC CSE Exam. Here we discuss the introduction and different secrets revealed of UPSC CSE respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – How to Crack UPSC CSE? UPSC CSE Notification UPSC CSE Eligibility UPSC CSE Age Limit

read more

How to Prepare for UPSC CSE?

Introduction To UPSC CSE The following article provides an outline for How to Prepare for UPSC CSE? Many of us keep the desire to be in the uniform and be a part of the government system. The prestige, prospects, and authority achieved through government sector jobs are incomparable. Why UPSC? Many people become surprised by the students who are trying so hard to crack the UPSC CSE exams and want to know why so many students stick to chase the UPSC CSE game. Explore the benefits one would get after cracking UPSC CSE exams: Policy Decider: Many UPSC CSE holder plays important role in policymaking. The officer after getting charge can actively implement the policies that can help people to ease their life. Officers from the IAS stream, are considered to be an integral part of the bureaucrat system. Power: The power of authority that a UPSC officer has is unmatched. Even the state government in which officers are posted cannot take any actions without MHRD permission against them. They can use the power where unjustified things are happening.  Impact: The decisions taken by civil service officers can impact a large number of people in society. So, the impact area is wider than any other officer in the government. Job Security and Better Prospects: It is one of the important factors why many students choose this profile. The job security one can get in the UPSC sector is persistent. Along with that, they can fetch a pretty handsome amount of package. Even after retirement, they can get pension facilities. How To Prepare For UPSC Prelim Exam? Now, if you have decided to proceed further, then you must know that UPSC exams are divided into two phases Preliminary and Main. Students need to break the first hurdle of Prelims to go for the main exam. Here are some tips one can follow for prelims preparation: Understand the syllabus first. Get well-versed with the exam pattern. Know when to start with the preparation. Prepare a fixed time table and follow it strictly. Improve your skills required for CSAT. Get to know about current affairs. Practice previous years papers for improving speed. Understanding the marking system: UPSC CSE exam has the following marking structure: Exam Marks Preliminary Exam 400 (2 Papers of 200 marks each) Main Exam 1750 The following table illustrates the marking system of prelims in detail: Paper Total Questions Duration Total Marks Negative Marking Minimum Criteria General Studies-I 100 2 Hours 200 Yes Prescribed by the commission CSAT 80 2 Hours 200 Yes 33% The main exams are descriptive in nature so there is no negative marking. How To Prepare For UPSC Main Exam? The main exam consists of a total of 9 papers out of which 2 are qualifying papers. The paper is a descriptive format. Here are some tips for the main exam preparation: Consistent preparation: The early beginning is always beneficial to complete any task in or before time. UPSC preparation is not an exception. If you start the preparation early, you will get more time to study, analyze, and prepare for the exam. Students can prepare a timetable so that each subject can get sufficient time for preparation and all topics can be covered. Decide your optional subject wisely: The optional subject carries 500 marks in the main exam. So, you must decide the optional subject as per your comfort level. Adequate time allocation: There are 3-4 months gaps between prelims and main exam, so students must allocate sufficient time for each subject between this period. The speed of writing should be improved within this period. Keep an eye on current affairs: UPSC CSE exam consists of questions from diverse subjects. Only textbooks and reference books are not sufficient. Students must follow the current affairs and that can be acknowledged by reading the daily newspapers and various magazines. Do not opt for UPSC CSE just for a red beacon to an option to get fame, you need to have a passion for helping people and giving your best to solve them. Conclusion This article concludes How to Prepare for UPSC CSE? Do not opt for UPSC CSE just for a red beacon to an option to get fame, you need to have a passion for helping people and giving your best to solve them. Chase your dream of wearing the crown of UPSC CSE authority with immense pride. Recommended Articles This is a guide to How to Prepare for UPSC CSE? Here we discuss the introduction, why UPSC? and how to prepare for UPSC prelim & main exam? You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – How to Crack UPSC CSE? UPSC CSE Syllabus UPSC CSE Eligibility UPSC CSE Age Limit

read more

IIT JEE Preparation

Introduction To IIT JEE The following article provides an outline for IIT JEE Preparation. Joint Entrance Examination [JEE] is a national-level common entrance examination conducted by The Ministry of Human Resource Development and Central Board of Secondary education [CBSE] and the Government of India for admission to diverse engineering colleges in India. From 2019 onwards, the National Testing Agency (NTA) has the authority to conduct the JEE Main exam. It will be held twice a year and conducted in two stages - JEE Main and JEE Advanced. Key Points Of IIT JEE Preparation Given below are the key points of IIT JEE preparation: 1. Prioritize and Plan the Topics Prioritize and plan the topics is most important when you making a study plan. First, you can prioritize the topics in two ways. You can Prioritize the topics either by weightage of chapters or you can prioritize the topics by the following basis: Most important topics (having more weightage). Urgent topics (small chapters have more weightage). Important and not urgent tasks (Like chapter have least weightage). 2. Importance of Formulas When making ready for the IIT JEE examination formulas are important for the scholars to crack the examination. Once making ready for the IIT JEE examination, candidates ought to build notes for the necessary formulas subject-wise severally that helps focused on the ideas. The notes of necessary formulas will facilitate candidates in many ways that as follows: An examination formula note helps the candidates to save lots of time within the examination. It is straightforward for candidates to form the calculations within the examination. It helps candidates to cut back the error and build a high score within the examination. 3. Tips while Attempting the Exam Proper attempt at exam paper is the key to get success in any exam. Here, we will see some important tips while attempting the IIT JEE exam. Take a rapid overview of the question paper: Take a question paper in your hand, go through it and pick up the questions which are easy and average. First, solve the easy questions and resolve questions with a plan to increase your score. Don’t spend too much time on a single question: Candidates can take that question at the end of the paper. Don’t panic, be positive and confident: Have faith in yourself and your hard work. Don’t make casual guesses: It gives negative marks. Read questions carefully: Read questions wrongly and make mistakes gives negative marks. Give your 100 percent attempt: It will increase your success rate. Answer questions in cycles: Answer easy questions in the first round. In the next round, answer the leftover questions. Set subject order: After attempting easier questions, it is important to answer the questions according to your subject strengths. Time management: Time management is important when you go for different cycles to answer the questions. After that, check your answers and this will help you to get some extra marks. 4. Strategy for Exam-Day When you going to attempt the exam, follow some strategies that help to attempt the exam very clearly. Take a light breakfast and be energetic. Be calm and positive. Bring all your necessary things, like a hall ticket and id card, etc. Don’t prepare exam at the last minute and motivate yourself. Conclusion Finally, we conclude here that JEE Mains is the most important exam in India. Study preparation and plan strategy and work accordingly help to get success in exam. Just faith in yourself and give your hundred percent. Just be comfortable and have trust in your hard work. This article will help you in solving your doubts on the subject of JEE Exam preparation. Recommended Articles This is a guide to IIT JEE Preparation. Here we discuss the introduction and key points of IIT JEE preparation for better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – IIT JEE Exam IIT JEE Mock Test IIT JEE Exam Dates Crack IIT JEE

read more

CAT Exam

Introduction To CAT Exam CAT (Common Admission Test) is a national level examination conducted by IIMs (Indian Institute of Management) as a prerequisite exam for management studies. This exam makes a pathway for the candidates to get admissions in the top premier management colleges across India which include IIMs, XLRI, FMS, ISB, SPJIMR, etc. These colleges offer MBA (Master of Business Administration) and doctoral programs through the CAT exam. Graduating from these premier colleges makes a good carrier path for the students as world-class companies visit these institutes for recruiting them in the management domain for hefty salary packages. Thus, lakhs of students register every year for the CAT exam with a dream of studying in these institutes but unfortunately only a few get a chance. CAT Exam Pattern Understanding the exam pattern is very much essential as it helps to create preparation strategies for the exam. If you see the history, the exam pattern was changed multiple times but from 2015 to 2019 pattern remained unchanged. In 2020 the pattern was changed with lesser questions and duration and it’s highly recommended for candidates to visit the official website regularly. The following table will give the exam pattern of CAT for previous years. CAT Exam Pattern 2015-2019 2020 (Questions) MCQ Objective Duration MCQ Objective Duration Syllabus (Questions) Verbal Ability & Reading Comprehension (VARC) 24 10 60 18 8 40 Data Interpretation & Logical Reasoning (DILR) 24 8 60 18 6 40 Quantitative Ability (QA) 24 10 60 18 8 40 Marking System Correct Answer 3 3 3 3 Wrong Answer -1 0 -1 0 Total Total Question 100 76 Total Marks 300 228 Eligibility The eligibility criteria for CAT exam is given below: Bachelor’s degree/equivalent with 50% or CGPA equivalent (45% for SC/ST/PWD). Final year students who are perusing Bachelor’s degree/ equivalent. Age no bar. Score Calculation Theory Calculation of scores for CAT is done in different ways. The structure of the exam is created such that every individual’s performance is considered and scaled to get the final score of each candidate. In simple terms, the calculation goes like: Standard deviation and Mean of the raw scores considering all the students for each section and each session separately. Standard deviation and Mean of the raw scores considering all the students for each section but all sessions combined. Mean raw score of 0.1% candidate for that particular session and section. Each individual’s score is calculated by the following formula: Where, Rs = Normalized score of an individual for that particular section. R = Individual’s raw score for that particular section. M0.1= 0.1% candidate’s mean raw score of whole CAT exam for that particular section. M10.1 = 0.1% candidate’s mean raw score of that session and that particular section. G = Sum of standard deviation and mean of that particular section. G1= Sum of standard deviation and Mean of that particular section and that particular session. Thus, the summation of Rs for all sessions gives the final score (scaled score) of that candidate. Concept Of Percentile After calculating the scaled score, the candidate will be given a percentile score and top colleges will call for an interview only if the candidate secures certain percentile. The procedure for calculating percentile is as follows: Finding the number (N)of candidates who appeared for the CAT exam. Assigning the rank (r) for the candidate based on his/her scaled score. (Candidate securing same scale score will be given the same rank). Percentile score P= And rounding off to 2 decimal places. Applying For CAT Exam The official website for applying for the CAT exam is iimcat.ac.in. The latest exam notifications will be notified by this website and should visit regularly. This link is common for getting monk tests, the guide for applying the CAT registration forms, media releases, etc. A candidate needs to analyze himself before and while preparing for the CAT exam and also during his tenure in MBA college. MBA is a bit expensive and needs to choose the course after extensive research. Even though top colleges provide good placements, candidates who show intent and value towards their profile have a better chance to get good placements than just an MBA degree. Recommended Articles This is a guide to CAT Exam. Here we discuss the introduction, exam pattern, eligibility, score calculation theory and applying for CAT exam. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – CAT Exam for MBA CAT Exam Syllabus Cat Exam Preparation CAT Exam Qualification

read more

Eligibility for SSC Exam

Introduction to SSC Exam The following article provides an outline for Eligibility for SSC Exam. Staff Selection Commission (SSC) is an administration association that volunteers individuals for different positions (B, C, and D) in different government offices. SSC enrolls individuals through various exams and subsequently, lots of applicants endeavor hard to clear the test and aim to get the government job. However, there are certain qualification standards for composing the test and it differs for various posts. This article gives brief data on qualification standards for different exams conducted by SSC. SSC Exam Eligibility Criteria The eligibility criteria are broadly divided into 3 types: Age Limit Educational Qualifications Nationality The accompanying table gives the qualification measures for well-known tests Nonetheless, it is prescribed to visit the official site for detailed information on exams’ eligibility criteria. Eligibility Criteria SSC Exam Age Limit Educational Qualifications Nationality CGL 18-32 Bachelor’s Degree Citizen of India Or Subject of Bhutan/Nepal Or Tibetan Refugee   CHSL 18-27 12th and Equivalent JE 32 Degree/Diploma in ME/CE/EE MT 18-25 10th and Equivalent MT 18-30 12th and Equivalent Important Notes The age limit is relaxed for certain reservation and it varies on a case to case basis. Accordingly, these individuals will have an expanded age limit than normal. The following table gives age relaxation for various reservations. Age Relaxation Reservation Categories Age Relaxation OBC 3 SC/ST 5 Physically Handicapped (GN) 10 Physically Handicapped (OBC) 13 Physically Handicapped (SC/ST) 15 Ex-Servicemen (GN) 3 Ex-Servicemen (OBC) 6 Ex-Servicemen (SC/ST) 8 Civilian Employee - B (GN) 5 Civilian Employee - B (OBC) 8 Civilian Employee - B (SC/ST) 10 Civilian Employee - C (GN) Up to age 40 Civilian Employee - C (OBC) Up to age 43 Civilian Employee - C (SC/ST) Up to age 45 Domiciled in Jammu/Kashmir (GN) 5 Domiciled in Jammu/Kashmir (OBC) 8 Domiciled in Jammu/Kashmir (SC/ST) 10 Widow/Divorced/Judicially separated without remarried women - C (GN) Up to age 35 Widow/Divorced/Judicially separated without remarried women - C (OBC) Up to age 38 Widow/Divorced/Judicially separated without remarried women - C (SC/ST) Up to age 40 Defence Personnel disabled in hostilities (GN) 5 Defence Personnel disabled in hostilities (OBC) 8 Defence Personnel disabled in hostilities (SC/ST) 10 Age limit criteria will vary for different posts, reservations, departments, and exams. The table gives a general idea of relaxation. Its recommended to refer the official notification for detailed information for all the types. For educational qualifications, usually, it will be 10th or 12th or Degree. But for certain exams and posts, there will be specific requirements or alternative requirements along with qualifications, such as: Minimum 60% in mathematics/statistics for Statistical Investigator. CA/CS are alternative qualifications for Assistant Audit other than Bachelor’s degree. For JE, the candidate has to complete Degree or diploma only in Mechanical, Electrical or Civil Engineering. Each post has any one of these as qualification criteria. Readers have to note that candidates graduated from any of these branches will not guarantee for all the posts and thus need to refer to the official website for more information. For the Inspector and related posts, physical fitness will be considered as one of the criteria. The following table gives an overview of physical fitness. Some relaxations are given for a certain set of people, for more information visit the official website. Physical Fitness Tests Gender Inspector in CBN Sub Inspector in CBI Sub Inspector in NIA Height Men 157.5 Women 152 Chest Men 81 Women Vision Men With or without glasses 6/6 in one and 6/9 in other Near vision 0.6 in one and 0.8 in other Women Weight Men Women 48kg Walking Men 1.6km in 15min Women 1km in 20min Cycling Men 8km in 30min Women 3km in 25min Exam Dates of SSC Exam The following table gives the exam dates SSC CGL: Last date for online application: 31-JAN-2021. Last date for receipt of online application: 31-JAN-2021 (23:30). Last date for online payment: 02-FEB-2021. Last date for generation of offline challan: 04-FEB-2021. Last date for payment through challan: 6-FEB-2021. CBT Tier 1 test: 29-MAY-2021 to 07-JUNE-2021. Tier 2 exam schedule will be notified later in the website. To sum up, any applicant who has finished the Bachelor's certificate can apply for the greater part of the tests. Yet, still, there will be a few relaxations, exemptions, and explicit necessities for specific posts. It is suggested that the applicant check notifications that is accessible on the official site regularly. The notice document gives point by point data on pay-scales, qualification standards, special cases, test dates, and so on. Fast Links: The Official Website: https://ssc.nic.in/. SSC CGL Link: https://ssc.nic.in/SSCFileServer/PortalManagement/UploadedFiles/notice_CGLE_29122020.pdf Recommended Articles This is a guide to Eligibility for SSC Exam. Here we discuss the introduction, SSC exam eligibility criteria and exam dates respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – SSC Exam Paper SSC Exam Pattern SSC Exams

read more

UPSC Exam Syllabus 2021

Introduction To UPSC Exam UPSC conducts a national level exam for 24 services under the Central & State Governments of India such as the Indian Revenue Service, Indian Administrative Service, Indian Foreign Service, Indian Police Service, etc. UPSC syllabus format is common for those services, which we will see in detail for the upcoming UPSC 2021 exam. There are three parts to the Civil services exam. For the first part, a candidate must be prepared for general studies test & aptitude test. After clearing these two tests, a candidate would be allowed to write the IAS Mains which are descriptive type. UPSC Exam Syllabus For 2021 Given below is the syllabus for UPSC Exam 2021: General Studies Test: This test is mainly focused on general and social awareness. During the test, a candidate should be very much careful as there is negative marking for the wrong answer. Candidate should acquire knowledge as much as possible on subjects such as general science and technology, environmental ecology, biodiversity, climate change, Indian economy, history of India and Indian national movement, sustainable development, poverty, inclusion, demographics, political system, public policy, rights issues, etc. Civil Services Aptitude Test or CSAT: This test is mainly focused on ‘Reasoning and Analytical’ questions, ‘Decision Making’ and ‘Reading Comprehension’. To be the best, a candidate should know the question patterns. One can follow previous year’s papers and try to solve them. UPSC Mains Part 1: There are two qualifying papers, an Indian language paper, and the second is an English language paper. A candidate must explore areas such as essays, synopsis writing, reading comprehension, grammar, basic language usage, and translation, which include English to compulsory language and vice versa. UPSC Mains Part 2: The other seven papers, ‘Essay’ which can be written in the medium of the candidate’s choice, ‘General Studies - Part 1’ topics include such as Indian Heritage & Culture, History & Geography of the World & Society, ‘General Studies - Part 2’ covers areas such as governance, constitution, polity, social justice & international relations, ‘General Studies – Part 3’ which section includes technology, economic development, biodiversity, security & disaster management, General Studies – Part 4’ which includes ethics, integrity, and aptitude, & ‘Optional Subject - Paper 1 and 2’. There are 48 optional subjects to choose from, which belong to optional subject papers. Like literature of Marathi/ Hindi/ Nepali/ Dogri/ Santhali/ Konkani/ Assamese/ Bodo/ Bengali/ Telugu/ Kashmiri/ Kannada/ Gujarati/ Urdu/ English/ Tamil/ Sindhi/ Malayalam/ Maithili/ Sanskrit/ Punjabi/ Odia or Manipuri. Apart from literature, other options are Philosophy, Physics, Political Science & International Relations, Psychology, Public Administration, Sociology, Statistics, Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science, Civil Engineering, Agriculture, Geology, History, Medical Science, Zoology, Commerce & Accountancy, Economics, Mechanical Engineering, Law, Management, Geography, Mathematics, Botany and Electrical Engineering. And the final part is the personal interview or UPSC personality test which is more concerned with checking the analytical ability & mental qualities of the candidate. Best Preparation Tips For Tests Lets see some tips, that how a candidate can have the best preparation for all these tests. The most important fact is that a candidate should have proper dedication and patience while taking preparation. Without a correct plan of action, it is nearly impossible to clear all the tests. The prelims and UPSC mains exams are due in June & September 2021. It is better to have a timetable and work accordingly so that the stress can be avoided. For ‘General Studies Test’ it is always better to study one paper in your mother language, and another in the English language. It’s better to answer when & where you are confident. To develop social awareness, pick a situation and analyze it with the facts surrounds it. There are many books available online, with real-life examples that help to understand the subject in depth. E.g. The Pearson CAST Manual - 2012 Paper I General Studies & Paper II General Aptitude by author Edgar Thorpe. This book covers paper two as well. For UPSC Mains part 1 and 2 there are many good books available focusing on different parts and topics. You can have one, as per your criteria. There are thousands of mock questions available at indiabix.com, faceprep.in, afeias.com, etc. from where you can well prepare yourself for paper two. Creating a timetable is very important to plan and schedule the day for preparations. It is always good to wake up early in the morning when our concentration level tends to be very high. Wake up by 6 a.m. and get yourself ready by 7 a.m. once you finished taking bath and having tea. If you have coaching, then attend that, and once you come back then start studying. After a healthy breakfast at 9 a.m, first, start revising whatever you have studied yesterday. During the fresh morning, this time is best to start with the most difficult topics or subjects. Try not to take any break till 1 pm, if it is not necessary. At 1 p.m. have a light and healthy lunch and avoid taking nap. At 1.30 p.m, start studying and continue till 5 p.m. At 5 p.m. take a break for an hour. During this break, try to do some physical activity like the gym or walk. Apart from study, it is very important to be physically fit. 6 p.m. to 9 p.m. this is the last phase of your study hours. During this time always try to pick some easy topics where brainstorming is not required. Finish your dinner at 9 p.m. It should be light. You can go through the FAQs and general information, and updates related to exams for a while. Just go through the newspaper headlines once, if you have missed it reading in the morning. Before you sleep, always try to relax your mind. Try to avoid thinking about exams and studies. You can speak to someone or you can take the help of some soft music if you like. Hit the bed by 11 p.m. Conclusion - UPSC Exam Syllabus 2021 Thus this article concludes UPSC Exam Syllabus 2021. Recommended Articles This is a guide to UPSC Exam Syllabus 2021. Here we discuss the introduction and best preparation tips for tests respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – UPSC Exam UPSC CSE Age Limit UPSC CSE Exam UPSC CSE Notification

read more

CAT Exam Syllabus

Introduction To CAT Exam Syllabus The following article provides an outline for CAT Exam Syllabus. CAT (Common Admission Test) is a national-level examination conducted by IIMs (Indian Institute of Management) as a prerequisite exam for management studies. This exam makes a pathway for the candidates to get admissions in the top premier management colleges across India which include IIMs, XLRI, FMS, ISB, SPJIMR, etc. These colleges offer an MBA (Master of Business Administration) and doctoral programs through the CAT exam. It’s a computer-based test (CBT) that consists of MCQs (Multiple Choice Questions) and objective questions to evaluate the candidate’s aptitude and reasoning skills. The syllabus mainly consists of Verbal Ability & Reading Comprehension (VARC), Data Interpretation & Logical Reasoning (DILR), and Quantitative Ability (QA). Topics For CAT Syllabus The following table gives detailed topics for CAT syllabus: Best Books Below are the best books for CAT Exam for 2021: Arun Sharma: https://amzn.to/3auqTYH Top coaching institutes books: Carrier launcher, TIME, IMS, etc. Tips For Preparing A CAT Exam CAT exam syllabus on a broader scale will be on aptitude and reasoning. It’s essential to improve them over time and understand the topics to the core. Following are the tips for preparing for the CAT exam: 1. Create your timetable: Preparing your timetable and executing it gives a sense of discipline and completion of the syllabus can be predicted. 2. Study the exam and then the syllabus: The major objective of all the candidates is to clear the CAT exam with a good percentile and the best way is to understand the exam pattern, percentile evaluation, hardest among 3 sections, previous years’ cutoff, number of seats, etc. After gathering this information, understand the detailed syllabus, study from good materials, and find a common source to clear the doubts. 3. Learn to use the tricks: CAT is exam is all about solving most of the questions correctly than solving all the questions. Due to time constraints, solving all the questions will be difficult thus learning tricks to solve the questions will help a lot. 4. Tricks don’t work on tricky questions: It’s always recommended to clear the basis of the topics first and then go on to find tricks to solve fast. There might be a chance that questions can be tricky and normal tricks may not work. 5. Quick reading and fast solving: It would be good to know some quick math calculations and question reading capability (especially for comprehension). It saves a lot of time and will have some left in the end to solve more questions. 6. Revision creates the difference: The syllabus of CAT has vast topics and it difficult to remember all of them on the first attempt and thus periodic revision will help in getting good touch with it. 7. Previous years question papers: Solving previous years questions are known to be the trump card for most of the toppers as these will help to get to know the question patterns and difficulty levels. Some of the good books for previous years solved papers: Solved papers 1990-2018: https://amzn.to/3nKHdso Section-wise & topic-wise solved paper 2020: https://amzn.to/37DxxtV Study material with 15 years past papers & 5 mock tests: https://amzn.to/37BntBy 8. Taking mock exams: This will help to understand the type of questions need to attend and optimize your time management. The official website does provide mock exams and it’s recommended for candidates to take up them and find other sources to solve more mock exams on the Official website. Some of the good books for giving mock tests: CAT preparation books & mocks (30 papers): https://amzn.to/2WwIcjT Mock tests for CAT: https://amzn.to/2J7TlnZ Study package with mock tests: https://amzn.to/37CY22u CAT is one of the toughest exams in India and candidates need to organize themselves with proper material and practice with mock tests and question papers. Repeated practice and revision would give confidence in facing the exam. It is to be noted by the candidates that just cracking an exam will not be enough and need to be in the top 1-2% for getting a call in the top colleges and need to face the final interview before getting the seat. Recommended Articles This is a guide to the CAT Exam Syllabus. Here we discuss the introduction to CAT exam syllabus, its topics and tips for preparing a CAT exam. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – CAT Exam Cat Exam Preparation CAT Exam for MBA CAT Exam Papers

read more

CAT Exam Preparation

Introduction To CAT Exam Preparation The following article provides an outline for CAT Exam Preparation. CAT (Common Admission Test) is an entrance test for admission in top B-Schools in India. CAT is conducted once a year comprises 76 questions and 228 marks. The CAT is not hard to crack but to be on top requires a lot of hard work and patience. The exam is not tough in itself but the competition to get to the top is. In a nutshell, the numbers of candidates appearing for the exam are around 3.5 Lakhs and to get a tier-1 B-school one needs to be in the top 2500. If we consider tier-B colleges as well then this number can tally to approx. 10,000. CAT Exam Pattern & Syllabus Now you know what your competition is. The first thing you shall focus on understanding the pattern and syllabus that will be asked in the test. There would be 3 sections: VARC (Verbal Ability & Reading Comprehension): 26 questions DILR (Data Interpretation and Logical Reasoning): 24 questions QA (Quantitative Ability): 26 questions The total time for the CAT exam used to be 3 hours (180 min) earlier but now the time is revised to 2 hours (120 min). For each section, the candidate gets a time limit earlier (60 min) now it is (40 min). The questions would be MCQs and Non-MCQs both. Negative marking would be only for MCQs, there is no negative marking for non-MCQs. Each question is worth 3 marks and for wrong MCQs, the negative penalty would be (-1/3) marks. Tips For Self-Study Preparation Mode Now you are equipped with syllabus, exam pattern, marks distribution, and time availability. Now one shall turn on his preparation mode for self-study. Positive and learning mindset during the whole preparation phase: During the preparation of any competition, one must be positive and have an attitude of learning. There would be several instances when you would feel things are not working out but you must be optimistic. Have a goal in mind and be focused on it no matter if you do not understand a concept. It will come eventually that’s the kind of mindset one shall have. Speed and attempt rate: CAT is not tough but the competition is huge, so the speed of understanding the question right and then solving it with speed is needed to ace the test. One must attempt maximum questions to outshine. Accuracy: Don’t just attempt, it shall be accurate as well. How To Check Your Preparation Level? During the preparation phase, certainly one wants to check the level of preparation he has done. The best way to check one's preparation level is to enroll in test series and evaluate performance. One must define the below criteria to evaluate performance: Test coverage within the allotted time Speed and attempt rate Accuracy It’s okay sometimes if you are not able to get good marks, learn from it, and start working on improving yourself. Tips For Making Study Plan Below are the tips for making study plan: Divide time for whole syllabus coverage: Be flexible to cover the entire syllabus in your personal time frame. Don’t be rigid if I complete this only then I will move to the next. Give as many tests as you can: The candidate shall start giving tests from the day1 of his preparation there is no time to complete the syllabus first and then attempt the test. It’s okay you won’t perform well but you will know the type of problems you would be dealing with. Conclusion - CAT Exam Preparation Only 3-4% lands in top B schools, but the good thing is the numbers of questions are going to be the same for each candidate and the syllabus is the same as well. It’s just the hard work with the preparation plan one needs to have to choose correct answers of those 76 questions that’s it. Recommended Articles This is a guide to the CAT Exam Preparation. Here we discuss the introduction, its pattern and syllabus along with the tips for self-study preparation. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – CAT Exam CAT Exam Syllabus CAT Exam for MBA CAT Exam Details

read more

IIT JEE Tips

Introduction To IIT JEE Tips The following article provides an outline for IIT JEE Tips. JEE (Joint Entrance Examination) is an entrance examination conducted every year in India. This entrance exam is an all-India examination conducted for admission to different engineering colleges. The Joint Entrance Examination (JEE) is conducted by the Indian Institutes of Technology in eight zones. The Indian Institutes of Technology is one of the most popular and oldest institutes in India for an engineering programmer. Currently, there are fifteen Indian Institutes of Technology, popularly known as IIT in cities like Bombay (Mumbai), Bhubaneswar, Gandhinagar, Delhi, Guwahati, Punjab, Hyderabad, Kanpur, Kharagpur, Madras (Chennai), Indore, Mandi, Patna, Rajasthan, and Roorkee. The JEE is a two-phase examination: The JEE Main and the JEE Advanced. Examination Pattern: Before appearing for any examination, it is essential to know the exam pattern and what all you can expect in an exam. For any candidate, it is important to know the marking scheme as this allows them to calculate the marks and how they should attempt their exam. The JEE exam is an online computer-based mode exam. The duration of this exam will be 03 hours, and there will be 75 questions (25 questions from each subject). Subjects that are included in this exam are Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics. There will be an Objective type question having four options each with only one correct answer. In each section, there will be five Numerical Questions. A candidate will fetch four marks for every correct answer, and one mark will be deducted for an incorrect answer. This paper will of 300 marks, and the medium of paper will be English or Hindi. Candidates from Gujrat, Daman & Diu and Dadra, and Nagar Haveli can attempt the paper in the Gujarati language. How To Start Preparing For IIT JEE 2021? One of the most common questions from aspirants is how to start preparing for an exam. Candidates keep wasting their time in preparing a perfect time-table. Before making any study plan, analyze previous papers thoroughly, go through the weightage of topics. After doing all your homework, start preparing your study plan. Candidates can check the topper interviews or read some articles. Following are the general guidelines to follow while preparing a study- plan: Always keep the syllabus of JEE 2021 with you in hard format. While going to buy books for the exam, choose wisely. There are a plethora of books in the market. Don't follow anybody else's study times. Identify your own and prepare accordingly. Limit your social media usage and be regular in your studies every day. Revision plays an important role. Make sure you revise weekly/monthly what you have studied. Properly analyze your mock test. Don't neglect any topic and give equal weightage to each topic. Try to give more time to difficult topics and less time to easy topics. Don't try to mug up any topic, this will not help you in the exam. Understand the topic. Take help from elders, seniors, teachers, and online video lectures. Study Strategy Below we discuss the subject wise study strategy for IIT JEE: 1. Physics For some Physics is easy and interesting and some find it hard, especially numerical. If you start understanding the concepts and their application, it would easier for you to tackle this subject easily. First, clear your concept then start solving numerical of that topic. Follow this regularly and strictly. If you face any doubts, get your doubt clear immediately. Try to understand the derivation and its conditions that are relevant for IIT JEE. Always solve different types of numerical, this will help you to boost your confidence level. Give more emphasis on the Mechanics section. The mechanic's section is considered the backbone of JEE Physics. Books to follow: H. C. Verma (Concepts of Physics) I. E. Irodov (for high-level numerical) B. N. Sharma (Cengage Publication) D. C. Pandey (Arihant Publications) 2. Chemistry To score well in this section, focus on all three sections: organic, inorganic and physical chemistry. You must know chemical bonding and the Periodic table. A candidate must know the reaction and its mechanism. Give your more time on topics like goc, thermodynamics, electrochemistry, and chemical bonding and Coordination compounds. Important topics: Solutions Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Electrochemistry & Redox Reactions Equilibrium Chemical Thermodynamics General Organic Chemistry Chemical Kinetics Hydrocarbons Reaction Mechanism Practical Organic Chemistry Aromatic Compounds Books to follow: 1. Physical Chemistry R. C. Mukherjee Numerical Chemistry - Dr. P.Bahadur O. P. Tandon 2. Organic Chemistry I. L. Finar Advanced Organic chemistry by Solomons Peter Sykes Concepts of Organic Chemistry - M. S. Chauhan 3. Inorganic Chemistry NCERT Books D. Lee P. Tandon 3. Mathematics To prepare this section, divide topics into 5-6 subtopics. Start reading theory, memories it and learn all the important formulae and properties. Firstly, start solving basic-level questions and then jump to higher-level questions. Important topics: Definite Integration Application of Derivatives Circles Conics Complex Numbers Probability Books to follow: M.C.Q. by A. Das Gupta Topicwise books of Arihant/ Cengage Publications Conclusion - IIT JEE Tips Work hard and give your 100 percent. You need to understand that IIT JEE Main and Advanced are low-scoring competitive exams. Don't get demotivated if you score low. Even scoring 50 percent, you can get admission in the top 2 to 3 IITs. Recommended Articles This is a guide to IIT JEE Tips. Here we discuss the introduction, study plan, examination pattern and subject wise study strategy for 2021 IIT JEE. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – IIT JEE Exam IIT JEE Preparation IIT JEE Mock Test Crack IIT JEE

read more

UPSC CSE

Introduction To UPSC CSE Because of the power, the prestige of the government authority, most of the students want to join the civil services. Many students think that Joining civil service means to get fame and enjoy power. Actually, the fact is that it is a huge responsibility for the country. Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) is an agency of the central government to recruit the candidate for the civil services and defense services through Civil Service Examination (CSE). There are many different positions for which the UPSC conducts the examination.  Categories Of UPSC CSE UPSC exams are categorized into three types: All India Civil Service Group A Civil Service Group B Civil Service Indian Administrative Service (IAS) Indian Audit and Accounts Service (IA&AS) Armed Forces Headquarters Civil Services (AFHCS) Indian Police Service (IPS) Indian Civil Accounts Service (ICAS) Delhi, Andaman and Nicobar Islands Civil Service (DANICS) Indian Forest Service (IFS) Indian Corporate Law Service (ICLS) Delhi, Andaman and Nicobar Islands Police Service (DANIPS) Indian Defense Accounts Service (IDAS) Pondicherry Civil Service (PCS) Indian Defense Estates Service (IDES) Pondicherry Police Service (PPS) Indian Information Service (IIS) Indian Ordnance Factories Service (IOFS) Indian P&T Accounts and Finance Service (IP&TAFS) Indian Railway Protection Force Service (IRPFS) Indian Trade Service (ITrS) Indian Revenue Service (IRS) Indian Railway Traffic Service (IRTS) Indian Railway Protection Force Service (IRPFS) Indian Railway Personnel Service (IRPS) Indian Railway Accounts Service (IRAS) Indian Postal Service (IPoS) Indian Communication Finance Services (ICFS) Exam Pattern For UPSC Critical thinking is needed to crack the UPSC examination. Students have to go through the following phases with enormous hard work and patience. 1. Preliminary Exam There are two papers of 200 marks each. Each paper contains multiple-choice questions and has to complete within two hours. Paper I: To check the general knowledge based on the following topics. Indian history, Indian Geography, Indian Polity, Economics, Panchayat Raj, etc. Paper-II: To check the ability of the candidate based on the following points. Also, called CSAT (Civil Services Aptitude Test) Communication, Reasoning, Data interpretation, Decision making, English language, etc. 2. Mains Mains contains 9 papers. Each paper has 3 hours. Mains carries 1750 marks. Paper Name Syllabus Marks Paper A One Indian language selected by the candidate 300 Paper B English 300 Paper I Essay 250 Paper II GS I (Indian Heritage, History, Geography of the world) 250 Paper III GS II (Polity, constitution, international relations) 250 Paper IV GS III (Economic, Environment, Disaster management) 250 Paper V GS IV (aptitude, integrity, and ethics) 250 Paper VI & VII  Optional Subject 500 1750 3. Interview It is a personality test that carries 275 marks. Interviews are to check the candidate is suitable for the position, mental capacity, decision-making ability of the candidate. Eligible Criteria for UPSC: The candidate must have an age not less than 21 years and not more than 32 years. For OBC upper limit is 35 and for SC, ST upper limit is 37. How To Get Ready For UPSC Exam? First of all, you have to constantly visit the UPSC’s website to check the forthcoming exams. Apply for the exam through the www.upsc.gov.in website. Also, you will get the previous year’s question papers on the same link. To attend the exam, you must be ready with the resources so early. There are two papers for preliminary exams. Books for the UPSC prelim are given below: Certificate Physical Geography: G C Leong India’s Struggle for Independence: Bipan Chandra Indian Polity: M Laxmikanth Indian Economy by Ramesh Singh Verbal & Non-Verbal Reasoning: R S Aggarwal Use NCERT XI and XII books. Preparation Technique For UPSC Exams Get well-versed with the syllabus. Collect all the references, books, lists of useful website links, question papers, some mock question papers. It will be easy to study with already gathered materials. Ask for guidance from the senior candidates and who had cracked the UPSC exam. Once you have decided to go for the UPSC examination then, start the preparation as early as possible don’t wait for the declaration of the exam. Achieve your dream with a high endeavour. Recommended Articles This is a guide to UPSC CSE. Here we discuss a brief overview on UPSC CSE and its categories along with its preparation technique. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more – How to Crack UPSC CSE? UPSC CSE Notification UPSC CSE Eligibility UPSC CSE Syllabus

read more

IIT JEE Exam

Introduction To IIT JEE Exam IIT JEE [Joint Entrance Examination] is an ambition of lakhs of candidates but its ability is in the chance of only a few ones. Amongst 11-12 Lakh of candidates, only around 2-3 lakh candidates are selected and others wait for the next session. But when you set IIT JEE as your aim, you should not step back until you reach the goal. An IIT JEE exam is a wonderful platform where engineering and architecture candidates give a chance to display their maximum talent & intensity level that match with the IITs standards. IIT JEE Exam is conducted in 3 stages which are Main, Advanced, Architecture Aptitude Test [AAT]. Components Of IIT JEE Exam Given below are the components of IIT JEE exam: 1. Set your goal Setting a goal is an important factor to crack not only IIT for JEE Exam and also for any competitive examination. Setting your goal with proper plan and implementation gives success. Set your goals with motivation and inspiration.  Once you set a goal, make a plan and write it on paper which helps to make it real and achievable. Most importantly, stick to your goals and plans which helps to increase your focus. 2. Review your study progress The setting goal, make a plan, implement the plan are not only giving success in competitive exams. We can’t get success without a review of your plan or study progress. It is vital to observe your goals and track your progress that how far you have reached in your plan. If you don’t review your study progress regularly, we can lose the right way. Take a little time to track your goals and reach little goals first. While prepare for IIT JEE, have to know about what you have completed in the syllabus and how much you have to do more. It will motivate you to finish the rest syllabus. 3. Improve your study techniques Concentration is one factor to improve your study techniques. Set a timetable for your exam preparation. build a study habit and Stop procrastinating. Concentrate on small goals. Do your best in the study. Take small breaks in lengthy study hours. 4. Importance of mock test and previous year papers Candidates showing in JEE examination ought to grasp the subsequent reason why they have to observe the previous year question papers: Candidates ready to grasp the program and pattern of the JEE Main examination. Candidates can get inspiration concerning question types that will be asked within the communication. To grasp the vital topics from that queries might be asked within the exam. JEE Main previous year papers can facilitate candidates to extend their speed within the examination. Candidates will solve queries faster once the stable observation of JEE question papers. It helps to enhance the potency of the candidate. Candidates are ready to decide their ability. Candidates will check the explanations why they need to aim the mock take a look at of the JEE exam: Candidates will grasp that however the amount of examination varies from moderate to simple to troublesome.  Candidates will check the marking system within the question paper with the topics.  This can facilitate them to realize the boldness to look within the communication. Candidates are ready to check their speed. Candidates can skill to crack the paper by attempting the mock take a look at. 5. Know about the exam date JEE Main 2021 was conducted by NTA as a computer-based examination in 4 sessions. February session of JEE Main Exam dates has been released; the exam will be conducted from February 23 to 26. For other sessions of JEE Main 2021, exam dates are March 15 to 18, April 27 to 30, 2021, and May 24 to 28, 2021. JEE Advanced Exam 2021 will be conducted on the last week of May 2021. Conclusion This article gives more information about IIT JEE exam which helps the aspirants to get the success in IIT JEE Exam. All the best for those who are preparing IIT JEE exam to get success. Recommended Articles This is a guide to IIT JEE Exam. Here we discuss the introduction and components of the IIT JEE exam like set your goal, review your study progress, improve your study techniques, etc. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more – IIT JEE Mock Test | How to Prepare? IIT JEE Syllabus | 10 Best Tips Introduction to IIT JEE Exam Dates IIT JEE Tips

read more

Crack IIT JEE

Introduction To Crack IIT JEE Lakhs or thousands of aspirants appear for the IIT JEE exam every year, and very few of them know the importance of the IIT JEE exam. IIT JEE exam becomes very important for those who are giving a thought of taking engineering as a career option. IIT JEE is a tuff nut to crack. For some candidates, it takes months while for some candidates, it takes years to crack this exam. You will see that most of the candidates start their preparation at least a year ago while some start their preparation a month or two before the examination. Everyone follows their own strategy and study plans for the exam, but somehow candidates end up cracking the exam under pressure. For this particular exam, a candidate doesn't have to study 10-12 hours but requires 8 hours a day. An aspirant should be consistent every day. For better preparation, it is advised that start your day early and avoid late-night preparation. Give more focus on practicing drawings and charts and also give emphasis on class 12th topics. Study Material For Preparation Of IIT JEE To crack any exam, the foundation and basics have to be strong. Focus more on class notes. Class notes can be extremely fruitful and can act as the best study material for IIT JEE Main exam. If you are taking coaching classes, notes provided them will be an added advantage to your preparation. Class notes will help in building a foundation, and once a foundation has been built, you can move towards the next step of building knowledge. For those students who crack the IIT JEE exam, reference books also plays an important role in the preparation. Following are the list of reference books that you can refer during preparation: 1. Physics Books Author Concepts of Physics -Part I HC Verma Concepts of Physics -Part II HC Verma Problems in General Physics I.E. Irodov Practice Book DC Pandey Physics (Main and Advanced)-Volume 1 and 2 Resnick, Halliday, Walker 2. Chemistry Books Author Concepts of Organic Chemistry O.P Tandon Concise Inorganic Chemistry J.D. Lee Organic Chemistry Robert T. Morrison and Robert N. Boyd GRB Numerical Chemistry P. Bahadur Modern Approach to Chemical Calculations R.C. Mukherjee 3. Mathematics Books Author IIT Mathematics M.L. Khanna Mathematics for Class 11 and 12 R.D. Sharma Problems in Calculus of One Variable I.A. Maron Degree level Differential Calculus A Das Gupta Objective Mathematics for JEE R.D. Sharma Higher Algebra Hall and Knight How To Prepare JEE Main & JEE Advance? Preparation for JEE Main and also JEE Advance: Always keep the syllabus of JEE 2021 with you in hard format. While going to buy books for the exam, choose wisely. There are a plethora of books in the market. Don't follow anybody else's study times. Identify your own and prepare accordingly. Limit your social media usage and be regular in your studies every day. Revision plays an important role. Make sure you revise weekly/monthly what you have studied. Properly analyze your mock test. Don't neglect any topic and give equal weightage to each topic. Try to give more time to difficult topics and less time to easy topics. Don't try to mug up any topic, this will not help you in the exam. Understand the topic. Take help from elders, seniors, teachers and online video lectures. Study Strategy Below we discuss the subject wise study strategy for IIT JEE: Physics: For some Physics is easy and interesting and some find it hard, especially numerical. If you start understanding the concepts and its application, it would easier for you to tackle this subject easily. First, clear your concept then start solving numerical of that topic. Follow this regularly and strictly. If you face any doubts, get your doubt clear immediately. Try to understand the derivation and its conditions that are relevant for IIT JEE. Always solve different types of numerical, this will help you to boost your confidence level. Give more emphasis on the Mechanics section. The mechanic's section is considered as the backbone of JEE Physics. Chemistry: To score well in this section, focus on all three sections: organic, inorganic and physical chemistry. You must know chemical bonding and the Periodic table. A candidate must know the reaction and its mechanism. Give your more time on topics like goc, thermodynamics, electrochemistry, and chemical bonding and Coordination compounds. Mathematics: To prepare this section, divide topics into 5-6 subtopics. Start reading theory, memories it and learn all the important formulae and properties. Firstly, start solving basic-level questions and then jump to higher-level questions. Solving previous year questions papers are a must for IIT JEE aspirants. Through previous year question papers, you will get an idea about what kind of questions are being asked from the topics. Importance Of Mock Exams The mock test plays an essential role in the preparation of the IIT JEE exam. If you want to know your level of preparation, and where you stand, the mock test is the best tool. The reason behind that most of the candidates couldn't clear exams because of the lack of practice. The mock test gives you an exam-like environment. By attempting several mock tests, you will understand ‘what to pick’ and ‘what to skip’. The mock tests will boost your confidence level. You will be able to handle the pressure better during examinations. Conclusion When any candidate starts preparing for any exam and wants to excel in that exam, the candidate needs to have self-confidence. Failure is a part of life, try to learn from your past mistakes, and never repeat them. All the best. Do wonders and come out with flying colors. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Crack IIT JEE. Here we discuss the introduction, study strategy and the list of reference books which you can refer to during preparation along with the importance of mock exams. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more– Introduction to IIT JEE IIT JEE Tips IIT JEE Mock Test | How to Prepare? IIT JEE Syllabus | 10 Best Tips

read more

SSC Exam Paper

Introduction To SSC Exam Paper The Staff Selection Commission [SSC] is the institute held responsible for setting the SSC Exam question paper for different posts. Every year, a lakh of applicants attend the exam, which makes the exam competition more challenging. The exam is conducted in four stages known as Tiers. The first two are online and the remaining two are offline exams. Candidates must be qualified for each step of the SSC CGL exam to keep on to the next one. Details Of SSC Exam Paper Below are the details about all SSC Exam Paper: The Staff Selection Commission set the SSC exam pattern for all the exams which is useful to give the candidate a clear plan about the Staff Selection Commission exam pattern for all exams. The SSC conducts exams once a year to employ aspirants in different organizations, departments, offices. Candidates need to know the restructured data on the SSC Exams before applying for the exam. The SSC exam will be conducted in four tiers as indicated below: Tier I: Online Examination Tier II: Online Examination Tier III: Descriptive Paper Tier IV: Computer Proficiency Test and Skill Test and Document Verification. 2021 SSC Exam Dates SSC Exam dates in 2021 are as follows: Combined Higher Secondary (10 2) Level Examination, 2019: 14-02-2021. Junior Translator, Junior Hindi Translator, and Senior Hindi Translator Examination, 2020: 14-02-2021. Junior Engineer (Mechanical, Civil, Electrical, and Quantity Surveying & Contracts) Examination, 2019: 21-03-2021. Junior Engineer (Civil, Mechanical, Electrical, and Quantity Surveying & Contracts) Examination, 2020: 22-03-2021 to 25-03-2021. Sub-Inspector in Delhi Police, CAPFs and Assistant Sub-Inspector In CISF Examination, 2019: 26-03-2021. Stenographer Grade ‘C’ & ‘D’ Examination, 2020: 29-03-2021 to 31-03-2021. Combined Higher Secondary (10 2) Level Examination, 2020: 12-04-2021 to 27-04-2021. Combined Graduate Level Examination, 2020: 29-05-2021 to 07-06-2021. Sub-Inspector in Delhi Police and Central Armed Police Forces Examination, 2020 - 12-07-2021. Multi-Tasking (Non-Technical) Staff Examination, 2020: 01-07-2021 to 20-07-2021. Rifleman (GD) in Assam Rifles Examination, and Constable (GD) in NIA, SSF, and CAPFs, 2020: 02-08-2021 to 25-08-2021. How To Register For The SSC Exam? Candidates have to register for the exam using the official website of the Staff Selection Commission SSC.nic.in. After registration, candidates can continue to filing the SSC application form for their particular exam. The SSC Examination fee for a majority of exams is Rs 100. Candidates should keep the following documents before beginning to fill Application Form. Scanned copy of applicants passport size photo. Scanned copy of applicants signature. Aadhaar Card Number or other ID Proof Number (also needed at later stages). A mobile number. An email ID. Class ten and twelve mark sheet. Certificate of graduation and mark sheet. Bank details for online fee payment. Roll number, marks, board, year of passing details of tenth class. PwD certificate details. Tips For Exam Preparation Some Tips for Exam Preparations are as follows: Focus on the basics of all the chapters and increase in-depth knowledge. Once you learn the basics of all these topics, then you can move to shortcuts or tricks for fast calculations. You are necessary to allocate appropriate time to significant topics covered in the exam. First, focus on your weak areas and use more time solving them.  For growing calculation speed, students have to focus on the short-cut methods and tricks which will help in reducing time for solving tough questions in the exam.  If you are not experienced with any shortcut or trick, then avoid using them as it may lead to confusion and wrong answer. How To Get Previous Papers? SSC preceding year question papers are the most vital and helpful study material to obtain the absolute idea about the exam. Previous year question papers can be obtained from google search. Even many books related to previous year's question papers are available on Ecommerce Websites. Conclusion Hope this article provides important information about the SSC exam, exam pattern, exam date. All the best to the candidates who are preparing for SSC Exams. Recommended Articles This is a guide to SSC Exam Paper. Here we discuss a brief overview on SSC exam paper, 2021 SSC exam dates, how to get previous papers, and preparation tips. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more– SSC Exams Eligibility for SSC Exam SSC Exam Paper SSC Exam Pattern

read more

Railway Exam Eligibility

Introduction To Railway Exam Eligibility The following article provides an outline for Railway Exam Eligibility. RRB (Railway Recruitment Board) is the department under the Government of India that recruits employees (Group C and Group D non gazette civil service) to work in Indian Railway. Every year close to 50 Lakh -1 crore candidates apply for RRB exams to work in one of the world’s largest railway systems and be part of it. But the hard part is that there are only a few vacancies present to fill up the seats. Different types of exams conducted by RRB are: ALP (Assistant Loco Pilot) and Technician RRB NTPC (Non-Technical Popular Categories) RRB SSC|JE (Junior Engineer) RRB Group D Exam Key Takeaways Eligibility criteria for RRB exams will be broadly categorized on nationality, age, education and medical qualifications. If any of the criteria is not been satisfied, then it is not possible to work in RRB irrespective of exam performance. Candidates need to complete their education (10th/12th/Degree/Diploma) from a recognized university with minimum scores as mentioned for the post, failing to which will be disqualified from the recruitment process. Each eligibility criteria have relaxations for certain categories like SC/ST/physically handicapped/ ex-servicemen etc. Candidates need to visit the official website to know their category.   Table of contentsIntroduction To Railway Exam EligibilityEligibility Criteria For RRB ExamsRecommended Articles Eligibility Criteria For RRB Exams Eligibility criteria for RRB exams will be of 3 types: Nationality Age Limit Educational Qualifications Medical Qualifications #1. Nationality The candidate should be a citizen of India. The subject of Nepal or Bhutan. Tibetan Refugee who came to India before 1st Jan 1962 and settled in India permanently. An Indian who migrated from Pakistan, Burma, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Zaire, Ethiopia, and Vietnam permanently settled in India. #2. Age Limit The age limit for appearing for RRB exams (NTPC, Group D, and JE) will be 18 to 33 years, and for RRB ALP age limit will be 18-28 years. There will be age relaxation on certain criteria for certain posts. For additional info, kindly look at the official website. #3. Educational Qualifications RRB NTPC: For graduation post: Need degree certificate For undergraduate post: Need 12th certificate with 50% RRB Group D: Candidates need to have a Class 10th certificate or ITI from a recognized university. RRB JE: Need to have 3 year's diploma in the technical field. JE: Diploma in Civil/Mechanical/ Production/ Automobile / Electrical/ Electronics/ Instrumentation & Control Engineering/ Control/ Tools & Machining/ Tools & Die Making/ Computer Science or BSC in Civil engineering. DMS: 3 years diploma from a recognized university. JE (IT): Need to have B.Tech/ B.Sc/ BCA in computer science or equivalent from a recognized university. CMA: Degree in science with physics and chemistry with min 55%. RRB ALP: Candidates must have passed 10th /SSLC and should have completed ITI or diploma/degree in engineering/ apprentices/ 10th 2 with physics and maths. 4. Medical Qualifications Candidates need to qualify for the medical test to fill in the vacancies. Candidates need to be physically fit in all respects. Along with physical fitness, visual tests will also be conducted. These will be different for different posts. They are classified as follows: Kindly visit the official website to check the required post and its medical qualification requirements. Official Website: http://www.rrbcdg.gov.in/ Recommended Articles This is a guide to Railway Exam Eligibility. Here we discuss a brief overview, the different types of exams conducted, and the eligibility criteria for RRB exams. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more– Railway Exam Books Railway Exams for Engineers Railway Exam NTPC SSC Exam Paper

read more

Railway Exam NTPC

Introduction To Railway Exam NTPC The following article provides an outline for Railway Exam NTPC. RRB (Railway Recruitment Board) is the department under the Government of India that recruits employees (Group C and Group D non gazetted civil service) to work in Indian Railway. Every year close to 50 Lakh -1 crore candidates apply for RRB exams to work in one of the world’s largest railway systems and be part of it. But the hard part is that there are only a few vacancies present to fill up the seats. Different types of exams conducted by RRB are: ALP (Assistant Loco Pilot) and Technician RRB NTPC (Non-Technical Popular Categories) RRB SSC|JE (Junior Engineer) RRB Group D Exam Key Takeaways NTPC is an exam conducted by RRB for non-technical posts and is held usually once in 2 years. It is a long exam process that will take 6 months to 1 year to complete the whole process. Thus, relying only on the RRB exam might be risky. Exam pattern on a brief will be on CBT and skill test. Topics will be on mathematics, general awareness, and general aptitude. There are around 13 posts in NTPC and the questions in the exam pattern will vary for some type of post. Each post will have either a skill test or aptitude test for qualifying after the 2nd stage CBT and based on the final merit list candidates will be selected for their respective post. RRB NTPC RRB NTPC (Non-Technical Popular Categories) recruits for non-technical staff, paramedical staff and ministerial posts. There will be close to 35000 vacancies according to latest notice. For more information, kindly visit the official website. Following are the posts available in NTPC: NTPC Exam Analysis RRB will not recruit people every year like UPSC or SSC exams. It is usually conducted 2 years once and based on the requirement. Since close to crore candidates appear for the exam, it’s difficult to conduct the exam in 1 day. Thus, RRB does the exam in stages. Usually, it will be 6 stages in which approximately 20 lakh people will write the exam in each stage. The exam pattern followed by NTPC is: CBT Stage – 1 CBT Stage – 2 Skill/Aptitude Test Document Verification 1. CBT Stage 1 The nature of the exam is multiple choice questions for screening the candidates. It consists of 100 questions of each 1 mark for 90 minutes. Each wrong answer will be penalized with 0.33 marks. The exam pattern consists of 3 major categories: Mathematics (30 qns) General Intelligence and Reasoning (30 qns) General Awareness (40 qns) Candidates will be shortlisted on the merit list equal to usually 20 times the community-wise vacancy. The shortlisted candidates will be eligible for stage-2 CBT. 2. CBT Stage 2 It will be similar to the CBT stage 1 exam but will be slightly difficult than the earlier and will be different for different posts. The number of candidates appearing here will be way less than the CBT stage 1 and clearing this will allow candidates to appear for the skill/aptitude test. The only difference in pattern is it has 120 questions. Mathematics (35 qns) General Intelligence and Reasoning (35 qns) General Awareness (50 qns) 3. Aptitude/Skill Test This will be qualifying in nature. An aptitude test will be held for the post of traffic assistant and station master. The final merit list will be based on 70 % of CBT stage 2 and 30% aptitude tests. In the skill test round (for other posts), candidates need to get minimum qualifying marks. Usually, for skill tests, 8 times the number of vacancies will be called for typing skill test. Typing test measures the typing speed of candidates which should be 30 words per minute (WPM) for English and 25 WPM for Hindi. 4. Document Verification Once the final merit list is released, the candidates need to verify their documents like caste certificates, degree certificates, etc. Once it is done, candidates will be followed with a medical test and they will be on board for Indian Railways. Candidates shortlisted will be equal to the number of posts available. Official Website: http://www.rrbcdg.gov.in/ Recommended Articles This is a guide to Railway Exam NTPC. Here we discuss the introduction, RRB NTPC and exam analysis for better understanding. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more– Railway Exam Books Railway Exams for Engineers Railway Exam Syllabus Age Limit For Railway Exam

read more

Railway Exam Books

Introduction to Railway Exam Books RRB (Railway Recruitment Board) is the department under the Government of India that recruits employees (Group C and Group D non-gazetted civil service) to work in the Indian Railway. Every year close to 50 Lakh -1 crore candidates apply for RRB exams to work in one of the world’s largest railway systems and be part of it. But the hard part is that there are only a few vacancies present to fill up the seats. Let us discuss the Railway Exam Books. Different types of exams conducted by RRB are ALP (Assistant Loco Pilot) and technician RRB NTPC (Non-Technical Popular Categories) RRB SSC|JE (Junior Engineer) RRB Group D exam Table of contentsIntroduction to Railway Exam BooksSubjects in RRBRRB PreparationTop Railway Exam BooksRRB Previous year Papers and Test SeriesRecommended Articles This article will give information on the Railway exam book. Key Takeaways Candidates need to buy good books according to the syllabus. Collecting study material is one of the top priorities in cracking RRB exams. Mathematics, Science, GK, reasoning, quants and technical (JE) are the major subjects in RRB. Solving previous year question papers and giving good number of mock tests are major strategies of RRB exam Disha Agarwal, GKP, Airhant Experts, R S Agarwal are some of the major authors for RRB exam books and syllabus. Subjects in RRB In all the above-mentioned RRB exams, some of the subjects and syllabus are common. They are: Mathematics General intelligence and reasoning General awareness and current awareness General Science For RRB JE, along with these subjects, candidates need to prepare the following: Computer science and application Pollution control and environment Their respective engineering syllabus #1. Mathematics Syllabus Below is the syllabus for Mathematics: #2. General Intelligence and Reasoning Syllabus #3. General Science Syllabus: Class 10th syllabus Physics, chemistry and life science (CBSE) #4. General Awareness Syllabus: Current affairs in sports, culture, science and technology, economics, politics, etc. For the RRB JE syllabus, kindly visit the website for a detailed syllabus. RRB Preparation To study all these subjects, it is advised to follow the given syllabus and collect the necessary study materials for preparation. Candidates need to buy the following: Quantitative aptitude books Logical reasoning General knowledge Analytical reasoning Engineering summary books (JE only) Also advised to read a newspaper regularly to get current affairs Candidates need to practice the previous year's question papers and take lots of mock exams to calibrate their timing in answering and attempting the questions. Top Railway Exam Books Some good books for RRB Exams are: General Portals E-Books for RRB exam: https://rrbexamportal.com/ebook Portal to buy good RRB exam books: https://rrbexamportal.com/books/rrb-engineers Aptitude and Reasoning Aptitude and reasoning: R S Agarwal (Best recommended) Fast track objective: Rajesh Verma Quantitative aptitude, reasoning: R V Praveen Analytical reasoning: M K Pandey GK, General Science, and Mathematics NCERT books (10th and 12th) General Science: Expert Compilations Mathematics: R S Agarwal Lucent’s: General Intelligence and Reasoning JE Exam RRB Exam: Upkar Publications RRB technical exam: Dr. Chandresh Agrawal GKP, Disha Agarwal, Arihant's expert's books for: Mechanical and allied branches Civil and allied branches Electrical and allied branches Electronics and allied branches Computers and allied branches RRB Previous year Papers and Test Series RHP editorial board: for previous year's papers and guides RRB previous year papers: Arihant Experts Oswal NTPC test series RRB NTPC Solved papers: Disha experts RRB practice sets: Arihant Experts Recommended Articles This is a guide to Railway Exam Books. Here we discuss a brief overview, Syllabus, different types of exams, and their Preparation, along with the Previous year's Papers and Test Series. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more– Railway Exam NTPC Railway Exam Eligibility Railway Exams for Engineers SSC Exams

read more

Railway Exams for Engineers

Introduction To Railway Exams for Engineers The following article provides an outline for Railway Exams for Engineers. RRB (Railway Recruitment Board) is the department under the Government of India that recruits employees (Group C and Group D non gazetted civil service) to work in Indian Railway. Every year close to 50 Lakh -1 crore candidates apply for RRB exams to work in one of the world’s largest railway systems and be part of it. But the hard part is that there are only a few vacancies present to fill up the seats. Different types of exams conducted by RRB are as follows: ALP (Assistant Loco Pilot) and Technician RRB NTPC (Non-Technical Popular Categories) RRB SSC|JE (Junior Engineer) RRB Group D Exam Key Takeaways RRB JE is an exam conducted for engineers (diploma and degree) for technical posts. The highest number of vacancies will be available for civil, electrical and mechanical engineers compared to other branches. Exam patterns and questions will be based on the post applied. Thus, candidates need to prepare according to their branch syllabus properly. The difficulty level asked will be just above or equal to the diploma level. Railway Exams for Engineers RRB JE (Junior Engineer) RRB conducts the JE exam for recruiting technical posts in railways. Candidates need to have their engineering diploma/ degree have eligibility to work for railways as JE. Previously (2019) around 13k vacancies were opened for RRB JE Broadly RRB will recruit from these branches. Mechanical Engineering and its Allies (Production/Tool and Die Making/Automobile etc.) Civil Engineering Electrical Engineering and its Allies (Control Systems/ Instrumentation etc.) Electronics and its Allies (Computer Science/ Information Technology/ Information Science etc) Printing Technology RRB JE Posts RRB recruits engineers for the following posts: JE JE (IT) JE – DMS (Depot Material Superintendent) JE – CMA (Chemical and Metallurgical Assistant) Each post will have detailed sub-posts which can be found on the official website. The highest number of vacancies were allotted for JE posts compared to others (IT, DMS and CMA). For the branches civil, electrical and mechanical branches, a good number of vacancies will be present compared to electronics, IT, chemical etc. Thus, having a diploma degree in these branches will serve good for the people aiming for RRB JE. RRB JE Exam Process Below are the process of the Junior Engineer Railway Recruitment Board: 1. Exam Fee For UR: Rs 500 For categories (SC/ST/Ex-service men/PwBDs/Female etc.): Rs 250 The amount of 400 and 250 for categories (a) and (b) respectively will be refunded on appearing on 1st stage CBT. 2. Exam Pattern CBT Stage 1: This will be of screening in nature. A normalized score will be used for shortlisting CBT stage 2 candidates. The syllabus will include Mathematics, General Intelligence and Reasoning, General Awareness and General Science. The exam will be for 90 minutes for 100 questions and candidates will earn 1 mark for each correct answer and lose 0.33 marks for each wrong answer. Unanswered questions will not be penalized. All are multiple-choice questions. CBT Stage 2: Usually candidates will be shortlisted equal 15 times the available posts/vacancies. Railways have the right to reduce or increase the shortlisting of candidates based on the requirement. The exam will be for 120 minutes for 150 questions and candidates will earn 1 mark for each correct answer and lose 0.33 marks for each wrong answer. Unanswered questions will not be penalized. All are multiple-choice questions. The syllabus for CBT stage 2 will include all the syllabus of CBT stage 1. Basics of computers and applications. Environment and pollution control. Technical abilities: The syllabus will be pertaining to the respective engineering branches. Minimum percentage for qualification (both CBT 1 and CBT 2) for UR is 40%, OBC is 30%, SC is 30%, ST is 25% and relaxation of 2% for PwBDs on their respective categories. Document Verification: Candidates will be called for document verification after shortlisting in CBT stage 2 which is equal to a number of posts/ vacancies available. Candidates need to show proof of their educational qualifications (must be diploma/degree of that particular post requirements), age, category (if applicable) and nationality. Once DV is completed, candidates will be called on board for Railways. Official Website: http://www.rrbcdg.gov.in/ Recommended Articles This is a guide to Railway Exams for Engineers. Here we discuss the introduction, RRB JE posts and exam process for better understanding. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more– Railway Exam NTPC Railway Exam Eligibility Railway Exam Books Railway Exam Preparation

read more

CAT Exam Books

Introduction To CAT Exam Books You must be watching many MBA professionals who are successful in their careers and rising higher levels of the success ladder. No wonder you get attracted to the profession they have chosen. MBA is a shining career option that opens the doors of many industries. To enter the success journey, you need to crack the hurdle of the CAT exam. It is the national level entrance test that evaluates your claim for the MBA course. Every year IIMs conduct the CAT exam on a rotational basis. By understanding the importance of the exam, you should start the preparation at least 6 months before the scheduled exam date. This course of time will give you adequate space to learn the exam pattern, syllabus, and marking system. Either you can join a coaching class or you can opt for the self-study option. There are lots of materials available online and offline, only you need to select the appropriate material required for your exam. You can refer to books, practice papers, CAT exam old papers to start and evaluate your study. Key Takeaways The CAT Exam 2021 will act as a doorkeeper for the MBA admissions in leading B-schools and IIMs in India. Keep the mantra in mind ‘practice, solve, rehearse’ for breaking the CAT exam 2021 exam hurdle. Go through the books deeply and understand the techniques of problem-solving. Give some extra time for difficult topics and you will be out from the tension of preparation. Go through the exam with full dedication and get ready to step into these educational institutes with immense pride. Which Books You Should Refer For CAT Exam? You should be well-equipped with study material before starting the preparation. Gather the renowned books and other study material. Here are some top books preferred by the experts for quantitative aptitude, logical reasoning, verbal ability, and data interpretation. You need to have considerable knowledge of all these sections to get the best scores in the CAT 2021 exam. 1. CAT 2021 QA Books Sr. No Book Name Author/Publication Name 1 How to prepare for quantitative aptitude for the CAT Arun Sharma/ TMH publication 2 Quantitative aptitude for the CAT Nishit K. Sinha/ Pearson education 3 Quantitative aptitude quantum CAT 2019 Sarvesh K Verma 2. CAT 2021 Logical Reasoning and Data Interpretation Books Sr. No Book Name Author/Publication Name 1 How to prepare for data interpretation for CAT Arun Sharma/ TMH publication 2 Logical reasoning and data interpretation for CAT Nishit K. Sinha 3. CAT 2021 Verbal Ability and Reading Comprehension Books Sr. No Book Name Author/Publication Name 1 How to prepare for Verbal Ability and Reading Comprehension for CAT Arun Sharma and Meenakshi Upadhyay/ TMH Publication 2 A modern approach to verbal and non-verbal reasoning R.S. Aggarwal 3 Mastering the verbal ability for CAT Ajay Singh 4 Word Power made easy Norman Lewis CAT Exam Meaning Qualifying for the CAT exam with good scores is a mandatory step for seeking admissions in the best college for MBA. As the exam covers the fundamentals of 9th to 12th standards, students should rehearse the basics. Understand the pattern and syllabus so that you can make a comprehensive strategy for the exam. Also, you can refer to the various tutorials available online to visualize the topics and understand the concepts more thoroughly. CAT Exam Form Here is the process of filling the CAT Exam form: Students need to register on the official website of CAT 2021. Visit the website and click on ‘Register’ under ‘New candidate Registration’. Provide the details such as Name, birth date, mobile number, email id. Complete the registration process by verifying through OTP. After completing the registration, log in with the registration Id and password when you want to fill the application form. Click on ‘Go to Application Form’. Provide the required personal details, academic details, work experience if applicable, programmer details, test city. Complete the payment process and upload the document for verification. Recommended Articles This is a guide to the CAT Exam Books. Here we discuss the introduction, which books you should refer for CAT exam? and exam form. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – CAT Exam Cat Exam Preparation CAT Exam for MBA CAT Exam Papers

read more

CAT Exam Full Form

Introduction To CAT Exam Full Form CAT Exam Full Form The following article provides an outline for CAT Exam Full Form. After completing graduation, some students go for PG into the major subject but many students who wanted to make a professional debut prefer to go for job-oriented courses rather than research-based courses. And, MBA is one of the hottest streams preferred by students as it carries many professional benefits. Doing an MBA from renowned institutes can keep your career graph rising from an early stage. So, grabbing a seat for MBA in renowned institutes like IIM or other top B-schools is a dream for many students. And, CAT is the first step to achieve this dream. Key Takeaways If you have decided to step into the professional world with MBA, then you don’t have any other option but to qualify for the CAT exam with good scores. CAT will be your first stepping stone in your dream journey of graduating from top business schools where a good campus selection can kick start your career. Focus on the CAT exam, spend at least 6 months for deep preparation. Know the syllabus, exam pattern thoroughly. Practice, dedication, and passion for achieving your dream will make it possible for you to go through the CAT 2021 exam with qualifying scores. What Is CAT Exam? CAT or Common Admission Test is a mandatory entrance test for courses like MBA or PGDM. Every year, this test is conducted at the national level by one of the IIMs. In 2020, the IIM Indore conducted the CAT 2020, and this year CAT 2021 will be conducted by IIM Ahmedabad. The tentative date of the CAT 2021 is November 28, 2021. CAT Exam Full Details CAT exam is an MCQ and non-MCQ-based aptitude test. Before striking of Covid, the exam used to have 180 minutes and carried 100 questions. But due to government restrictions, the conducting board has decided to reduce the time and number of questions since CAT 2020. For CAT 2021 also, it is expected to follow the same structure as CAT 2020. So, the new structure of CAT 2021 will be: CAT Exam Form 2021 Students need to register for applying the CAT 2021 exam. The application starts from August 2021, students can check the CAT exam application form 2021 online on the official website. Follow the registration process: Visit the official website of the CAT 2021 exam. Enter the details required like Email ID, contact number, birth date. After successful registration, conducting body will send an ID and password to complete the application process. This ID and password are used throughout the application process for further communication so students are advised to provide working Email Id and contact numbers. After registration, students can progress to application form filling. Students need to submit the necessary details like personal details, academic details, work experience if applicable, exam center preference, program preference. Be ready with scanned copies of required documents like passport size photo, signature. Students from reserved categories need to provide the relevant documents. Complete the application process by paying the exam fees through an online mode of transaction. For the general/OBC category, the exam fee is INR 2000 and for SC/ST/PwD, it is INR 1000. On successful completion of the CAT 2021 exam form application, a notification message is sent to the student’s registered mobile number, and the status gets changed to ‘Successfully submitted’. CAT Exam Pattern CAT exam is a computer-based Mode (CBT) test that is conducted online. The exam is based on three sections, namely Verbal ability and reading comprehension, data interpretation and logical reasoning, Quantitative Ability. Because of changed norms, the duration of the CAT exam is reduced to 120 minutes from 180 minutes. So, now students will get less time for each section. Here, is the exam pattern for CAT 2021: Name of the Section Total Questions Number of MCQs Number of Non-MCQs Allotted time Per Section Verbal Ability and Reading Comprehension 26 22 4 40 mins Data Interpretation and Logical Reasoning 24 19 5 40 mins Quantitative Ability 26 18 8 40 mins Total 76 59 17 120 mins Recommended Articles This is a guide to the CAT Exam Full Form. Here we discuss the introduction, what is CAT exam and its structure along with the exam form and exam pattern for CAT 2021. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – CAT Exam Cat Exam Preparation CAT Exam for MBA CAT Exam Papers

read more

Railway Exam Pattern

Introduction To Railway Exam Pattern The following article provides an outline for Railway Exam Pattern. Railway jobs are best if you love traveling and want to visit different locations. These jobs offer postings at different locations and also pays a good salary that includes various allowances like dearness allowance, house rent allowances, daily allowances, or TA. It is a secure job option and the job posts are more as compared to the other government sector. To secure a job in the Indian railways, you need to crack the railway exams. The Railway Recruitment Board (RRBs) and Railway Recruitment Cells (RRCs) are the two conducting bodies that conduct all technical and non-technical exams for the railway. The railway has recently announced the dates for various exams that were halted due to the Covid-19 situation. Railway Group D and NTPC are among those, whose dates are announced by the conducting boards. Key Takeaways Railway exams are the first stepping stone of the railway career. You will get a secure career option by qualifying for the railway exams. As per the post, the exam pattern varies. But the general structure of the exam is the same for all posts. Various jobs required graduation or 12th qualification, many candidates across countries apply for the jobs. As railway infrastructure is spread across the country, with the job in this sector, candidates can apply from any region and can be posted anywhere depending upon the requirements. Railway Exam Pattern Understanding the railway exam pattern is the primary step in preparation for the Railway exam. Candidates must go through previous years question papers to get knowledge about the exam pattern. This will help the candidates to get good scores. The pattern of the railway exam is multiple choice questions. As RRB conducts exams for the following categories: RRB Non-Technical Popular Categories (NTPC) RRB Junior Engineer (JE) RRB Group D As the post is different, the pattern of the railway exam differs. The general pattern of the exam is: Computer-Based Test Physical Efficiency Test Document Verification Railway Exam Pattern Group D: The RRB recruits the Group D candidates for the post of Level-1 of the Seventh CPC pay matrix. For this time, the total number of vacancies is 1,03,769. The latest notification about the Group D exam is that the exam will be taken place in 2021. The exam is a computer-based test. The qualifying candidates will undergo the physical efficiency test which is followed by document verification and medical. Here is the pattern of Group D: Candidates qualifying in the CBT are eligible for the physical efficiency test. The candidates are further evaluated for document verification and Medical Tests. Railway JE Exam pattern RRB conducts the exam for Junior Engineer. The railway recruitment board has yet to release the notification for 2021. This exam is conducted to hire candidates from science and engineering backgrounds so that technical posts can be filled. With the JE exam, the railway recruitment board hires for the following positions: Junior Engineer Junior Engineer (IT) Depot Material Superintendent (DMS) Chemical and Metallurgical Assistant (CMA) The RRB JE exam is divided into four stages: CBT Stage 1 CBT Stage 2 Document Verification/Medical Test Final Selection The pattern for CBT stage 1 is as follow: The pattern for CBT stage 2 is as follow: Recommended Articles This is a guide to Railway Exam Pattern. Here we discuss the introduction, railway exam pattern and JE exam pattern for better understanding. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more– Railway Exam NTPC Railway Exam Eligibility Railway Exams for Engineers Railway Exam Books

read more

Railway Exam Preparation

Introduction to Railway Exam Preparation Railway Exam Preparation Indian railway is a bright career option for many students. The vast infrastructure spread across the country enforces it to be one of the largest job production sectors. The employees of Railways get various benefits along with a good salary line. This is fascinating more and more candidates to apply for railway jobs. Every year railway conducts exams for various job posts. Railway has two boards for accomplishing this task: Railway Recruitment Board (RRB) Railway Recruitment Cell (RRC) Both technical and non-technical exams are conducted by these two bodies. Recently, the railway has announced vacancies for NTPC, Group D, MI, JE posts. The notification for these posts is already shared. Due to the outbreak of Covid-19, the exams are prolonged to date. But now the conducting body has declared the tentative schedule for the exams. So, students can start railway exam preparation soon. Key Takeaways Railway is one of the important pillars of the Indian economy. It is one of the largest job production sectors so there are various vacancies generated every year. Candidates willing to secure a railway job need to stretch themselves for railway exams. The hard work and dedication will help them to qualify for the exams. Knowing the exam pattern, syllabus, marking scheme are the primary steps of railway exam preparation. As the entrance tests are based on the class 9th to graduation syllabus, applicants need to focus on the basics. Railway Exam Preparation As we all know that RRB exams include MCQs and they are based on basic subjects like: Numerical ability General awareness English language General intelligence and reasoning How to prepare for the Railway Exam? To pass the railway exam with good scores is important by seeing the competitive nature of the exam. Candidates must start early preparation. Here are some of the tips shared that will assist candidates in railway exam preparation: Make a comprehensive schedule Cover the syllabus smartly Focus on concept-based learning Be confident Take help of digital media for updated knowledge Revise, rework, and practice Railway Exam Book There are several books available in the market for railway exam preparation. Here are some of them: RRB Books for General Awareness   RRB Books for Logical reasoning   RRB Books for Mathematics   Railway NTPC Exam Preparation NTPC exam has been postponed since the last notification in 2019, so students have got more time for preparation. Here are some tips for railway NTPC exam preparation: Understand the syllabus for the exam. The mathematics section deals with fundamental and some advanced levels of mathematical concepts. So, get the command over them. The mathematical section carries 25 questions so focus on the topics like elementary algebra, statistics, number system, LCM, HCF, etc. Develop the speed by learning short-cut techniques for solving mathematical questions. The general intelligence and reasoning carry 30 questions. So, sharpen your logical and analytical skills. Focus on concepts to get good scores in this section. Attempt the RRB NTPC mock test to enhance the speed and accuracy. Railway Group D Exam Preparation RRB Group D exam is conducted for the posts like Helper/Assistant Pointsman, track maintainer, and others. Here are some handy tips for the railway group D exam: Understand the syllabus and exam pattern. The CBT will comprise four sections: general science, mathematics, general awareness and current affairs, general intelligence and reasoning. General science deals with class 10 to 12th level questions. Brush up the topics and clear the concepts. The mathematics section carries 25 questions. Learn the shortcut methods and important formulae. General awareness and the current affairs section can be excelled by understanding the topics and being updated. General intelligence and reasoning can be cracked with lots of practice and focus on revision. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Railway Exam Preparation. Here we discuss a brief overview, how to prepare for the Railway Exam, NTPC Exam and Group D Exam along with railway exam books. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more– Railway Exam NTPC Railway Exam Eligibility Railway Exams for Engineers Railway Exam Books

read more

Railway Exam Details

Introduction To Railway Exam If you are looking for government services as your career option, then the railway has much for you. Giving railway exams and qualifying for various job posts will secure your career. The job offers various allowances like DA, TA, HRA, and pension schemes. Key Takeaways Railway Exams are one of the favorite career options as it gives several benefits. Candidates get various allowances and can be posted to different locations. Nature of the railway exams is objective type multiple-choice questions based on general awareness, mathematics, general intelligence and reasoning. The RRB conducts railway exams for various posts like Junior Engineer, paramedical, ministerial and isolated categories, non-technical popular categories, and others. Candidates should start the preparation of railway exams as RRB has released the updated exam schedule for 2021. What Is Railway Exam? Railway Exams are conducted by Railway Recruitment Boards (RBBs) every year. It conducts various exams through official notifications. Various levels of job posts are filled through these exams. These exams have a pattern of MCQs and are based on the 10th, 12th, graduation curriculum. Railway Exam Details The railway recruitment board has released the exam dates of various job posts. The railway board has announced the recruitment of 1,03,769 vacancies for the post of track maintainer, Helper/assistant, assistant pointsman level-1. These posts come under RRB recruitment Group-D (Level-1). Upcoming RRB Exams: How To Pass Railway Exams? If you want to crack the exams, hard work, focus on studies are important. Here are some tips to crack the railway exams: Know the RRB selection procedure. The selection procedure contains: RRB online test Skills test Interview Document verification Medical fitness test Know the RRB syllabus. The online test is based on the following sections: General awareness Arithmetic Technical reasoning Get the best study material. Refer to the renowned books from leading publications and authors. Know the RRB exam pattern. It is beneficial if students have prior knowledge about: Number of questions Time Negative marking schemes Language of paper Railway NTPC Exam Details As conducting board has not announced the final dates of the NTPC exam. The tentative schedule for Railway NTPC Exam 2021 is as follows: Railway NTPC 2021 Exam Pattern Below we are discussing the Railway NTPC 2021 Exam Pattern: 1. Stage 1 2. Stage 2 Railway Group D Exam Details The below table illustrates the highlights of Railway Group D Exam 2021: Railway Group D 2021 Exam Pattern Below we are discussing the Railway Group D 2021 Exam Pattern: RRB Exam Details Railway Recruitment Board or RRB conducts various exams for various posts in the railway. RRB is responsible for conducting Group C (Technical and non-technical) recruitments whereas railway recruitment cells or RRCs conducts Group D recruitments. Highlights of RRB Exams: Recommended Articles This is a guide to Railway Exam Details. Here we discuss a brief overview, NTPC exam details, railway group D exam details and RRB exam details. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more– Railway Exam NTPC Railway Exam Eligibility Railway Exams for Engineers Railway Exam Books

read more

Banking Exam Preparation

Introduction To Banking Exam The following article provides an outline for Banking Exam Preparation. By its competitive nature, it is becoming tough to get into the banking sector. It comes from the fact that for each position three are thousands of applications and being one of those is hard. Right preparation with right attitude can lend you a position in the banking sector. Key Takeaways The banking sector has lots of opportunities. It is a competitive exam, so cracking the exam needs the right preparation and the right strategy. The main preparation starts from the mind and then through actions. Effective Short notes are very important for banking exam preparation. What Is Banking Exam? A developing nation like India has many opportunities for growth, one such is observed in the banking sector. . The banking sector is becoming one of the most popular sectors in India today. To get into the banking sector several exams are conducted throughout the year. The banking sector in India is one of the highest recruitment-providing industries. These exams are conducted for various posts such as PO, Clerk, SO and then there are other posts also conducted by RBI: RBI Grade B and RBI Assistant. These exams are either conducted directly by banks or testing agencies. Lakhs of students are applying for banking exams every year. Banking Exam Preparation The preparation for any exam starts from the mind. The Aspirant shall first prepare his mind to get into the Banking sector. The first aspirant shall fight his/her inside doubts and come up with why he/she wants to get into the Banking sector. It could either be a nice job, job security or you want a nice life partner, or you do it for your family. Whatever it may be but prepare your mind first why you want this job. How To Prepare For Bank Exam? Below is the strategy the candidate shall follow in order to get into Banking: Prepare mind first (Very crucial). Check the timelines for the upcoming exams. Go through the syllabus of the exam you are preparing for. get the necessary material like books and stuff that is needed for you to prepare well. Be in a good circle of friends who are serious about preparation otherwise change your location. If possible join the coaching class, as they can cover tough topics in simple ways. Don’t think about money a lot, eat well and keep your mind active. Don’t waste time and solve puzzles, it’s a good mental exercise and increases your aptitude. Divide your syllabus into hard medium and easy topics. Make a full plan for one month of the exam so that you can cover all the topics and then divide the plan on a weekly basis so that you can cover the full plan. Each week shall have a day dedicated for revision. on this day you are supposed to revise everything till the day that you have learned. make use of short notes. While studying makes short notes that you can refer to at the time of revision. How To Make Effective Short Notes? Have a dedicated 500-page copy for revision. Make 5 sections 0f 100 pages for each subject. For each topic have a dedicated 3-4 pages so that it is easy to revise. Page Number: Book/Notes name – description of your subject what you want to write. Banking Exam Preparation Books Given below are the banking exam preparation books: Aptitude: R S Agarwal Quantitative aptitude General Awareness: Manorama Year Book Reasoning: R S Agarwal A modern approach to reasoning English: English Grammar and Composition by Wren and Martin’s Computer: Kiran Publication objective computer knowledge and literacy Comprehensive: Disha publication Comprehensive guide to IBPS Recommended Articles This is a guide to Banking Exam Preparation. Here we discuss a brief overview, what is banking exam and how to prepare for bank exam along with the best exam preparation books. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more– Banking Exams Subject Banking Exams IBPS Banking Exams List Banking Exam Age Limit

read more

Railway Exam Syllabus

Introduction To Railway Exam Syllabus The following article provides an outline for Railway Exam Syllabus. Railway of India is one of the biggest national transporters and every year it’s announcing thousands of jobs for 10th and 12th metric pass students as well as graduates. Based on the vacancies, the Railway board receives thousands of applications every year. This job recruitment is handled by the RRBs [Railway Recruitment Board] which is helpful to select the candidates for all group C posts [Technical and Non-Technical] and, RRCs [Railway Recruitment Cells] which is helpful to select the candidates to group D posts. In Indian Railways, Group A and Group B posts are handled with the help of the Civil Services and Engineering Services Exam. Key Takeaways Railway Exam is one of the important exams for those who want to work in the Indian Railways. Railway exam is handled by the RRBs, RRCs. RRB is responsible to select Group C candidates. RRCs are responsible to select Group D candidates. Railway exams are having multi-steps like Stage I, Stage II, Typing Test, Medical Examination, and Document Verification. In Railway Exam written test questions are asked from the Quantitative Aptitude, Reasoning Ability, and General Awareness. In Railway Exams nearly lakhs of candidates are participating every year to get the job in Railways. Various Exams are conducted by RRBs and RRCs to select the candidates in various posts. Railway Exam RRB NTPC Syllabus In Railway Exams, Candidates need to write various exams conducted by the Railway Recruitment Board. Knowing the exam syllabus and exam pattern is the key factor to clear the exam with high scores. Quantitative Ability: Number System, Ratio and Proportion, Fractions, Decimal, Speed, Time and Distance, Simple Interest, Compound Interest, Profit and Loss, Time and Work, Elementary Algebra, Percentage, LCM and HCF, Trigonometry, Geometry, Simplification, Data interpretation, Upstream, and Downstream. Reasoning Ability: Syllogism, Seating Arrangement, Analogies, Blood Relation, Direction Test, Inequalities, Statement and Conclusion, Decision Making, Puzzles, Data Sufficiency, Venn Diagrams, Alphanumeric Series, Coding and Decoding. General Awareness: Common Abbreviations, Indian Literature, Awards, Games and Sports, National International Current Affairs, Indian Polity and Governance, Inventions, Banking of History, History of India, Books and Authors, Famous personalities, General and life science, Important days, Indian Art and Culture, Basics of Computer, Banking terms and organizations, Inventions, Awards, Games, and Sports, etc. Railway Exam RRB NTPC Exam Pattern Railway Exam of RRB NTPC exam is having following exam pattern: RRB NTPC CBT – I: In stage one of RRB NTPC, questions are asked from the quantitative, Reasoning, General Awareness for 100 marks RRB NTPC CBT – II: In stage two, questions are asked from the Reasoning, General Awareness, Reasoning for 120 marks. Typing Skill Test: In the Typing Skill Test, candidates able to type at least 30 words per minute in English and 25 words per minute to proceed next level. Document Verification: After clearing stage one, stage two, and typing skill test candidates undergo document verification. Medical Examination: Medical examination is conducted to ensure that to know the candidates are physically fit to do Railway duties. Final Selection. Exam Preparation Tips To clear the Railway, candidates need to know the exam syllabus and pattern. After downloading the exam syllabus, candidates prepare for the exam with the help of making a study timetable. Make the timetable as important topics and easy topics. The consistent study is one of the important factors to clear the exam. Mock test available online which is useful to get a high score in exam. Focus, consistent study, Regular practice is important to qualify in the exam with high scores. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Railway Exam Syllabus. Here we discuss a brief overview on railway exam syllabus, RRB NTPC exam syllabus and pattern along with preparation tips. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more– Railway Exam NTPC Railway Exam Eligibility Railway Exams for Engineers Railway Exam Books

read more

RRB JE

Introduction To RRB JE The following article provides an outline for RRB JE. Almost all of us wanted to grab a secure job after completion of education. Railway jobs are considered to be one of the secure jobs as it offers various facilities like various allowances, traveling allowances for self and family, pension schemes, and many others. To avail of these facilities, millions of candidates apply for the railway exam every year. Key Takeaways Indian railway is the fourth largest railway network in the world. It also generates thousands of jobs every year to fulfill the expanding infrastructure. If you want to be a part of these, you need to clear the railway exams. Railway exams are competitive in nature and are based on the class 9th to graduation syllabus. The junior engineer post is reserved for candidates from science and engineering backgrounds as it serves the technical job posts. The candidates need to undergo various stages like CBT, CBT-2, verification, medical, final round to get hired in the Indian railways for JE posts. What Is Railway Recruitment Board JE Exam? Indian railways serve different types of jobs from technical and non-technical backgrounds. For science and engineering background, railway recruitment board conducts junior engineer or JE exam. RRB recruits through centralized recruitment advertisement, a nationwide computer-based test (CBT). The RRB JE exam is conducted for the posts of: Junior Engineer Junior Engineer (IT) Depot Material Superintendent (DMS) Chemical and Metallurgical Assistant (CMA) What Is RRB JE Syllabus? As the RRB JE exam is based on general awareness, mathematics, general science, general intelligence and reasoning sections, the syllabus of each section is as follow: 1. General Awareness Current Affairs Indian Geography Indian Economy Sport Indian polity and constitution General scientific and technological developments Environmental issues related to India and the world Culture and history of India Freedom struggle history 2. Mathematics Number System, Decimal, Fractions LCM and HCF Ratio and Proportion Time, work, distance Simple and compound interest Algebra and geometry Elementary statistics Calendar and clock Pipes and cistern Square root, age calculations Profit and loss Bodmas 3. General Science General intelligence and reasoning to 10th CBSE Syllabus. Analogies Syllogism Venn Diagram Alpha and numeric series Coding and decoding Mathematical operations Similarities and differences Directions Analytical reasoning Data interpretation Classification Relationship RRB JE 2021 Notification Here are the important dates of the RRB JE 2021 exam: Event Dates RRB JE 2020 Application Form Closing Date 31st January 2020 RRB JE Stage 1 Exam Date 22 May 2021 RRB JE Stage 2 Exam Date 28 August 2021 RRB JE Stage 2 Result 1 November 2021 RRB JE Exam Pattern The RRB JE exam is carried out in five phases as follow: Computer-based Test Stage-1 (CBT-1) Computer-based Test Stage-2 (CBT-2) Document Verification Medical Test Final Round The computer-based test details are as follow: Category Description Mode Online – computer-based Total questions 100 Type Objective Duration 90 minutes Sections General awareness, mathematics, general science, general intelligence, and reasoning Marking scheme 1 for the correct answer -1/3 for incorrect answer The first screening test of CBT-1 has 90 minutes duration and has a pattern like: Subject Number of Questions Marks General awareness 15 15 Mathematics 30 30 General science 30 30 General intelligence and reasoning 25 25 The CBT-2 has 120 minutes duration and exam pattern like: Subject Number of Questions Marks General awareness 15 15 Physics and chemistry 15 15 Basics of computer and application 10 10 Basics of environment and pollution control 10 10 Technical abilities 100 100 Recommended Articles This is a guide to RRB JE. Here we discuss the introduction, its exam pattern and syllabus along with the notification respectively. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more– Railway Exam NTPC Railway Exam Eligibility Railway Exams for Engineers Railway Exam Books

read more

Banking Exam Age Limit

Introduction To Banking Exam The following article provides an outline for Banking Exam Age Limit. Banking sector has set some criterias that candidate must qualify in order to appear for Banking exams. One such criterion is Age limit. Age limit is not actually a one ended limit, it has upper age limit and lower age limit. Age limit is decided in a way that candidate would have completed his / her schooling and graduation and also not too old for entry position. What is Banking Exam? India is a developing nation and many sectors are growing today. The banking sector is becoming one of the most popular sectors in India today. To get into the banking sector several exams are conducted throughout the year. The banking sector in India is one of the highest recruitment providing industries. These exams are conducted for various posts such as PO, Clerk, SO and then there are other posts also conducted by RBI: RBI Grade B and RBI Assistant. These exams are either conducted directly by the banks or testing agencies. Key Takeaways To appear into banking exams the aspirant must be eligible, to define eligibility there are certain criteria, one such criterion is the age limit. For PO the age criteria: 20 – 30 years of age. For Clerk, the age criteria: 20 – 28 years. There is some age relaxation as per category: For ST-SC there is an age relaxation of 5 years. For the OBC category, there is an age relaxation of 3 years. For the General category, there is no age relaxation. For Ex-serviceman, there is an age relaxation of 5 years. For 1948 riot victims there is an age relaxation of 5 years. For PWD there is an age relaxation of 10 years. A candidate can apply a maximum of two types of relaxation that is ST-SC and PWD the candidate can avail a maximum of 15 years of relaxation. Banking Exam Age Limit One must check before applying for any exam its eligibility criteria. Age is one such criterion that is required to apply for an exam. In general below are the age criteria: The candidate must be older than 20 years and not more than 30 years old. Age Relaxation: OBC: 3 years age relaxation on upper age limit. ST-SC: 5 years age relaxation on upper age limit. General Category: No age relaxation. Ex-Service Man: 5 years. PWD (Person with disability): Candidate is provided with 10 years of age relaxation. PWD: Full or partial blindness. PWD: Total Loss of hearing. PWD: Disability due to locomotor. PWD: Mental illness or intellectual disability. PWD: Concurrent multiple disabilities. 1984 Riot Victims: Candidates are given 5 year age relaxation. ST-SC and OBC candidates can apply for a max of 2 exemptions at a time. For example, an ST-SC candidate with PWD can apply for a maximum of 15 years of age relaxation. These age relaxations are common for all the banking exams only the age range is different for different exams. Bank PO Exam Age Limit Eligibility criteria for a candidate to appear in the Bank PO exam the candidate must be of 20 years of age and shall be younger than 30 years of age, the other criteria for relaxation remain the same. Age Limit For Bank Clerk Exam Criteria for a candidate to appear in the Bank PO exam the candidate must be of 20 years of age and shall be younger than 28 years of age, the other criteria for relaxation remain the same. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Banking Exam Age Limit. Here we discuss the introduction and age limit for banking exams, bank po exam and bank clerk exam. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Railway Exam NTPC Railway Exam Eligibility Railway Exams for Engineers Railway Exam Books

read more

Banking Exam Eligibility

Introduction To Banking Exam The following article provides an outline for Banking Exam Eligibility. To appear in the exam there are certain eligibility criteria there which must be fulfilled by the applicant. These eligibility criteria are like a condition, if you pass the criteria you are in or else you are out. What Is Banking Exam? The banking sector is becoming one of the most popular sectors in India today. Several exams are conducted throughout the year for banking sector. These exams are either conducted directly by the banks or testing agencies. Indian banking sector provides a good number of opportunities. Banking exams are conducted for various posts such as PO, Clerk, SO and then there are other posts also conducted by RBI: RBI Grade B and RBI Assistant. Key Takeaways To appear into any exam there are certain criteria which candidate must fulfill to apply for the position. For the Banking exam, there are basic eligibility criteria which are Age, Nationality, Qualification, Criminal record, and PWD. Upcoming bank exams in the year 2021. Banking Exams Eligibility Criteria One must check before applying for any exam its eligibility criteria. Eligibility criteria for banking exams are as below: Educational Qualification: The candidate must have a graduation degree from a designated govt. recognized university. Postgraduates can also apply for the positions. Age Criteria: The applicant must be in the age range of 20-30 years old. There is age relaxation which is provided according to category. For the general category, there is no relaxation until and unless he is ex-servicemen or holding Jammu and Kashmir quota which has an age relaxation of 5 years. If the applicant is belonging to the ST-SC category, 5 years of relaxation is given to him/her. If the candidate belongs to the OBC category, 3 years of age relaxation is given to the applicant. For 1984 Riot Victims there is an age relaxation of 5 years. Nationality: Candidate must be of Indian Origin. The candidate can either be a citizen of India, subject to Bhutan, or subject to Nepal. Indian origin and is migrated to India. Criminal Record: Candidate shall not hold any criminal offense record or any type, if found guilty at any point of procedure, the candidature will be canceled immediately. PWD (Person With Disability): To PWD candidates an age relaxation of 10 years is provided. Note: These criteria are specifically for PO exam. Upcoming Bank Exams 2021 Given below are the upcoming bank exams 2021: Recommended Articles This is a guide to Banking Exam Eligibility. Here we discuss the introduction, banking exams eligibility criteria and upcoming bank exams 2021. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Banking Exams Subject Banking Exam Details Banking Exams SBI Banking Exam Pattern

read more

Banking Exam Books

Introduction To Banking Exam The following article provides an outline for Banking Exam Books. Banking is a competitive exam and is becoming one of the toughest exams to crack. Candidate must prepare with right strategies so as to beat the competition & pass the exam. Choosing the right books and studying consistently is the way to crack the exam. What Is Banking Exam? Banking is a white-collar job and is becoming one of the most popular sectors in India today. To get into the banking sector several exams are conducted throughout the year. These exams are either conducted directly by the banks or testing agencies. The banking sector in India is one of the highest recruitment providing industries. This comes from the fact that India’s population is over 135 Crores and everyone is opening at least one account in one of the banks. This makes it one of the essential services in India. Key Takeaways Banking is a competitive exam and candidates must prepare well from the books in order to succeed in the exam. There are 4 main sections in the banking exam. General Awareness and Computer Reasoning Quantitative Aptitude English Books need not be read from front to end, the candidate shall select sections and read on weekly basis. Prefer hard copies instead of pdfs. The total cost of the books will be under 3000 INR. Various Banking Exams Books The banking exam has many sections that need to be covered by a candidate. For each section, we will see some of the good books that a candidate can refer to prepare well. General Awareness: Mahendra Banking & Financial Awareness. Manorama Year Book. Quantitative Aptitude: R S Agarwal Quantitative Aptitude. N K Singh Quantitative Aptitude Test for Bank. Reasoning: R S Agarwal a Modern Approach to Reasoning. B S Sijwali and Indu Sijwali Verbal and Non-verbal A new Approach to Reasoning. English Language: English Grammar and Composition by Wren and Martin’s. Norman Lewis Word Power made Easy. Computer Knowledge: Kiran Publication objective Computer Knowledge and Literacy. Comprehensive Guide Books: Disha Publication Comprehensive Guide to IBPS. Arihant publication the Complete success Package for Bank PO. Kiran publication Bank PO Solved Papers. M Tyra BSC Publication for IBPS PO. Banking Exam Preparation Book The above-discussed books are more than enough for preparation for Banking exams. The only thing a candidate need is a patience and consistency in order to crack the exam. Reading the books is not enough, the way you read the books also plays an important role. Generally, we tend to forget the things if it is not revised after regular intervals. Strategy for reading books: Select the topics from each subject that you are targeting to complete in a weeks’ time. Further, these topics must be chosen in such a way that all wouldn’t be hard and all wouldn’t be simple keep a mixture of hard and simple topics so that you wouldn’t lose the taste of reading. Make short notes of each topic and mark the book page number so that you can refer easily. After completion of each week, dedicate the whole day just to revise the already covered topic in order toughest to simples. Banking Exam Book PDF We would prefer the hard books instead of PDFs as it is hard to navigate through the index and it gives a pen copy feeling as well. You can find online pdfs but we would suggest you prefer hard copies, it will not cost much 3000 INR is all you need to purchase the books. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Banking Exam Books. Here we discuss the introduction, various banking exams books, preparation books & pdf. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Banking Exams Qualifications Banking Exam Details Banking Exams SBI Banking Exam Eligibility

read more

Age Limit For Railway Exam

Introduction To Railway Exam The following article provides an outline for Age Limit For Railway Exam. RRB (Railway Recruitment Board) is the department under the Government of India that recruit’s employees (Group C and Group D non gazetted civil service) to work in Indian Railway. Every year close to 50 Lakh -1 crore candidates apply for RRB exams to work in one of the world’s largest railway systems and be part of it. But the hard part is that there are only a few vacancies present to fill up the seats. Different types of exams conducted by RRB are: ALP (Assistant Loco Pilot) and Technician RRB NTPC (Non-Technical Popular Categories) RRB SSC|JE (Junior Engineer) RRB Group D Exam Key Takeaways RRB sets age limit for appearing in RRB exam which is 18-33 years for all the exam except RRB ALP which only 18-28 years. RRB has given relaxation on age for certain categories which allows candidates to write exam even after exceeding the general age limit. Candidate who is eligible for multiple categories will be allowed with only 1 which is of highest limits Official Website: http://www.rrbcdg.gov.in/ Complete Details Of Age Limit For Railway Exams Given below are the complete details mentioned: 1. Age Limit for RRB Exams Age limit for appearing for RRB exams (NTPC, Group D and JE) will be 18 to 33 years and for RRB ALP age limit will be 18-28 years. 2. Age Relaxations The age limit mentioned above is for general merit candidates. RRB has set some relaxations for different community candidates and varies with exam type and category. 3. RRB NTPC Age Relaxation/Maximum upper Age Limit in years 4. RRB JE Age relaxation/maximum upper age limit in years 5. RRB ALP Age relaxation/maximum upper age limit in years 6. RRB Group D Age relaxation/maximum upper age limit in years Conclusion - Age Limit For Railway Exam Thus the article concludes age limit for railway exam in detail. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Age Limit For Railway Exam. Here we discuss the introduction and complete details of age limit for railway exams. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Railway Exam NTPC Railway Exam Eligibility Railway Exams for Engineers Railway Exam Books

read more

NEET Chemistry Questions

Introduction To NEET The following article provides an outline for NEET Chemistry Questions. The National Test Agency, often known as NTA, conducts the National Eligibility Cument Entrance Test (NEET) every year. NEET is a test for students who have chosen biology as their subject for 11th and 12th grades. NEET is an exam that determines a candidate's eligibility for MBBS or BDS courses in India. It is a competitive exam, and like any other competitive exam, it is one of the most difficult to pass in order to gain admission to elite colleges. This exam is held once a year, however candidates have requested that it be held twice a year so that students do not have to wait a year to take the next one. Key Takeaways NEET is an entrance exam for MBBS and BDS. Chemistry holds a 25% share in the exam, that is 45 questions worth 180 marks. The chemistry syllabus of classes 11th and 12th is enough. Books for different chemistry sections. Important topics candidate must cover, these topics will build basics and can be extrapolated to answer other questions too. Complete Details Of NEET Chemistry Questions NEET mainly asks questions from class 11th and 12th courses. The syllabus includes the majority of Biology, Physics, and Chemistry disciplines. Biology accounts for 50% of the exam material, with physics accounting for 25% and chemistry accounting for the other 25%. It consists of 45 questions totaling 180 points. 1. NEET Chemistry Syllabus 11th Class Topics 12th Class Topics Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Surface Chemistry Molecular Structure & Chemical Bonding Solutions S-Block Element (Alkaline, Alkali & earth metals) Biomolecules States of Matter: Gases and Liquids Chemical Kinetics Thermodynamics Coordination Compounds Environmental Chemistry Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers Equilibrium p-Block Elements Redox Reactions Electrochemistry Some Basic Principles & Techniques of Organic Chemistry Processes & Principles of Isolation of Elements Hydrogen Haloarenes & Haloalkanes Some p-Block Elements Solid State Periodicity in Properties & Classification Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Hydrocarbons Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen Structure of Atom d and f Block Elements 2. NEET Chemistry Books The aspirant of NEET can refer to the below books for different sections of chemistry. Organic Chemistry: Oxford’s by Nick Greeves and Jonathan Clayden. Inorganic Chemistry: J D Lee. Physical Chemistry: O P Tandon. MTG’s Editorial Board for objective NCERT @ your fingertips. Modern chemistry: S P Jauhar ABC of chemistry volume 1 and Volume 2. 3. NEET Chemistry Important Chapters Though all chapters are important some are very important to understand as they build the basics and are required to understand other chapters. Below are those chapters with their underlying topics: Structure of Atoms: Atomic number, isobar, isotopes, dual nature different basic principles by different scientists, and atomic structure of an element. [* This is entry into chemistry and candidate must be familiar with terms to study the whole chemistry]. Molecular Structure and Chemical Bonding: Different types of bonds, bond parameters, bond strength, and different properties of the bond. Hydrogen bond. States of Matter: Gas, liquid & solid, Basics of bonding in atoms in different bonds, why they exist the way they are. law s governing the state of the matter. Ideal behavior. Solution: Types, concentration measures, get molecular mass. Thermodynamics: Laws of thermodynamics and basics related to heat temperature and heat transfer. Equilibrium: Chemical process equilibrium and related laws. Different equilibrium constants and equilibrium equations. Block Elements and their Configuration: S block, P block elements, configuration of each element specific elements and their products that are used for daily purposes, Anomalies. Organic Chemistry Basic principles and techniques. Hydrocarbon: IUPAC Nomenclature, physical properties of hydrocarbons, types of hydrocarbons, different types of bonds in hydrocarbons. Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers: Chemical and physical properties, nomenclature and types. Polymers: Types of polymers and methods of polymerization. Conclusion - NEET Chemistry Questions Thus the article concludes NEET Chemistry Questions in detail. Recommended Articles This is a guide to NEET Chemistry Questions. Here we discuss the introduction and complete details of NEET chemistry questions respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – NEET Exam Syllabus NEET Preparation NEET Login NEET Exam

read more

NEET Chemistry Syllabus

Introduction To NEET The following article provides an outline for NEET Chemistry Syllabus. NEET basically focuses on topics of class 11th and class 12th. The syllabus covers most of the topics from Biology, Physics, and Chemistry. Biology holds a 50% share in the exam syllabus while 25% comes from physics and the other 25% comes from chemistry. What is NEET Exam? National Eligibility cum entrance test is also known as NEET is conducted every year by the National Test Agency also known as NTA. NEET is conducted for the students who have selected biology as choice for the 11th and 12th classes. NEET is conducted to test the eligibility of the candidate for the MBBS or BDS courses in India. It is a competitive exam, and like another competitive exam, this one is also one of the hardest exams to crack to get to top colleges. This exam is conducted every year, but candidates have demanded to get it conducted twice a year so that students do not waste a whole year to appear for the next exam. NEET is conducted all over India and has around 150 dedicated centers to conduct this exam. Key Takeaways NEET is the National Eligibility cum Entrance Test for medical entrance into MBBS and BDS courses. NEET is a competitive exam and is conducted every year across the country. 150 centers are allotted to conduct the NEET exam. The syllabus of NEET is extracted mostly from the syllabus of class 11th and class 12th. There are four main sections of the Chemistry syllabus: Physical chemistry Organic chemistry Inorganic chemistry Modern chemistry NEET Syllabus 2021 Topic Wise Given below is the syllabus mentioned: 1. Physics NEET 2021 Syllabus: 11th Class Topics 12th Class Topics Physical-world & measurement Electrostatics The behavior of Perfect Gas & Kinetic Theory Current Electricity Kinematics Electromagnetic Waves The motion of System of Particles & Rigid Body Dual Nature of Matter & Radiation Laws of Motion Magnetic Effects of Magnetism & Current Oscillations & Waves Optics Thermodynamics Alternating Currents & Electromagnetic Induction Properties of Bulk Matter Atoms & Nuclei Work, Power, & Energy Gravitation 2. Chemistry NEET 2021 Syllabus: 11th Class Topics 12th Class Topics Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Surface Chemistry Molecular Structure & Chemical Bonding Solutions S-Block Element (Alkaline, Alkali & earth metals) Biomolecules States of Matter: Gases and Liquids Chemical Kinetics Thermodynamics Coordination Compounds Environmental Chemistry Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers Equilibrium p-Block Elements Redox Reactions Electrochemistry Some Basic Principles & Techniques of Organic Chemistry Processes & Principles of Isolation of Elements Hydrogen Haloarenes & Haloalkanes Some p-Block Elements Solid State Periodicity in Properties & Classification Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Hydrocarbons Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen Structure of Atom d and f Block Elements 3. Biology NEET 2021 Syllabus: 11th Class Topics 12th Class Topics Diversity in Living World Biology and Human Welfare Human physiology Biotechnology & Its Applications Cell Structure & Function environment & Ecology Structural arrangement in Plants & Animals Evolution & Genetics Plant Physiology Reproduction NEET Syllabus Of Chemistry NEET Syllabus for chemistry is all the chemistry topics that you have learned in your 11th and 12th class. In the Previous section, we have seen the list of topics from chemistry that a candidate is required to prepare for. The aspirant of NEET can refer to the below books for different sections of chemistry. Organic Chemistry: Oxford’s by Nick Greeves and Jonathan Clayden Inorganic Chemistry: J D Lee Physical Chemistry: O P Tandon MTG’s Editorial Board for objective NCERT @ your fingertips Modern Chemistry: S P Jauhar ABC of chemistry volume 1 and Volume 2 These books do cover almost all the topics that a candidate needs to prepare for NEET. Recommended Articles This is a guide to NEET Chemistry Syllabus. Here we discuss the introduction and NEET syllabus 2021 topic wise for better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – NEET Exam Syllabus NEET Preparation NEET Login NEET Exam

read more

Railway Exams

Introduction To Railway Exams Railway Recruitment Board conducts several exams to select the candidates for various posts in Railways. Group C posts of the Railway Department can be handled by the Railway Recruitment Board in short form RRB, and Group D posts or Railway Department can be handled by the Railway Recruitment Cells in short form RRC. Group A and Group B posts of Railway Departments are conducted by Civil Services. Many graduate students and 10th and 12th passed out students are applied for Railway Exams every year to get the jobs in various departments of Railways. Key Takeaways Railway Recruitment Exam is one of the important competitive examinations for those who want to get a job in the Railway Department. Various Exams are conducted by Railway Recruitment Board to select the candidates for different types of posts. Graduates, 10th 2 passed out students, Diploma, ITI, students can apply for Railway Recruitment Exam. Railway Recruitment Exam is conducted in various stages like Stage one Computed based test, Stage two computer-based test, Typing Test, Document verification and Medical examination. Candidates who are qualified for the jobs are based merit list in the examination. Complete Details About Railway Exams Given below are the complete details: 1. What is railway recruitment board? Railway recruitment board is responsible to conduct the examination to fill up the one lakh vacancies in 2021. In India, a total of twenty-one railway recruitment boards are there named, RRB Kolkata, RRB Chandigarh, RRB Chennai, RRB Mumbai, RRB Bilaspur, RRB Ajmer, RRB Allahabad, RRB Bangalore, RRB Bhopal, BBR Bhubaneswar, RRB Malda, RRB Muzaffarpur, RRB Ranchi, RRB Patna, RRB Siliguri, RRB Secunderabad, RRB Trivandrum, RRB Ahmedabad, RRB Gorakhpur, RRB Guwahati, RRB Jammu, RRB Secunderabad. 2. Railway exam dates 2021 Railway exam 2021 are tabulated below: Railway Name Name of Post Total Vacancy Last Date DFCCIL Junior Managers, Executives, Junior Executives 1074 May 23, 2021 CMP Retired Railway Doctors Central Railway 16 May 31, 2021 Staff Nurse, Hospital Attendant, OT Assistant, House Keeping Assistant South Eastern Railways 53 May 07 2021 GDMO, Ophthalmologist NFR Railway 11 May 11 2021 General Physician Northern Railway 41 May 7 2021 Medical Practitioner contract Rail Wheel Factory 2 May 7 2021 Apperentices Rites Limited 146 May 12 2021 Senior Residents Northern Railway 30 May 7 2021 Jobs in Metro Rail 2021 are listed below: Chennai Metro Rail: 8 vacancies for various Managers, last date June 6, 2021 Bangalore Metro Rail: 6 vacancies for Chief Engineers, Chief Electrical Engineers, DGM Posts, last date May 31st, 2021 RITES Limited: 500 vacancies for Graduate Engineer Trainees, various engineers, Managers, last date May 31st 3. Railway exam pattern Railway Recruitment Board NTPC Exam pattern has the following stages: Computer-Based Ist Stage Test: In the first stage of the Computer-based test, a total of 100 questions are asked from the Quantitative Aptitude, Reasoning, General Awareness for 100 marks. Stage Test: Only qualified candidates from Stage one of the Computer-based test can select for the second stage of the Computer-based test. In this second stage, a total of 120 questions are asked from the General Intelligence, Reasoning, Mathematics, General Awareness, and Current Affairs for 120 marks. Typing Skill Test: Candidates who can clear the second stage of the computer-based test can qualify for the Typing Skill Test. In this stage, candidates need to type 30 WPM in English and 25 WPM in Hindi. Document Verification: Based on the merit list of previous stages of the exam, candidates are selected for the document verification. Medical Examination: After Document verification, candidates need to prove their physical fitness for desired vacancies. Final Selection: After Medical Examination, candidates are finally selected for desired posts. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Railway Exams. Here we discuss the introduction and complete details about railway exams for better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Railway Exam NTPC Railway Exam Eligibility Railway Exams for Engineers Railway Exam Books

read more

RRB Group D

Introduction To RRB Group D Indian Railway is one of the largest jobs producing sectors in India. Every year, millions of candidates apply for various posts in railways. The secure job and attractive pay scale fetch the attention of candidates to apply for the jobs. The Group D exams are conducted by RRB. The RRB conducts this exam for the posts like Track maintainer Grade-IV, Helper/Assistant in various sections, assistant pointsman, Level-I posts. Key Takeaways Railway recruitment body has announced the vacancies of 1,03,769 for the post of RRB Group D Level-1 recruitment. It posts cover the profile of Track Maintainer Grade-IV, Helper/assistant in various sections, assistant pointsman, Level-I posts in railway departments. Railway has already started the process in 2019 and was about to take exams but due to the outbreak of Covid-19, the exams are postponed and now its tentative date is April 2021. Complete Details About RRB Group D Given below are the complete details about RRB Group D: 1. RRB Group D Exam Date The previous announcement about the CBT-1 was scheduled from December 15, 2020, but due to Covid-19 outspread, the conducting body RRB has changed the schedule to April-June 2021. So, the tentative dates announced by the RRB are: Event Dates Notifications July 2021 Online Application July-august 2021 CBT-1 Exam 2019-2021 September 2021 Result 2021 Yet to announce 2. RRB Group D Syllabus The candidates who are applied for Group D posts and filled the form need to appear for CBT Test. This test is conducted for 90 minutes. The exam consists of 100 questions and there is a negative marking of 1/3 marks. Here is the syllabus for the exam: RRB Group D Subjects Number of Questions General Science 25 General Intelligence and Reasoning 30 Mathematics 25 General Awareness and Current Affairs 20 Total 100 The detailed section-wise syllabus is as follow: General science syllabus: Basic terminologies of science. Topics covered in physics, chemistry, and life science of standard 10th CBSE board. General intelligence and reasoning syllabus: Alphabetical and number series Syllogism and analogies Directions Jumbling Venn diagram Relationships Conclusion and decision making Similarities and differences Analytical reasoning Mathematical operations Mathematics syllabus: Number system Decimals Elementary statistics Algebra Age calculations Pipes and cisterns Percentages Fractions Square roots Calendars and clocks Geometry and trigonometry General awareness and current affairs syllabus: Governors in India Economics Science and technology Sports Personalities Culture 3. RRB Group D Salary The Railway Recruitment Board decides the basic salary of Group D. The initial pay scale of any candidate selected for Group D scales up to INR 18,000 per month and it is based on the 7th Pay CPC matrix. Salary structure: Pay Scale Pay Band Grade Pay  Pay- Entry Level PB-1 15600-60600 5400 21000 5700 23190 6000 25380 7200 29730 8400 34080 PB-2 29900-104400 12600 40500 13800 51420 PB-3 14400 54450 16200 63000 46800-117300 19800 76590 22800 88500 PB-5 112200-201000 26100 138300 26700 147300 30000 159000 Apart from the basic salary, the candidates selected for Group D posts get the other allowances like: Dearness allowances (DA) House rent allowances (HRA) Transport allowance (TA) Overtime allowance (OTA) Allowance for night duty Holiday compensation 4. RRB Group D Application Status As the conducting body has decided to conduct the exam from 15th December 2020. The candidates need to give his/her application registration number, date of birth to check the application status. The conducting body is going to release the admit card soon. Following are the steps to check the RRB Group D application status: Visit the official website of Railway Recruitment Cell. Locate your region on the page listed. Enter the website with your login credentials. Click the submit button. Candidates can check the status of the RRC Group D application form. Recommended Articles This is a guide to RRB Group D. Here we discuss the introduction and complete details about RRB Group D for better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Railway Exam NTPC Railway Exam Eligibility Railway Exams for Engineers Railway Exam Books

read more

Banking Exam Pattern

Introduction To Banking Exam The following article provides an outline for Banking Exam Pattern. Job aspiring candidates always seek a secure and reliable job, and a job in the banking sector is a robust option in this challenging environment. The banking sector in India is one of the largest jobs providing sectors. Candidates looking out for the banking sector jobs need to appear and qualify for the banking exams. Every bank conducts its own exams for hiring talented candidates to streamline their responsibilities. The Probationary Officer, Clerks are some of the most applied jobs all over the country. As these jobs require basic qualifications and the number of posts is more as compared to other posts, many candidates across the country apply for the posts. Key Takeaways Qualifying for a banking job and grabbing a job in the banking sector is one of the most preferred by candidates. The banking exams are challenging as the banks need to hire only capable and talented candidates, so the different stages will scrutinize the candidates. Candidates need to stretch themselves to make a perfect fit for the post as there is a rise in applications for every post. The best preparation strategy will work only if candidates are well aware of the exam patterns and the syllabus for the exam. So, understand the exam paper structure and accomplish the mission. Various Banking Exam Pattern Given below are the various banking exam pattern: 1. Banking PO Exam Pattern The Probationary Officer or PO exams are conducted by the banking sectors to hire the managerial cadre. After the initial training, these candidates are submerged in the main management so the facilities offered to them are high in standards. There is hard competition for the post of PO. The banking PO exam is also divided into two sections: Banking PO Prelims exams are conducted to scrutinize the millions of candidates based on their primary skills. Banking PO Main exams are conducted on the qualified candidates that have passed the preliminary exam. The question paper structure of banking PO Exam: Subject Number Of Questions Marks Time Duration Quantitative Aptitude 35 35 20 minutes General English 30 30 20 minutes Reasoning Ability 35 35 20 minutes Total 100 100 60 minutes The main exam pattern is as follows: Exam Name Section Number Of Questions Marks Time Duration Objective Test Reasoning and Quantitative Aptitude 45 60 60 minutes General English 35 40 40 minutes Data Analysis and Interpretation 35 60 45 minutes General Awareness, Banking Awareness and Economy 40 40 35 minutes Descriptive Test English Language (Essay and letter Writing Skills) 2 25 30 minutes 2. Banking Clerk Exam Pattern The banking clerk exam is conducted for hiring the best clerical cadre. The exam is conducted every year and many aspirants apply for the posts so there is tough competition. So, they need to well aware of the Banking Clerk Exam pattern before preparation. The exam is conducted in two phases: Banking Clerk Preliminary Exam Banking Clerk Main Exam The pattern for the preliminary exam is: Subject Number Of Questions Marks Time Duration Quantitative Aptitude 35 35 20 minutes General English 30 30 20 minutes Reasoning Ability 35 35 20 minutes Total 100 100 60 minutes The Exam pattern for the Main exam is: Section Name Number Of Question Marks Time Duration General or Financial Awareness 50 50 35 minutes General English 40 40 35 minutes Reasoning Skills and Computer Aptitude 50 60 45 minutes Quantitative Aptitude 50 50 45 minutes Total 190 200 160 minutes Both exams have negative markings for wrong answers. 3. IBPS Banking Exam Pattern Institute of Banking Personnel Selection (IBPS) conducts exams for all IBPS exams. Candidates applying for the various IBPS posts must understand the pattern set by the body before starting the preparation. Like other banking exams, the IBPS banking exam is divided into two phases: IBPS Preliminary Exam IBPS Main Exam The IBPS preliminary exams are based on: Quantitative Aptitude General English Reasoning Ability The exam includes a total of 100 questions with a time duration of 60 minutes. Each question carries one mark. The IBPS Prelim Exam pattern is: Subject Number Of Questions Marks Time Duration Quantitative Aptitude 35 35 20 minutes General English 30 30 20 minutes Reasoning Ability 35 35 20 minutes Total 100 100 60 minutes IBPS Main Exam Pattern: Exam Name Section Number Of Questions Marks Time Duration Objective Test Reasoning and Quantitative Aptitude 45 60 60 minutes General English 35 40 40 minutes Data Analysis and Interpretation 35 60 45 minutes General Awareness, Banking Awareness and Economy 40 40 35 minutes Descriptive Test English Language (Essay and Letter Writing Skills) 2 25 30 minutes Recommended Articles This is a guide to Banking Exam Pattern. Here we discuss the introduction and various banking exam pattern for better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Banking Exam Books Banking Exam Eligibility Banking Exam Age Limit Banking Exam Preparation

read more

Banking Exams IBPS

Introduction To Banking Exams IBPS Landing a job in the banking sector is stretching but worth it as it offers several benefits. Competitive salaries, excellent perks, excellent working hours, a wide range of jobs are some of the lucrative benefits of having a job in the banking sector. The Institute of Banking Personnel Selection or IBPS is an autonomous body that is responsible for conducting recruitment exams for all public sector banks except the SBI. The body constituted in 1984 and is governed by different government bodies like RBI, IIT Mumbai, IBA, NIBM, Ministry of Finance. The conducting body IBPS conducts various exams like: IBPS PO Exam IBPS Clerk Exam IBPS RRB Exam IBPS SO Exam The body conducts these exams to fill the vacancies at various levels. Key Takeaways IBPS is a government-recognized conducting body for recruiting eligible candidates for various posts in the Indian Banking sector. As IBPS has released the important dates for various exams, so candidates should start their preparation by understanding the syllabus and exam pattern. IBPS conducts mock tests for aspiring candidates to familiarize them with the exam pattern and software environment. The candidates should stretch themselves to sail into a great banking career. Bank Exam IBPS Syllabus The IBPS preliminary exam is based on the following subjects: Quantitative Aptitude General English Reasoning Ability The detailed syllabus for these three subjects is listed in the below table: Quantitative Aptitude General English Reasoning Ability Profit and Loss Reading comprehension Logical reasoning Speed, Time, Distance, Work Para jumbles Reasoning puzzles Ratio and Proportion Error detection Seating arrangements Mensuration Paragraph and passage completion Directions Compound and Simple Interest Cloze test Order and ranking Permutation and Combination Tenses rules Coding and decoding Probability Idioms and phrases Word formation Percentages Tabulation Surd and Indices Picture series puzzles Quadratic Equations Relationships The qualified candidates are eligible for IBPS main exams, and the detailed syllabus for IBPS main exam is: Reasoning Ability General English Data Analysis and Interpretation General/Banking Awareness Computer Aptitude Alphanumeric Series Reading comprehension Statistics Financial Knowledge Computer fundamentals Input and Output Essay writing Percentages, ratio and proportion Basic Economics Computer terms Coding and Decoding Verbal ability Data sufficiency Banking awareness Internet Verbal and Non-Verbal Reasoning Letter writing Geometry Current affairs of finances in international and national news Memory Syllogism Grammar Linear and quadratic equations General knowledge covering financial institutions Keyboard shortcuts Directions and Displacement Vocabulary Speed, distance, work, and time Computer networks Blood Relations Use of English in business Profit and loss OS and GUI basics Seating Arrangements Graphs and charts Computer H/w and S/w Numeric system MS office Permutations and combination MS Windows Age calculations Mixtures and alligations Bank IBPS Exam Pattern Like the other banking exams, the banking IBPS exam is divided into two phases, preliminary and main exams. It is important to know the exam pattern before starting the preparation for it. The IBPS Prelim Exam pattern is: Subject Number of Questions Marks Time Duration Quantitative Aptitude 35 35 20 minutes General English 30 30 20 minutes Reasoning Ability 35 35 20 minutes Total 100 100 60 minutes IBPS Main Exam Pattern Given below shows IBPS Main Exam Pattern: Exam Name Section Number of Questions Marks Time Duration Objective Test Reasoning and Quantitative Aptitude 45 60 60 minutes General English 35 40 40 minutes Data Analysis and Interpretation 35 60 45 minutes General Awareness, Banking Awareness and Economy 40 40 35 minutes Descriptive Test English Language (Essay and Letter Writing Skills) 2 25 30 minutes Bank IBPS Exam Date The conducting body IBPS has released the IBPS exam dates for the year 2021. Given below are the important dates for the IBPS exams. Mark your calendar. Event Date Official Notification of IBPS Exam 2021 July 2021 Online Application Process Date IBPS 2021 August 2021 Preliminary Exam Admit Card Issue Date September 2021 Preliminary Exam IBPS 2021 9 October 2021 10 October 2021 16 October 2021 17 October 2021 Preliminary Exam Result IBPS 2021 October 2021 Main Exam IBPS 2021 27 November 2021 Main Exam Result IBPS 2021 December 2021 Interview IBPS 2021 February or March 2022 Final Result April 2022 The dates mentioned are subject to change as per the requirements of conducting body. How To Register For IBPS Exam? Given below is the process of registration for IBPS Exam 2021: Candidates need to visit the official website. Click the “New Registration” tab on the home page of IBPS. Provide the required details like name, email id, security code, contact number. After successful registration, candidates are issued a registration number and password. Upload the scanned documents like scanned copies of photograph and signature. Fill the detailed application form containing basic details, educational qualification, work experience, preferences. Pay the fees using online payment methods. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Banking Exams IBPS. Here we discuss the introduction, syllabus, exam pattern, main pattern, exam date & how to register for IBPS exam. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Banking Exam Books Banking Exam Eligibility Banking Exam Age Limit Banking Exam Preparation

read more

Banking Exams List

Introduction To Banking Exam The following article provides an outline for Banking Exams List. In India, Banking Exam is the most reputed exam for those who want to work in the banking domain. Many exams are conducted in various sectors from the different banks all over India. The popularity of the banking exam increases every year because many graduates and experienced professionals are choosing the banking domain for their carrier which results in high competition. The applicants should prepare for the bank exam in the top-notch only crack the bank exam and getting a job in the banking sector. Key Takeaways Most of the bank exam is conducted by the organization called IBPS [Institute of Banking and Personnel Selection. Bank exams are conducted to select the candidates to place several posts in the banking field. The banking exam is having two stages called Preliminary Exam and Main Exam. Candidates who clear the main exam called for the interview for final selection. Banking Exams are conducted online except for interviews. Competition for banking exams is increased every year so that strong preparation with the constant study will make success in the banking sector. List Of Banking Exams IBPS, the Institute of Banking Personnel Selection is responsible for selecting a large number of candidates in various banks. IBPS is conducting the exam online, and the list of banking exam conducted by IBPs as follows: IBPS PO Exam: IBPS PO [probationary officer] exam contains three stages, like Preliminary Exam, Main Exam, Interview. Preliminary and Main Exam is conducted online. IBPS SO Exam: IBPS SO exam is conducted for a specialist officer in the banking sector and it has two stages, like Preliminary and Main Exam. IBPS Clerk Exam: IBPS Clerk has two-stage like Preliminary and Main Exam. IBPS RRB Exam: IBPS RRB Exam is conducted for the Regional Rural Banks to select the aspirants for smaller banks in rural areas of the country. It has two-stage like Preliminary and Main Exam. The Reserve Bank of India also conducts the exam to select the candidates for officer and clerical posts in RBI. The list of exam conducted by RBI is as follows: RBI Officer Grade B Exam: It conducts for officer grade. RBI Assistant Exam: It conducts for clerical grade. RBI Junior Engineer Exam: It conducts for engineering graduates. Apart from the above IPPB [The India Post Payment Bank Exam], the NABARD exam is conducted in India. Upcoming Banking Exam 2021 The major upcoming banking exam in 2021 are tabulated below: Conducting Agency Exam Name State Bank of India SBI PO Exam, SBI SO Exam, SBI Clerk Exam IBPS [Institute of Banking Personnel Selection] IBPS PO Exam, IBPS SO Exam, IBPS Clerk Exam, IBPS RRB Exam RBI [Reserve Bank of India] RBI Officer Grade B Exam, RBI Assistant Exam India Post Payment Bank IPPB Exam NABARD Exam conducted by NABARD itself NABARD Exam Exam Patterns Of Banking Exam Most of the banking exam has two stages like Preliminary Exam and Main Exam. But most of the exam is conducted by IBPS so that here we see IBPS Exam pattern as follows: IBPS Preliminary Exam: It contains 100 multiple choice questions for 1 hour from the English Language, Numerical Ability, Reasoning Ability. English and Numerical Ability sections have 30 questions, and Reasoning Ability has 35 questions. IBPS PO Exam: IBPS PO Exam conducted in two stages, Objective Test, and Descriptive Test. The objective test has 200 marks from English, Reasoning, Data Analysis and Interpretation, and General Awareness. Descriptive Test Letter Writing and Essay. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Banking Exams List. Here we discuss the introduction, list of banking exams, upcoming banking exams and exam pattern. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Banking Exam Books Banking Exam Eligibility Banking Exam Age Limit Banking Exam Preparation

read more

Banking Exams SBI

Introduction To Banking Exams SBI Job in the banking sector is a big relief in this volatile environment. If you are finding a secure job then a banking job is one of the best options. In India, jobs in the banking sector can be acquired by qualifying in the banking exams. As each bank conducts its own exams, candidate aspiring to work in the banking domain has plenty of options. As per the latest announcements, SBI or State Bank of India has announced the exams for PO, SO, Clerk positions. As SBI is the largest public sector bank in India, many candidates wait for the recruitment news from the bank. SBI recruitment process consists of two levels. SBI PO Exam: The SBI PO or Probationary Office exam is conducted to hire the candidates for a managerial cadre of SBI. The qualified candidates get the post of Probationary Officer and the exam they need to qualify in the SBI PO Exam. They get the training course and after successful completion, they move on to the secure management roles. The SBI PO Exam is conducted in three phases: SBI PO Prelim Exam SBI PO Main Exam SBI PO GD and PI Key Takeaways The candidate seeking a secure job in the banking sector must appear for the banking exams. As SBI is one of the largest government banks, grabbing a job in SBI is a dream for many candidates. Securing a job in banks like SBI is a challenging task but with hard work and dedication, candidates can overcome the hurdles. The SBI PO post is a significant post in the banking sector, many candidates apply for the posts. Before giving the SBI PO exam, understand the syllabus and structure of the exam paper so that you can come with an effective preparation strategy. A lot of offline and online material is available for preparing for this exam, rely on the best-reviewed books and online websites, and buck up the preparation. How To Apply For SBI Exam? The SBI PO exam application form dates are expected to release in the month of September or October 2021. The aspiring candidates need to be ready with prerequisites like: Valid email Id and mobile number. Scanned photograph with specified size. Scanned signature with specified dimension. Graduation mark sheet. Bank details. Process Of Application Candidates need to visit the website of SBI. Make a new registration by clicking on the tab ‘Click here for New Registration’. Candidate will be redirected to a new page where he/she need to submit the details like name, mobile number, email id. Candidate will get a registration id and password upon successful registration. Next part is to upload the images of documents like photographs, signatures. In the SBI PO application form, the candidate needs to upload the basic details like state, language, category, nationality, and others. The further part contains the personal details of the candidate like birth date, gender, address, parent’s name. The form proceeds with academic qualification and work experience details. Candidate needs to preview the entire form and pay the SBI PO application fee and submit the form. Bank Exam SBI Syllabus The SBI Exams are crafted such that the comprehensive testing of candidate’s knowledge is accomplished. Candidates can refer to the previous year’s question paper to understand the nature. Candidates can check the syllabus of the SBI PO and Clerk exam below: SBI Prelim Exam Syllabus: SBI Main Exam Syllabus: Recommended Articles This is a guide to Banking Exams SBI. Here we discuss the introduction, how to apply for SBI exam? process of application and exam syllabus. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Banking Exam Books Banking Exam Eligibility Banking Exam Age Limit Banking Exam Preparation

read more

SBI Clerk Exams

Introduction To SBI Exams Every year bank exams are conducted by SBI, which is very important for those who want to step up their carrier in the banking domain. Many bank exams are conducted every year, even though SBI Exam is the most wanted exam because it gives carrier security with a better salary compared to other banks. In SBI Exams, Clerk and PO Exam are the most expecting examinations among the aspirants. SBI Exams are three stages called Preliminary, Main, and Interview with Group Exercise. The first two-stage of the exam is conducted online. The first stage has multiple choice questions, from English, Quantitative Aptitude, and Reasoning. The second stage has two sections called Objection and Descriptive. Key Takeaways State Bank of India Clerk Exam is a very important exam for all graduates to pursue their carrier in the banking domain. SBI Clerk Exam has two stages Preliminary Exam and Main Exam. Both Exams will be conducting online. SBI Exam questions are objective type and negative marks will be allotted for each wrong answer. SBI Clerk Exam SBI Clerk exam is conducted by SBI to select the candidates for the post of entry-level positions like customer support in various branches of SBI. Release the clerk exam notification on April 2021, and the online application closed on May 2021. SBI announced that the preliminary exam of SBI Clerk 2021 has been postponed due to a corona virus pandemic. It consists of two stages called Preliminary and Main Exam. Preliminary Exam: In Preliminary, 100 questions are asked from English:30, Quantitative: 35, Reasoning:35 each has one mark for one hour. For every wrong answer 0.25 marks detective as negative marking. Main Exam: In Main Exam, 190 questions are asked from Quantitative: 50, English:40, Reasoning and Computer Awareness: 50, Banking and General Awareness: 50 for 2.40 hours. Negative marks are applied the same as the preliminary exam. After two stages of the exam, a merit list is prepared and the final result will be announced for the job posting. SBI Clerk Exam Syllabus The following table have a detailed syllabus of the SBI Clerk Preliminary Exam: The following table has a detailed syllabus of the SBI Main Exam: SBI Clerk Exam 2021 State Bank Of India released the notification for the clerk post on April 26th and the online application was opened from April 27th to May 2021. SBI Preliminary exam will be postponed and expected in June 2021 tentatively. Aspirants can download their application form status details or any information about the exam from the official website of the State Bank of Exam. Recommended Articles This is a guide to SBI Clerk Exams. Here we discuss the introduction, syllabus and SBI clerk exam 2021 for better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Banking Exam Books Banking Exam Eligibility Banking Exam Age Limit Banking Exam Preparation

read more

SBI PO Exam

Introduction To SBI PO Exam State Bank India conducts the national level examination to select the right candidates for the post of probationary officers in various branches of the bank. The notification for this year is released soon on the official website of the state bank of India. SBI Probationary exam has three stages called SBI Preliminary Exam, SBI Main Exam, and Interview. SBI is one of the reputed organizations in India, so a large number of candidates apply for this which results in high competition. Aspirants who want to appear for the SBI PO Exam, need to know the exam syllabus, exam pattern, exam dates, that are listed below. Key Takeaways It is one of expected exam for who want to pursue their carrier in the banking sector. All stages of the exam will be conducted online except group exercise and interview. It has two types, as Objective type and the Descriptive type. This article explains all about exam very useful to get posting in SBI. SBI PO Exam Pattern It has three stages, first two stages are conducted online, first stage is called the preliminary exam, questions are asked as objective type. The full detail of the preliminary exam is tabulated below: Main exam has two-stage is called objective test and descriptive test. The full detail of the SBI PO Main Exam is tabulated below: The third stage of the exam is group exercise and interview, group exercise having 20 marks and the interview has 30 marks. Marks are obtained in the Main exam will be added into the interview phase and the merit list prepared accordingly for the final selection. SBI PO Exam Date And Selection Process For 2021 to 2022 will be expected in September 2021 tentatively. It has two sections called Preliminary and main exam it will be conducted online. After that, the interview will be conducted for the final selection of the post. SBI Preliminary Exam: This is the initial stage of the exam to test the aspirant's general knowledge. It has multiple choice questions conducted for one hour. Questions are asked from English language, Reasoning ability, Quantitative Aptitude. In the preliminary exam, the only overall cut-off will be considered, which means there is no sectional cutoff. SBI PO Mains: Aspirants who clear SBI preliminary exam, will be called for the SBI PO Main Exam. It has two stages, in the first stage, multiple-choice questions were asked from English, Reasoning, Quantitative Aptitude, Computers, General awareness including banking knowledge. Once finish the objective test, the second stage of SBI PO Mains called the Descriptive Test will be conducted immediately, it has 50 marks. A merit list is prepared category-wise based on total marks scored in the main exam. SBI Interview: Candidates who clear SBI PO Main Exam will be called for the interview. This stage is the main deciding factor for final selection. The final selection will be prepared based on the SBI Main PO Exam and interview. SBI PO Exam Syllabus Detailed syllabus of Preliminary Exam is tabulated below: Detailed syllabus of Main Exam is tabulated below: Recommended Articles This is a guide to SBI PO Exam. Here we discuss the introduction, exam pattern, exam date, selection process and syllabus. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Banking Exam Books Banking Exam Eligibility Banking Exam Age Limit Banking Exam Preparation

read more

CAT Exam Benefits

Introduction To CAT Exam The following article provides an outline for CAT Exam Benefits. CAT [Common Admission Test] Exam structured by the IIMs [Indian Institute of Management] and CAT Exam is the computer-based MBA Entrance test to get admission for business administration programs in IIMs. CAT Exam is conducted by every year on a rotational basis. CAT Exam is one of the highly competitive exams and nearly 3 lakhs students participate every year. Apart from the IIMs, CAT is also a prerequisite exam to get admission to other famous management colleges in India. The CAT Exam consists of MCQs and Non-MCQ’s from Quantitative Ability, Verbal Ability, Reading Comprehension, Reasoning and Data Interpretation. Key Takeaways CAT Exam is an important exam for those who want to get admission to management courses in IIMs or reputed B-Schools institutions. CAT Exam is a computer-based aptitude exam conducted by IIM, consisted of 100 questions from the three sections like Quantitate Aptitude, Logical Reasoning, Reading Comprehension, and Data Interpretation. Persons who have completed their post-graduate in IIMs are getting a very good job with a high salary in a reputed organization. Pursuing MBA in IIMs also helpful to the candidates to start a new business program in the future. CAT Exam Benefits Common Admission Test is structured by IIMs, computer-based management aptitude test to shortlist the candidates for postgraduate programs. IIMs provide high-quality education in management courses so that the competition of the exam is high. The main advantage of the CAT Exam is, aspirants can utilize their scores to get admission in IIMs as well as several other reputed colleges in India. CAT Exam gives admission in reputed institutions, which is helpful to get a very good job with a high salary. The job opportunity was also available in different sectors like Marketing, Finance, Advertising, Consulting, Strategy, etc. If you have done MBA in IIMs, or reputed B-Schools, which is helpful to increase your ability to get seed capital for starting a new business. CAT Exam Duration Here we will see all CAT Exams like Exam Patterns, Exam Duration, etc. The detail of Exam is tabulated below: Sr. No Topic Details 1 CAT Exam Total Questions 100 2 Total Marks in CAT Exam 300 3 Number of sections in CAT Exam Three 4 Exam Duration in CAT Exam 180 Minutes (3 hours) 5 Sections of CAT Exam Verbal Ability and Reading Comprehension, Logical Reasoning and Data Interpretation, Quantitative Aptitude CAT Exam Syllabus mainly focused on middle school topics of Mathematics, and English, some logical reasoning questions. The section-wise CAT Syllabus is pointed below: Quantitative Aptitude: This section mainly covered middle-class school topics from 8-10 like geometry, number system, algebra, etc. Logical Reasoning and Data Interpretation: This section is standard and questions are asked from the direction-based questions, find out the arrangement of seating, etc, and in the data interpretation section question are mostly from data caselets and graphs. Reading Comprehension and Verbal Ability: In this section, some paragraphs are given and questions are asked from that paragraphs, and some questions are asked from grammar such as correct the correct sentence, complete the sentence, etc. CAT Exam Result CAT Exam Result available on the official website of IIMCAT, candidates need to log in with the help of CAT login ID and download scorecard as well. The CAT Scorecard contains the details like used id/ registration number, candidates name, category, gender, date of birth, date and time of examination, contact details, email id, CAT overall score, CAT section-wise score, CAT Section-wise percentile score, and CAT overall percentile score. After the declaration of CAT Result, the qualified candidate's inviter for Written Ability Test, and Group Discussion, Personal Interview rounds. Recommended Articles This is a guide to CAT Exam Benefits. Here we discuss the introduction, CAT exam duration and exam result for better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Cat Exam Preparation CAT Exam for MBA CAT Exam Syllabus CAT Exam

read more

CAT Exam Subjects

Introduction To CAT Exam The following article provides an outline for CAT Exam Subjects. CAT exam conducted by IIM every year as an assessment test for MBA admissions. Last year, CAT 2020 was conducted by IIM Indore and this year IIM Ahmedabad has a got chance to conduct this national level entrance test. Millions of applicants appear for the test and many of them achieve their dream education course with dedication and hard efforts. The CAT exam generally contains three sections: Verbal Ability and Reading Comprehension (VARC) Data Interpretation and Logical Reasoning (DILR) Quantitative Aptitude (QA) The type of question paper is multiple-choice questions (MCQs) and non-MCQs. Key Takeaways If you are planning to design your career with an MBA stream, then you have to clear the first step of the CAT test. Prepare a comprehensive strategy to conquer the mission of MBA CAT 2021 with striking scores. The exam subjects for CAT are fixed and the weightage of each section in the exam paper will be decided by the conducting body by seeing the situation of the pandemic. The exam pattern of 2020 can be seen as a benchmark. Although the authorized website does not publish the syllabus of the CAT exam, some questions may come as a surprise. Be clear with the basics and you will do it. CAT Exam Subjects As mentioned above, the CAT exam is covered by three sections and these sections are based on 9th to 12th basic concepts of algebra, geometry, english, and mathematics. The Verbal Ability and Reading Comprehension section have the following type of questions: Grammar Fill in the blanks Correction in sentences Synonyms and antonyms Verbal reasoning Odd sentence out One-word substitution Summary questions Reading comprehension The Data Interpretation and Logical Reasoning section will cover the following types of questions: Number and letter series Matching Binary logic Calendars, clocks Line, pie charts Bar, column graphs Blood relations Connectives Venn diagrams Seating arrangements The Quantitative Ability section is based on the following concepts: Time, work equations Ratios and proportion Profit and loss and discount Number system LCM and HCF Logarithms Averages Surds and indices Sequences and series Simple and compound interest Trigonometry Probability Permutation, combination Set theory So, the entire exam is divided into the following subjects: Commercial mathematics Algebra and arithmetic English vocabulary and grammar Logical reasoning Comprehension reading CAT Exam Details The question paper used to include 100 questions and the time duration was 180 minutes. Due to Covid-19 situations, there are restrictions and the norms have changed. So, the conducting body has reduced the total questions to 76, and the time duration to 120 minutes. Here is the structured form of questions and its nature across the sections: Exam Sections MCQs Non-MCQs Total Questions Verbal Ability and Reading Comprehension 21 5 26 Data Interpretation and Logical Reasoning 18 6 24 Quantitative Aptitude 20 6 26 This is the pattern of the CAT 2020 Exam. For regular exams the weightage of each section is described in the below table: Exam Sections MCQs Non-MCQs Total Questions Verbal Ability and Reading Comprehension 27 7 34 Data Interpretation and Logical Reasoning 24 8 32 Quantitative Aptitude 24 10 34 CAT Exam Benefits As CAT is the primary exam to seek admission for MBA and PGDM, candidates need to clear with a good score to get admission. Almost all IIMs see this test as a filter to select their candidates for the MBA course. So, if you are willing to take admissions in any of the IIM institutes in India then, CAT is mandatory for you. Also, 1200 non-IIMs but renowned B-schools accept the CAT score for admission prime criteria. As IIMs and leading B-schools have tie-ups with big corporate companies, you can get better exposure after completing the degree or in the last year’s campus selection. So, clear the CAT with a good score and get admitted to the top schools. Recommended Articles This is a guide to CAT Exam Subjects. Here we discuss the introduction, CAT exam details and benefits for better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Cat Exam Preparation CAT Exam for MBA CAT Exam Syllabus CAT Exam

read more

RRB JE Syllabus

Introduction To RRB JE Syllabus The following article provides an outline for RRB JE Syllabus. Railway Recruitment Board (RRB) Junior Engineer exams are conducted by the Indian railway for the recruitment of candidates with science and engineering backgrounds for technical posts. The RRB is responsible for recruit staff for technical positions. The RRB JE exam is conducted for the posts listed below: Junior Engineer Junior Engineer (IT) Depot Material Superintendent (DMS) Chemical and Metallurgical Assistant (CMA) Key Takeaways The nature of the RRB JE exam is objective-type multiple-choice questions based on general awareness, mathematics, general intelligence, and reasoning. The examination consists of objective-type questions, each correct answer will be rewarded one mark, for every wrong answer 0.33 of the marks will be deducted. Candidates should start the preparation of railway exams as RRB has released the updated exam schedule for 2021. RRB JE Exam Pattern The RRB JE exam pattern consist of mainly 4 stages: First stage of the computer-based test (CBT-1) Second stage of the computer-based test (CBT-2) Document verification Final selection RRB JE Syllabus For 2021 Subjects are different for both stages of CBT as per the RRB syllabus for 2021. 1. Syllabus of CBT-1 Subject Syllabus Mathematics Indian and International Number Systems, BODMAS Rules, Algebraic Numbers, LCM and HCF, Decimals, Fractions, Percentages, Profit and Loss, Time and Work, Time and Distance Simple and Compound Interest, Geometry and Trigonometry, Statistics, Square Root, Calculations of Age, Calendar and Clock, Pipes and Cistern, Ratio and Proportion, Mensuration. General Intelligence and Reasoning Numerical Operations, Number Series and Alphabetical Series, Coding and Decoding, Family Relationships, Venn Diagram, Decision Making Abilities, Similarities and Differences, Analytical reasoning, Classification, Directions, Syllogism and Analogies, Data Interpretation. General Science Physics, Chemistry, Life Science General Awareness Current Affairs, Indian Geography, Culture and History, Indian Politics and Constitution, Indian Economy, Sports. 2. Syllabus of CBT-2 Subject Syllabus General Awareness  Current Affairs, Indian Geography, Culture and History of India, Indian Economy, Environment. Physics & Chemistry, Life Science Up to 10th Standard CBSE syllabus. Basics of Computer and Applications Architecture of Computers, Input and Output Devices, Storage Devices, Networking, Operating Systems, Various Data Representation, Internet and Computer Virus. Basics of Environment and Pollution Control Basics of Environment, Adverse Effect of Environmental Pollution and Control Strategies, Pollution, Waste Management, Global Warming.  3. RRB JE Syllabus - Technical Abilities As the RRB JE post deals with technical background candidates, the technical abilities are mentioned below. The syllabus has been divided in accordance with the RRB JE posts available in the exam. a. Mechanical Engineering - JE 2021 Syllabus Engineering Mechanics Material Science Strength of Materials Machining Welding Grinding & Finishing Process Metrology Industrial Management Thermal Engineering b. Electrical Engineering - JE 2021 Syllabus Basic Concepts Circuit Law Magnetic Circuit AC Fundamentals Measurement and Measuring Instruments Electrical Machines Synchronous Machines Generation, Transmission and Distribution Estimation and Costing Utilization of Electrical Energy Basic Electronics c. Civil Engineering - JE 2021 Syllabus Mechanics Building Construction, Materials, Finishes, Maintenance and Drawing Construction of Substructure and Super Structure Structure of Mechanics and Theory Advanced Construction Techniques and Equipment Concrete Technology Concrete Structures Design and Steel Structure Engineering in Transportation, Environmental, Geotechnical and Irrigation Estimating and Costing Computer Aided Design Surveying Contracts and Accounts Hydraulics d. Electronics Engineering - JE 2021 Syllabus Basic Electrical Engineering Digital Electronics Linear Integrated Circuit Electronic Components, Materials, Devices and Circuits Data Communication, Network and Communication Engineering Microprocessor and Microcontroller Computer Programming e. Computer Science and Information Technology - JE (IT) 2021 Syllabus PC Software Computer Fundamentals in C Language Java Programming and System Programming Operating System using LINUX Computer Organization Information Systems Software Engineering Data Structure C Language Fundamentals in Database Management System (DBMS) Web Technologies with Programming System Analysis and Design Network Communication f. CMA Exam Group 2021 Syllabus Light Heat Mechanics Modern Physics Environmental Chemistry Magnetism Electronics and Communications Matter Periodic Classification of Elements Chemical Reactions Chemical Bonding Carbon and its Compounds Acids and Bases, Salts Electricity & Electro Magnetism Metallurgy Units and Dimensions Measurements, Types of Errors in Measurements, Accuracy in Measurement Recommended Articles This is a guide to RRB JE Syllabus. Here we discuss the introduction, exam pattern and RRB JE syllabus for 2021 respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Railway Exam NTPC Railway Exam Eligibility Railway Exams for Engineers Railway Exam Books

read more

CAT Exam Date 2021

Introduction To CAT Exam The following article provides an outline for CAT Exam Date 2021. Every year IIM conducts an entrance examination for the 20 IIMs and several business schools in India. Similarly, this year too this examination is going to be conducted for the management aspirants. Here, we will see some key dates and other exam-related information that will help you in preparation for the examination. CAT Exam Date 2021 Now, let’s see what all important dates are there that are important from the perspective of this examination. As of now, no dates have been released yet however we will be looking at last year’s dates and get estimated dates for the events. Registration Start: The exam procedure starts with registration. All the interested candidates need to register at iimcat.ac.in and follow the process. In 2020, this began on Aug, 20 hence we can estimate that this year again it will commence in August. Registration Ends: Interested candidates must register themselves before the last date of registration. Last year registration ended on Sep 23, which means the registration window was open for more than 45 days. We can expect a similar pattern, this year too. Admit Card: After successful registration for the examination, admit card will be released and can be accessed from the official website. Last year, it was released on Oct 28. This year too it is expected in October. Exam Date: Finally, the main exam. Following all the previous year's trends, the exam is generally conducted at the end of November. A similar pattern can be expected this year too. Result: Again, following the trends, the results are announced in the initial days of January. CAT Exam Books Study material plays an important part in any exam preparation. CAT examination is no different in this case. Some specific books can be referred for your preparation. One very important thing to remember is that IIM does not have an official syllabus hence you cannot rely on one specific book. Your study preparation would be a blend of different study material. We will look into these books, section-wise for better understanding. First, let us see what all books are recommended for the preparation and with that, we will also learn where to find those books. Below you will find a few most recommended and most widely used books for all the sections. With the book's name, author, and publisher details, a shopping link is made available for your convenience. Apart from books, there are other sources such as newspapers, magazines, etc. where you can find study material, those will also be mentioned below. Verbal Ability And Reading Comprehension Book Name Authors Publisher Wren & Martin High School English Grammar and Composition Book (Regular Edition) Wren and Martin S. Chand How to Prepare for Verbal Ability and Reading Comprehension for CAT | 2020 Edition Arun Sharma & Meenakshi Upadhyay McGraw Hill Word Power Made Easy | 2020 Edition Norman Lewis Goyal Publishers Verbal Ability and Reading Comprehension for CAT| 2020 Edition Nishit K. Sinha Pearson Education Apart from these books, regularly read articles from newspapers such as The Hindu, Times of India to improve your understanding and knowledge of vocabulary, idioms, and phrases. You should also read books from different genres as it will help in reading comprehension. Books such as The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho, The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini will help you understand different writing techniques. Logical Reasoning And Data Interpretation Book Name Authors Publisher How to Prepare for Data Interpretation for CAT | 2019 Edition Arun Sharma McGraw Hill A Modern Approach to Logical Reasoning |2018 Edition R.S Aggarwal S. Chand Logical Reasoning and Data Interpretation | 2020 Edition Nishit K. Sinha Pearson Education Data Interpretation and Data Sufficiency | 2020 Edition Ananta Ashisha Arihant Publications Additionally, you should also read newspapers and business magazines as they contain charts and diagrams to represent certain data. It will improve your knowledge of different data and its interpretation. Quantitative Aptitude Book Name Authors Publisher Quantitative Aptitude for Competitive Examinations | 2021 Edition R.S Aggarwal S. Chand How to Prepare for Quantitative Aptitude for the CAT |2018 Edition Arun Sharma McGraw Hill Quantitative Aptitude Quantum Cat | 2020 Edition Sarvesh K. Verma Arihant Publications Quantitative Aptitude for CAT | 2020 Edition Nishit K. Sinha Pearson Education The above books can be brought from the given Link CAT Exam Books Apart from these books, also refer to the NCERT mathematics book from classes 6 to 10 for a better understanding of the basic math part. These books are easily available in offline stores or else you can download these books in PDF format from the official NCERT website. Just select the class, subject, and book title and download the required file. Mock Test Now, let’s see about mock tests and understand how mock tests help you score better in the main examination. What is a Mock Test: A mock test is a replica of the main examination and will help you understand the rules and regulations that will be followed during the actual You get to test yourself on your knowledge and time yourself for the examination. Efficiency: An entrance test is all about knowledge and how efficient you are in solving the exam and mock tests help you prepare to achieve this efficiency. The more correct questions are solved, the better chance you have to score more. Similarly, more mock tests are solved, you will be better prepared for the main examination. Accuracy: As we are already aware of the negative marking scheme in the CAT examination, it essential that all solved questions should be precise because a negative mark will affect the overall score. This preciseness can only be achieved with practice and solving mock tests. Strength and Weakness: A mock test will also help you determine your weaknesses and strengths. Not everyone will have proficiency over all the topics, therefore it is necessary to identify the strong and the weak points. A mock test will help you to identify these points and score better in the main examination. Prioritize: Identify the scoring topics. A plan should be set on how to solve the test paper. You should create a schedule and follow it religiously while solving the paper. It will help you to prioritize the questions and solve the test more efficiently. Mock tests are critical to scoring for any competitive or entrance examination. Hence, try to solve as many mock tests as possible. Add mock tests to your daily schedule, solve at least one mock test daily. Analyze your test results and check how you can improve on them. Create a question paper collection of the previous year's exam papers and solve each one of them. Any repeat question will save your time in the main examination. You can create your shortcuts to solve a certain type of question and mock test questions will help you test these methods. Now that you are aware of these details and the exam is date is almost there, let’s see a checklist of the things while you are going for the exam. 1. Your admit card is the most important thing. As stated at the start of the article, the admit card will be released in October end, let’s understand what all information will be available on your admit card: Application Number or Registration Number Name of the candidate Category PwD (People with Disabilities) Date & Time of the Test Test Session or Slot Test Venue Name and Address Reporting Time and Entry Time 2. Make sure that all these details are correct and confirm these details in advance so that there should not be any confusion on the day of the examination. 3. Carry an identity card issued by the Government of India, this is the next important document, you should carry. Do not forget these. 4. Along with these, carry your college ID card too in case it is requested to produce at the center. 5. Be at the center at the given reporting time so make sure you check the admit card for the reporting time and be there in time. 6. All the necessary stationery items should be checked before leaving for the examination and only carry permitted items. 7. As we are going through the pandemic make sure you carry all the sanitization material such as face mask or shield, hand sanitizer, etc. Conclusion - CAT Exam Date 2021 One more important thing is having a clear mind, do not stress too much about the examination. It is pretty common to feel stressed about such an examination however too much stress will demotivate you and can hamper your performance hence to cope with the stress you can meditate or do anything that relaxes your mind. In the end, religiously following a proper study schedule and the use of up-to-date study material will help you get a good score and there are no shortcuts to a good score. You should be motivated and determined to score better than the previous mock. The better the score in the mock, the better chances of scoring the main examination. Recommended Articles This is a guide to CAT Exam Date 2021. Here we discuss the introduction, CAT exam books and mock test for better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Cat Exam Preparation CAT Exam for MBA CAT Exam Syllabus CAT Exam

read more

CAT Exam Fees

Introduction To CAT Exam The following article provides an outline for CAT Exam Fees. CAT or Common Admission Test, is a mandatory entrance test for MBA or PGDM programs in more than 20 IIMs and 1200 leading business schools in India. CAT is conducted by the Indian Institute of Management on a rotational basis every year. IIM Indore conducted the test last year. As it is a computer-based test, the nature of the question paper is designed such that it contains MCQs and non-MCQs. Management courses are popular among the youth for securing a shining career. MBA is one of the hottest degrees accredited by companies also. So, many students look MBA as a career option for them. Scoring qualifying scores in CAT is a mandatory step for taking admission for MBA. CAT exam is conducted on computer-based structure and consists of three sections: Quantitative Aptitude Verbal Ability and Reading Comprehension Data Interpretation and Logical Reasoning Candidates can select up to 6 cities as CAT Exam center choice, also slots are increased from 2 to 3. Now slots are: Slot 1: 8.30 AM to 10.30 AM Slot 2: 12.30 PM to 2.30 PM Slot 3: 4.30 PM to 6.30 PM Key Takeaways CAT 2021 will open the gateway for seeking admission for MBA or PGDM. Every year almost 2 Lakh candidates appear for the exam and those who work hard secure their seats for their dream education. As top IIMs and 1200 B-schools accept this national level entrance test, students who want to enroll into these institutes must appear for the exam and should get the qualifying scores. Students who are dreaming to be hired by top companies after their MBA must start early preparation for CAT as IIM students are highly preferred by international MNCs. And passing the CAT is the first step of your dream journey. CAT Exam Eligibility As CAT is the gateway for MBA or PGDM courses, the minimum qualification criteria are graduation. The detailed eligibility criteria are: Candidates must have a bachelor’s degree with a minimum of 50% aggregate or equivalent CGPA from any recognized university. The minimum marks condition is lowered to 45% for SC, ST, PWD/DA category. Final year undergraduate students or students waiting for results are also eligible for CAT application. Students from the engineering stream should hold BTech. or B.E. degree with a minimum of 50% recognized by MHRD or AICTE. (45% for SC, ST, PWD candidates) CAT Exam Date The confirmed date for CAT Exam 2021 will be released by IIM in July 2021. Here is the tentative schedule: CAT 2021 Event CAT 2021 Dates Features CAT 2021 Notification Release July 2021 (Last Week) CAT 2021 official website will be live and the exam schedule will be declared. CAT 2021 Registration Start August 2021 (First Week) Students can start the online registration. CAT 2021 Registration End September 2021 (Third Week) Registration process will end for all categories of students. CAT 2021 Admission Card October 2021 (Last Week) Students can download the exam admit card from the CAT website till the exam date. CAT 2021 Mock Test November 2021 (First Week) Only registered candidates can appear for the mock test. CAT 2021 Exam Date 28 November 2021 (Tentatively) Exam will be conducted in online mode in 156 cities. CAT 2021 Result Declaration January 2022 (First Week) Students can download the scores from the CAT website. CAT Exam Fees Payment for CAT 2021 exam registration fees is expected to be done through online mode. Candidates can use any one of the suitable options from net banking, credit card, debit card. The fees for category wise candidates are noted in following table: Category CAT 2021 Exam Application Fees General/ NC-OBC INR 2000 SC/ST INR 1000 PwD/DA INR 1000 Recommended Articles This is a guide to CAT Exam Fees. Here we discuss the introduction, CAT exam eligibility and exam date for better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Cat Exam Preparation CAT Exam for MBA CAT Exam Syllabus CAT Exam

read more

Railway Group D Exam

Introduction To Railway Group D Exam The following article provides an outline for Railway Group D Exam. RRB (Railway Recruitment Board) is the department under the Government of India that recruits employees (Group C and Group D non gazetted civil service) to work in Indian Railway. Every year close to 50 Lakh - 1 crore candidates apply for RRB exams to work in one of the world’s largest railway systems and be part of it. But the hard part is that there are only a few vacancies present to fill up the seats. Different types of exams conducted by RRB are: ALP (Assistant Loco Pilot) and Technician RRB NTPC (Non-Technical Popular Categories) RRB SSC|JE (Junior Engineer) RRB Group D exam Key Takeaways RRB conducts Group D exam for technical and non-technical posts as helpers, assistants, etc. This exam has the highest vacancies compared to other RRB exams. The exam pattern consists of Computer-Based Test, Physical Efficiency Test, and Document Verification. The exam difficulty will be comparatively easier compared to other exams and the syllabus will be of class 10th CBSE board. Official Website: http://www.rrbcdg.gov.in/ RRB Group D RRB conducts Group D exam for the posts of helpers, keepers, assistants, sweepers etc in the field of both technical and non-technical fields. There are over 1 lakh vacancies in Group D exam. Similar to other RRB exams, for group D also candidates are hired by computer-based test. Group D Exam Date The notification for Group D exam was given in February 2019, because of unforeseen circumstances the exam was delayed for 1 year. According to the latest information, the exam will be conducted in April-June 2021 window. For additional info, kindly visit the official website Group D Exam Pattern The exam pattern for Group D consists of: Computer Based Test (CBT) Physical Efficiency Test (PET) Document Verification (DV) 1. Computer-Based Test This exam consists of 100 multiple-choice questions of each 1 mark. The wrong answer is penalized with 0.33 marks. After the CBT, candidates will be called for physical efficiency test based on the merit list. The merit list will be created based on the number of vacancies and usually, it is 3 times the number of vacancies. Mathematics (25 Questions) General Science (25 Questions) General Awareness and Current Affairs (20 Questions) General Intelligence and Reasoning (30 Questions) 2. Physical Efficiency Test PET is qualifying in nature. So, marks in this round will not be considered for selection. PET pattern is different for males and females. For Males: Candidates need to lift 35Kg weight for 100m in 2 minutes without putting it down. Candidates need to run for 1Km in 4:15 minutes on the first attempt. For Females: Candidates need to lift 20Kg weight for 100m in 2 minutes without putting it down. Candidates need to run for 1Km in 5:40 minutes on the first attempt. 3. Document Verification Once the final merit list is released, the candidates need to verify their documents like caste certificates, education certificates, etc. Once it is done, candidates will be followed with a medical test and they will be on board for Indian Railways. Candidates shortlisted will be equal to the number of posts available. Group D Exam Syllabus Given below is the group D exam syllabus: 1. Mathematics Syllabus Number System BODMAS Statistics Decimals Ratio and Proportion Mensuration Geometry Percentages Time and Work Fractions Compound Interest Profit and Loss Squares, Cubes, and Roots HCF/LCM Trigonometry Clocks Time and Distance Basic Algebra Calendars Trains etc 2. General Intelligence and Reasoning Coding and Decoding Series Directions Syllogisms Mathematical Operations Decision Making Venn Diagrams Statements Blood Relations Analogy Data Sufficiency Data Interpretation Analytical Reasoning Classification Conclusions Logical Reasoning etc 3. General Science: Class 10th syllabus Physics, Chemistry and Life Science (CBSE). 4. General Awareness: Current affairs in Sports, Culture, Science and Technology, Economics, Politics, etc. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Railway Group D Exam. Here we discuss the introduction, exam date, exam pattern and group D exam syllabus respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Railway Exam NTPC Railway Exam Eligibility Railway Exams for Engineers Railway Exam Books

read more

Banking Exam Details

Introduction To Banking Exam Banking exams are one of the prestigious job profiles in India. The craze of getting into one is increasing among the youths every year. Because of this, the competition for the exam is increasing year on year with higher cut off. The candidates who have planned and executed well in the preparation has the edge in passing the exam. Key Takeaways Banking exams are one of the prestigious job in India. Thus, competition for bank exams is very high. In India, banking exams are majorly IBPS, SBI, RBI, and private bank exams. Major profiles of banking sectors are PO, SO, Clerk, and Officers. Maintaining discipline and executing the plan is the master plan for preparing the exam with periodic monk exams and solving previous year question papers. Banking Exam Types The Indian bank exam is mainly conducted by: IBPS (Indian institute of banking and personnel section) SBI (State bank of India) RBI (Reserve bank of India) Others like insurance, Indian post payments, NABARD, etc. The recruitment for government banks/public sector units (PSU) is done by IBPS with an exception of SBI as they conduct their recruitment process. For private banks, they will usually recruit from campus placements and through job interviews. Candidates need to follows their websites to know about the vacancies and apply to the relevant posts. Probationary Officers (PO) Exam It is one of the famous and largest posts of bank exam. IBPS and SBI conduct this exam for the post of probationary officer which is a training program. Once the training is done, they will be moved to management profiles. IBPS conducts the exam officially in the name of CWE (common written exam). Some of the insurance companies and rural banks also recruit from this exam. Clerk Exam Similar to the PO exam IBPS and SBI conducts Bank Clerk exam for clerical roles. When you compare both clerk and PO posts, PO is superior to clerical and they supervise the clerks. Once candidate makes into the clerk exam, they can get promoted to PO role with experience. Specialist Officer (SO) Exam IBPS and SBI conduct SO exams for specialist officer posts. In PO, usually, an employee works in multiple departments but in SO, a person will be allocated to only one particular department. The posts will be minimal compared to PO but the posting locations will be in zonal areas, thus chances of posting in urban areas are high compared to PO. But growth-wise and experience-wise PO takes an advantage. Some of SO posts are: IT officer HR officer Law officer Marketing officer RBI Bank Exams RBI conducts their own exams i.e., RBI Assistant and RBI Grade B exams for the respective roles. The position will be very less but the applications will be very high. Usually, it will be in hundreds of seats and applicants will be in millions. Because of this, the competition becomes very intense and hard to crack. But RBI is the central bank and controls all other banks, getting into it is prestigious than all other exams. Exam Preparation Tips The exam is highly competitive. A candidate who maintains discipline and executes his daily plan will be able to crack the exam with minimum attempts Follow the 8-hour rule: Good practice is to spend 1 hour for newspaper and general awareness, 4 hours for Mains syllabus, and 3 Hours for prelims syllabus with frequent breaks. Study hard things at the silent hour: The silent hours refer to the midnight period (11 PM-2 AM) or early morning period (5 AM-7 AM). Based on the convenience, choose to study at silent hours. During that time, disturbances will be less and that silent environment makes the mind grasp quickly. Creating a checklist: Having a record as to what needs to be done every day with time slots and giving honest feedback will improve the study discipline. Given below is a draft to follow the timetable: Solving previous years questions: This will help to understand the pattern of questions and managing the time for writing the answers. Pattern repetition and the importance of certain topics can be easily identified. Solving monk exam: Creating an exam environment is essential to understand one’s anxiety levels, time management, and method of answering the questions. Self-evaluating with honest opinions will help to develop better. Banking Exam Dates The exam dates for bank exams are tentative, thus kindly reach out to the official website for final confirmation. Exam Name Exam Date IBPS PO 2021 Prelims Exam Date - October 9, 10, 11, 17 -2021 Mains Exam Date - November 27, 2021 SBI SO 2021 April 01 2021 IBPS RRB Officer 2021 Prelims - 1,7, 8, 14 and 21 August 2021 Mains Exam Date: Officers Scale I - September 25, 2021 Office Assistant - October 3, 2021 Officers Scale II and III - Single level exam on 25 September 2021 IBPS SO 2022 Preliminary Examination Date December 28th and 26th 2021 Mains Examination Date 30th January 2022 IBPS Clerk 2021 Preliminary Examination Date - 28, 29 Aug 2021, 4, 5 Sep 2021 Mains Examination Date - October 31 2021 SBI PO 2021 Preliminary Exam Date - June 01 2021 Mains Exam Date - July 01 2021 SBI Clerk 2021 Prelims - 1-6-2021 Mains - July 31, 2021 RBI Assistant 2021 Prelims - July 2021 Mains - August 2021 RBI Grade B 2021 Phase I Exam March 6, 2021 Phase II Exam March 31, 2021 April 1, 2021 Official Website: www.ibps.in https://www.sbi.co.in/web/careers https://opportunities.rbi.org.in/Scripts/Vacancies.aspx Recommended Articles This is a guide to Banking Exam Details. Here we discuss introduction, types, probationary officer & specialist officer exam, exam preparation tips & dates. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Banking Exam Books Banking Exam Eligibility Banking Exam Age Limit Banking Exam Preparation

read more

Banking Exams Qualifications

Introduction To Banking Exams Qualifications Banking exams are conducted to recruit Indian candidates for banking profiles. A bank exam is considered a highly valued job in India because of its decent salary, perks, and job security. Because of this, tons of candidates apply for bank exams every year. The competition is also very high for these exams, thus candidates spend years of their youth life in preparing for these exams and unfortunately only some can succeed. Here we will see the qualifications required for the bank exam. The rules will be more or less same for both PSUs and private banks. The following are the famous list of the PSUs and private banks in India. For private banks, kindly visit the official websites for understanding their qualification requirements. However, along with qualifications, private banks may also ask for experience, good college brand, high analytical skills etc. PSU Banks Private Banks Punjab National Bank Axis Bank Indian Bank Bandhan Bank State Bank of India City Union Bank Canara Bank Dhanlaxmi Bank Union Bank of India Federal Bank Indian Overseas bank HDFC Bank UCO Bank ICICI Bank Bank of Maharashtra IDBI Bank Punjab and Sind Bank IndusInd Bank Bank of India Karnataka Bank Central Bank of India Karur Vysya Bank Bank of Baroda RBL Bank Key Takeaways Eligibility criteria for bank exams are basically age, education and nationality. For reservations, age limit is relaxed based on criteria of Sc/St, OBC, PwD and Ex-service men. EWS category is been provided for economically weaker section where family having annual income less than 8 lakhs is considered. Eligibility Criteria Eligibility criteria for the bank exam are majorly 3 types: Age Limit Educational Qualifications Nationality 1. Age Limit Minimum: 20 years Maximum: 30 years There will be relaxations on upper age limit for reserved classes Sr. No Category Age Relaxation 1 Sc/St 5 years 2 OBC 3 years 3 Physically disabled 10 years 4 Ex-servicemen and related category 5 years 5 Domiciled in J&K 5 years 6 People from 1984 riots 5 years 2. Educational Qualifications A candidate needs to have graduated with a degree, recognized by the government of India. For SO profile, educational qualifications vary from profile to profile. The following table gives the information on those profiles: SO Post Educational Qualification IT Officer 4 years bachelor’s degree or master degree in computer science/computer applications/information technology/ electronics and telecommunications and related circuit branches. Agriculture filed officer 4-year degree in Agriculture/veterinary science/fishery and related branches. Rajbhasha Adhikari Scale I Post-graduation in Hindi/Sanskrit with English as a subject at graduation level. HR officer Post-graduation degree in HR branch. Law officer LLB degree and enrolled as an advocate. Marketing officer Full-time MBA or related course in marketing. 3. Nationality Must be a citizen of India. The subject of Nepal or Bhutan. Tibetan refugee. The person from Indian origin migrated from other countries like Pakistan, Burma, Sri Lanka, etc. Category Criteria Given below is the category criteria: 1. EWS Category Along with OBC, Sc/St, and other reservations there are one important criteria based on lower-income i.e., economically weaker section criteria. When the gross income of the whole family comes below 8 lakh annually, those are considered for the EWS category. A family having ancestorial assets will not be considered for EWS. These can be: 5 acres of agricultural land. Apartment or own house of 1000sq feet. Residential plots above 100sq yards. 2. PwD Category Physically disabled candidates are considered for the PwD category. These includes: Deaf /hearing problems Blindness/vision problems Mental illness and learning disability Person’s inability to execute activates with movement, disability of nervous system and orthopedically challenged person covering Leprosy cured person but suffering from: Loss of sensation of limbs Manifest deformity but having sufficient mobility in limbs to enable them Extreme physical deformity Cerebral palsy Dwarfism Muscular dystrophy Official Website: www.ibps.in https://www.sbi.co.in/web/careers https://opportunities.rbi.org.in/Scripts/Vacancies.aspx Conclusion - Banking Exams Qualifications Thus, the following article concludes banking exams qualifications in detail. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Banking Exams Qualifications. Here we discuss the introduction, eligibility criteria and category criteria respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Banking Exam Books Banking Exam Eligibility Banking Exam Age Limit Banking Exam Preparation

read more

Banking Exams Subject

Introduction To Banking Exams Subject The following article provides an outline for Banking Exams Subject. Banking exams are one of the most chosen domains as a government job by Indians. The job security, good salary, perks, and less stress job compared to typical corporate job are some of the good sides of banking sector. It adds value to the person in society and will understand the importance of financial knowledge required for life. Youths usually get fed up once they find the corporate job is stressful and sometimes pay is less for the effort and job they do. Also, some people would have chosen the wrong course for graduation, and they will realize after they finish the college or while working. For these kinds of people, banking sector is one good option because of stability, and they have chance of coming out of that path. The major reason for taking this path compared to other exams is because of exam syllabus. The syllabus pattern is simplified and easily adaptable to all kinds of stream which makes banking exam the priority choice for most aspirants. Key Takeaways The banking exam pattern will of 3 tiers i.e., preliminary, mains and interview. All are multiple-choice questions in an online exam with a negative marking of 0.25 for wrong answers. There is an exception in essay and letter writing where it is descriptive answers. Candidates will be evaluated on all 3 exams and the final merit list will be generated and selected for the particular post. The syllabus will be almost the same for all the exams except for SO profiles, specific subjects will be present. Exam Pattern Bank exam pattern will be usually 3 tiers. Preliminary Exam Pattern Main’s Exam Final Interview 1. Preliminary Exam Pattern Sr. No Description No. Of Questions Marks Time 1 English 30 30 20 min 2 Quantitative aptitude 35 35 20 min 3 Reasoning 35 35 20 min Total 100 100 60 min Candidates need to score minimum cutoff for each section for entering into the mains exam. 2. Mains Exam Sr. No Description No. Of Questions Marks Time 1 Reasoning and computer 45 60 60 min 2 General awareness 40 40 35 min 3 English 35 40 40 min 4 Data analysis and interpretation 35 60 45 min 5 English (essay and letter writing) 2 25 30 min Total 157 225 3.5 hours It is to be noted that all questions except essay and letter writing are multiple-choice questions. Negative marking of 0.25 will be deducted for wrong answer. If left blank, then there will not be any deductions. The scores from these exams will be normalized by the Equi-percentile method and rankings are listed. Then based on the posts available and marks scored by the candidates, a cutoff score will be generated Note: For the post of SO exam, there are slight changes in the subject and timings for each exam category, kindly visit the official website for more information. For RBI and other exams, the pattern will be more or less the same but with some extra subjects based on the specified profile in the mains exam. However preliminary exam pattern will remain the same. 3. Final Interview Candidates who have qualified mains exam will be called for an interview at their specified centers. The final interview scores will be added to online exams and they add up to 100. The minimum qualifying marks will be 40% and the interview and exam scores are added in the ratio of 20:80. Thus final merit list will be generated and candidates will be called on board based on their ranks. Subjects In Banking Exam The overview of subjects and syllabus is given below. For a detailed syllabus kindly visit the official website. Quantitative aptitude Reasoning English General awareness Specific subjects in SO profiles for mains exam Reasoning Ability Problem-solving Analysis Judgment Decision making Visual memory Coding/Decoding Spatial visualization Similarities and differences Relationship concepts Statement & conclusion Reasoning Quantitative Aptitude Number systems Percentage Ratio and proportion Square roots Averages Interests Profits and loss Discount Mixtures and allegations Time and distance Time and work Geometry & mensuration Trigonometry Tables Logarithm and exponents English and Comprehension Synonyms Antonyms Grammar Essay writing Tenses Sentences Passages Substitution Letter writing Paragraph completion Computer Knowledge Hardware and networking Computer languages Basics of computer OS Cloud Input-output devices Microsoft office Computer languages Internet Shortcut keys General Awareness Basics of banking Current affairs about economy General knowledge Financial knowledge Financial institutions and their HQs IT Officer Scale 1 OOPs Database management system Software engineering Data structures Embedded systems Computer organizations Agriculture Officer Basics of agriculture Irrigation and seed technology Soil resources Animal husbandry Government schemes and economics Ecology and agroforestry Marketing Officer Basics of marketing Brand management Advertising, CSR Product life cycle management Market research and forecasting Retail business and ethics Law Officer Consumer protection act Banker book evidence act Banking ombudsman Prevention of money laundering act Banking regulations Debt recovery tribunals act HR/Personnel Officer Human resource development Rewards and recognition Business and strategic analysis Conflict management Recruitment & selection Training & development Official Website: www.ibps.in https://www.sbi.co.in/web/careers https://opportunities.rbi.org.in/Scripts/Vacancies.aspx Recommended Articles This is a guide to Banking Exams Subject. Here we discuss the introduction, exam pattern and subjects in banking exam respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Banking Exam Books Banking Exam Eligibility Banking Exam Age Limit Banking Exam Preparation

read more

What Is CAT Exam?

Introduction To What Is CAT Exam? The following article provides an outline for What Is CAT Exam? Have you made up your mind to be an MBA professional, then there are vast career opportunities across sectors waiting for you. To be an MBA professional, the first step is to clear the entrance test. The entrance test determines your admissions for MBA. CAT or common entrance test conducted by the Indian Institutes of Management (IIM) on a rotational basis. It is a computer-based entrance test that serves as a gateway for 20 IIMs and 1200 B-schools in India. The lucrative opportunities for MBA profile forcing a large number of students to go for MBA. The CAT 2020 was applied by 2.30 Lakhs candidates and 1.90 candidates actually appeared for the exam. CAT is a highly competitive exam that opens doors for your MBA dreams. The nature of the exam is aptitude contains multiple-choice questions and non-multiple-choice questions. It evaluates the students’ capability for verbal ability and reading comprehension, logical reasoning, quantitative ability. Key Takeaways CAT 2021 is the first step in the MBA journey and achieving your dream career. With 100% dedication and hard work, candidates can make the dream comes true. The MBA professionals have bright career opportunities after the course completion across the globe. Understanding the syllabus and exam pattern, candidates can prepare themselves for the challenging exam. Preparation For CAT 2021 Exam CAT exams span a vast canvas so students need to take adequate time for preparation. As the tentative exam date for CAT 2021 is November 2021, this is the right time to start preparation. Tips For CAT 2021 Preparation: Understand the syllabus first before starting the preparation. Also, look into the exam pattern and marking scheme. Gather the material for studies like CAT books, aptitude test books. Make a steady timetable and stick to it in any case. Be active in social by joining relevant groups in social media to be updated about the CAT 2021. Your love for reading will give you the desired results. Improve vocabulary, sentence formation by reading newspapers, magazines, books. Be confident and ready to take extreme efforts. Take healthy food and do regular exercise and yoga. CAT 2021 Syllabus CAT exam syllabus remains the same for all years and is generally covers the topics of business aptitude and communication. Though the syllabus is vast, students can easily crack the test by taking efforts and dedication. The Verbal Ability and Reading Comprehension (VARC) is based on english grammar, verbal reasoning, and reading comprehension. The Quantitative Aptitude (QA) deals with basic concepts of arithmetic, geometry, and trigonometry of 9-10 class. The Data Interpretation and Logical Reasoning (DILR) tests the candidate’s capability through puzzles, tables, bar graphs. 1. CAT 2021 VARC Syllabus English Grammar Fill In The blanks Verbal Logic Sentence completion Antonyms Preposition Types of clauses Errors in tenses Article usage Phrase’s modifier Part of speech Jumbled paragraphs Subject-verb agreements Syllogism and analogies Reading comprehension Verbal ability questions are non-MCQs so student needs to type their answers, whereas, reading ability questions are all MCQs. 2. CAT 2021 QA Syllabus Algebra Geometric Progression Profit & Loss Logarithms Ratios and proportion Probability Binomial theorem Simple and compound interest Number system Sums on partnership Surds and indices Mean, mode, and medians QA questions are under both MCQ and non-MCQ categories. 3. CAT 2021 DILR Syllabus Data Arrangement Data Structure Data Sufficiency Family tree Blood relation Puzzles Bar, pie, and line graphs Binary logic Clocks and calendars Statements Seating arrangements Direction sense QA questions are both MCQ and non-MCQ categories. Important Dates Looking at the unfavorable situation due to the Covid-19 spread, IIM has issued the tentative exam dates for CAT 2021. CAT 2021 Dates Date (Tentative) CAT 2021 notification July 2021 (Last week) Online registration start date CAT 2021 August 2021 (First week) Online registration end date CAT 2021 September 2021 (Last week) Form correction CAT 2021 September 2021 (Last week) Admit card release date CAT 2021 October 2021 (Third week) CAT 2021 mock test release November 2021 (First week) CAT 2021 exam date November 2021 (Last week) CAT 2021 result declaration January 2022 (Second week) Conclusion - What Is CAT Exam? CAT exam is an important entrance test for every student who wishes to secure admission for a business management course in IIM or even in leading B-schools. Focus, take hard efforts and success is yours. Recommended Articles This is a guide to What Is CAT Exam? Here we discuss the introduction, preparation for CAT 2021 exam, syllabus and important dates respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Cat Exam Preparation CAT Exam for MBA CAT Exam Syllabus CAT Exam Fees

read more

NDA Previous Year Question Paper

Introduction To NDA The following article provides an outline for NDA Previous Year Question Paper. NDA or National Defence Academy is the prime academy that gives training for the candidates that are going to join one of the cadres of the Indian Defence. The institute is located at Khadakwasla, Pune in the state of Maharashtra.  What Is Defence NDA Exam? Defence NDA Exam is conducted by UPSC every year. This exam is held to scrutinize only capable candidates from the millions of applicants. The qualified candidates are trained for the Indian Army, Navy, Air Force, and Indian Naval Academy Course.  The conducting body conducts the exam twice a year as NDA-1 and NDA-2. The first stage is a written exam and qualified candidates from this written exam are called for an SSB interview. Key Takeaways Joining NDA is a dream of many Indian youngsters as the prestige and the pride they get after the uniform service is incomparable. NDA Exam is not an easy task and requires a lot of effort and practice. After passing the NDA exam only you can get entry into the academy. Aspiring candidates stretch themselves for the exam and look out for all possible alternatives to qualify through this exam. Referring to previous years exam papers offline or online is the best way to understand the complexity and structure of the exam. NDA Exam Date 2021 As UPSC has already released the schedule for NDA 2021, candidates need to mark the important dates. Sr. No Event Name NDA 2021 Exam-1 NDA 2021 Exam-2 1 Official Notification 30 December 2020 09 June 2021 2 Application Start Date 30 December 2020 09 June 2021 3 Application End Date 19 January 2021 29 June 2021 4 NDA Admit Card 31 March 2021 August 2021 5 NDA Written Exam Date 18 April 2021 14 November 2021 6 NDA 2021 Written Exam Result June 2021 December 2021 7 SSB Interview July to September 2021 January to April 2022 NDA Previous Year Question Paper Written paper of nature multiple-choice questions (MCQs) and is carried out using traditional pen and paper method. As the NDA written exam is based on a comprehensive syllabus, aspiring candidates need to understand the structure of the question paper before starting the preparation. The best way is to refer to the previous year’s question papers. The nature of the NDA Exam is: Exam Paper Duration Marks Mathematics 2.30 Hours 300 General Ability Test 2.30 Hours 600 Candidates will get previous years NDA question paper along with answers online in pdf format. The conducting body UPSC has facilitated the candidates with old exam papers on the website. Candidates can visit the link: https://www.upsc.gov.in/examinations/previous-question-papers/archives?field_exam_name_value=National Defence Academy Download the exam papers. Other useful links are: https://www.upsc.gov.in/examinations/previous-question-papers?field_exam_name_value=National Defence Academy https://www.jagranjosh.com/articles/upsc-nda-na-ii-2-2019-download-previous-year-papers-of-maths-general-ability-test-in-pdf-1571309701-1 NDA Sample Papers: Referring to NDA Sample papers is always beneficial as it is the best preparation practice. Here are the benefits of referring NDA Sample papers: Students should follow the exam solving guidelines and rehearse the sample NDA papers so that they will get a better idea about the pattern of the exam. Students solve NDA sample papers within the given fixed time. This will help the candidates to improve time management skills. The other study material regarding NDA will enable the candidates to have a look at important topics in a quick way. Students can tally their solved question paper with the answer sheet provided and can evaluate their performance. With the marks obtained, they can get to figure out which areas they need to still improve until the main exam. Conclusion - NDA Previous Year Question Paper Thus in the following article we saw NDA previous year question paper in detail. Recommended Articles This is a guide to NDA Previous Year Question Paper. Here we discuss the introduction, what is defence NDA exam? exam date 2021, sample papers. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – NDA Admit Card NDA Exam NDA Full Form NDA Syllabus

read more

NDA Qualification

Introduction To NDA Qualification The following article provides an outline for NDA Qualification. According to the Supreme Court verdict, women applicants can now apply for the NDA Exam. NDA Exam is conducted by the UPSC authorities and is held in 75 different cities across cities. Candidates after qualifying from the NDA Exam are allowed to take the required training for admission in one of the cadres of Indian Defence. What Is Defence NDA Exam? Defence NDA Exam is a qualifying exam for the aspirants who want to join the Indian Armed Forces, Indian Navy, Indian Air Force wings of Indian Defence. The conducting body conducts the exam twice a year. The nature of the NDA Exam is multiple-choice questions. Mathematics ability of 2.30 hours duration. GAT paper of 2.30 hours duration. Key Takeaways If you are willing to join Indian Defence Services, then NDA is the golden gate. Qualify through the challenging NDA Exam and get ready for the intense training that will open the gates of the cadres of the Indian defence. Only male candidates were allowed to apply for the NDA exam but now women candidates will also be able to apply for the NDA Exam. Youngsters at an early age who joins the NDA will get the chance to serve the country. As the candidates who join NDA are commissioned to higher posts after completing the training, many candidates prefer this way over the traditional GD-based hiring. NDA Exam Qualification Given below is the NDA Exam Qualification: Sr. No Defence Cadre Academics Qualification 1 Armed force wing of NDA XII or equivalent exam passed from a recognized board. 2 Indian navy or air force and for 10 2 cadet scheme at INA XII or equivalent exam passed with Physics and Mathematics subjects. Eligibility Of NDA Exam The eligibility of the NDA exam has many factors like age, educational qualification, marital status, and many others. According to NDA eligibility criteria, unmarried male and female candidates are allowed to apply for the NDA exam after completion of the 12th or equivalent exam. Detailed criteria are mentioned below based on different factors: NDA Eligibility Criteria: 1. Nationality If you are willing to apply for the NDA Exam, then basic criteria of eligibility are: The candidates must be: A citizen of India. A subject of Nepal or Bhutan. A Tibetan refugee relocated to India before 01 January 1962 with the permanent settlement aim. A person of Indian origin or PIO from the countries: Burma, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Zambia, Malawi, Zaire, East African Countries of Kenya, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Vietnam, Ethiopia. 2. NDA Eligibility Age There is a specific age criterion to get qualified for NDA Exam 2021. Age limit is mentioned below: NDA Exam 1: Candidates born not before 02 July 2001 and not after 01 January 2005 are applicable for NDA Exam-1. NDA Exam 2: Candidates born not before 02 January 2002 and not after 01 January 2005 are applicable for NDA Exam-2. The birth date mentioned on the 10th and 12th passing certificates will be taken into a grant for verification. Candidates will be asked to submit these certificates after the result declaration of the written exam. Recommended Articles This is a guide to NDA Qualification. Here we discuss the introduction, NDA exam qualification and eligibility for better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – NDA Syllabus NDA Full Form NDA Exam NDA Age Limit

read more

NDA Registration

Introduction To NDA The following article provides an outline for NDA Registration. NDA is the abbreviation of National Defence Academy, the academy is located in Khadakwasla in the Pune city of Maharashtra. NDA is established on 7 December 1954 with the aim of training the candidates who are willing to join the defence services. Thus, to scrutinize the candidates, the NDA exam is held by UPSC twice every year. From the year 2021, the Indian Government has allowed women to appear for the exam. What Is Defence NDA Exam? NDA Exam is the opening door for the candidates before joining the respective cadre of the Indian Defence. The exam is carried out in multiple-choice questions form and the traditional pen-paper method. The exam is divided into two phases: Written exam based on general aptitude, mathematical ability SSB interview The candidates qualified from both these phases are required to appear for a medical test. Key Takeaways Every candidate willing to join Indian Defence services needs to undergo rigorous training at NDA. This training is required to evaluate the candidate on various criteria like general aptitude, mathematical ability, medical tests. Till date, only male candidates were allowed to appear for the NDA Exam. But from the year 2021, women can also appear for the NDA exam. The online applications are accepted from the candidates and they need to follow certain steps to complete the NDA registration process. Be ready with the required documents and step up towards your dream of watching yourself in uniforms and serving the country. NDA Application Form 2021 The conducting body UPSC has already released an important date advertisement for the NDA Exam 2021. The test is conducted offline, students need to fill the application form through the online method. NDA exam is popular among youngsters as it gives an opportunity to serve the country. NDA Exam 2021 is being held for 400 vacancies across the three cadres of the Indian Defence. As UPSC holds the NDA exam twice a year, the eligible candidates need to wait for the release of the application form notification. NDA exam 2 application form has been already issued on 09 June 2021 along with the end date of 29 June 2021. The application fee for the exam is INR 100 for general, OBC candidates and candidates belonging to SC, ST will get exempted from the exam fee payment. The NDA application form process is simple and involves some easy steps. Registration Of NDA Given below is the registration process of NDA: Step 1: Candidate Registration The selection process starts with NDA Registration. In this phase, candidates are asked to provide details like name, address, gender, birth date, aadhar card number, marital status, fee remission allowed. Qualification can be selected by using a drop-down menu. Step 2: Select The Branch Preference Applicants are enabled to choose their preferences from the Indian Armed Forces, Indian Navy, Indian Air Force. They need to rank the preferences from 1 to 4. Many students are applied from Sainik or Military School, or the son of JCO/NCO/or other rank officers. Those need to specify the details. Step 3: Verification Of Details NDA application form verification is important and students are given one chance to verify all the details entered in the step-1 registration page. After checking the terms and conditions check box and submission of this page, no details can be altered. Step 4: Creation Of Registration ID The system automatically creates a unique ID for each applicant and sent to the registered email ID. Step 5: Complete The Fee Payment Applicants are allowed to pay the fees using any of the credit/debit card/net banking/cash methods. Applicants who prefer to pay using the cash method need to take a printout of the system-generated Pay-in receipt. Applicants need to visit the nearest SBI Branch to pay the fees on the next working day. These fees are non-refundable. Step 6: Select Your Preferred Exam Centre NDA exam is conducted across 75 exam centres so candidates have the freedom of choosing the preferred exam centre. Selection of three locations is allowed. Exam centre is allocated on first-apply-first-allot policy. Step 7: Upload Your Photo & Signature Candidates are needed to upload a scanned copy of the photo, signature, and identity card. Candidates need to check the specifications before uploading the documents. Conclusion - NDA Registration Thus in the following article we saw NDA Registration in detail. Recommended Articles This is a guide to NDA Registration. Here we discuss the introduction, NDA application form 2021 and registration process respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – NDA Qualification NDA Previous Year Question Paper NDA Syllabus NDA Exam

read more

NDA Requirements

Introduction To NDA The following article provides an outline for NDA Requirements. NDA opens the doors for the candidates willing to join Indian Defence Services. The academy is responsible for thorough training of qualified candidates before they actually join one of the cadres of Indian Defence. The well-prepared candidates will be able to join from one cadre from the Indian Army, Indian Navy, Indian Air Force after complete training at NDA. UPSC, the conducting body of the NDA Exam has already issued a notification about the NDA Exam 2021. From this year, Supreme Court has allowed female candidates to apply for the NDA Exam 2021. There is news that UPSC may reopen the application window for NDA Exam 2. Yet the news needs proper confirmation. What Is Defence NDA Exam? Defence NDA Exam is there to scrutinize the millions of candidates and test their ability to join the Indian Defence Service. The entrance exam is divided into two papers namely Mathematics and General Aptitude Test. Each paper is of 2.5 Hours and the exam follows the traditional pen and paper method. Candidates need to speed up their preparation as the exam dates have been already declared. Key Takeaways Appearing for NDA Exam is an entry-point exam for joining the Indian Defence Services. Every year millions of candidates appear for the exam. Not all of them are able to fulfill the criteria given above as the academy has strict regulations about following the eligibility and requirement criteria. From the year 2021, female candidates are allowed to apply for the NDA Exams. To date, there are no specification criteria available for females as the entry was banned. National Defence Academy will soon issue a notification specifying the specification for female candidates after the final confirmation of the verdict. NDA Exam Preparation NDA Exam preparation starts with understanding the exam pattern, exam syllabus, marking scheme. Experts share some important preparation tips for the candidates: For the mathematics paper, candidates must be clear with the fundamentals. If you are lagging the basic concept clearing, solve as many problems as you can so that the method of problem-solving will get you a clear idea. Keep a tab on clock try to solve problems within the specified time maintaining accuracy. Solving previous year’s question papers have seemed useful. For the English section, try to enrich yourself with vocabulary and read English magazines, newspapers. For the General Aptitude current affair section, be updated with latest happening around in the country and in the world. Look at news of sports, cultural activities, arts. Have a glance at economic updates also. Requirements Of NDA Fulfilling the NDA Exam requirements is the primary step to appear for the NDA Exam. There are certain requirements that are mandatory to be fulfilled. 1. Gender Requirements With the verdict of the Supreme court, female candidates can now also apply for NDA requirements. Yet the interim order needs to be come out. 2. Nationality Candidate must fulfill either one condition of the following: Indian Citizenship. A subject of Nepal or Bhutan. Tibetan refugees settled with the aim of permanent settlement moved to India before 01 January 1962. Person of Indian origin migrated to India from below mentioned countries with the aim of permanent settlement Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Burma, Zambia, Vietnam, Ethiopia, Zaire, Malawi, Uganda, East African countries of Kenya, United Republic of Tanzania. 3. Age Limit And Marital Status Given below is the age limit and marital status: Minimum Age 15.7 years or 16 years during the commencement of course Maximum Age 18.7 years or 19 years during the commencement of course Marital Status Unmarried on commencement and till the end of training 4. Educational Qualification Given below is the educational qualification: For Indian Armed Forces Passing degree of 10 2 or equivalent degree from recognized board For Indian Navy And Indian Armed Forces, 10 2 Cadet Entry Scheme At INA Passing degree of 10 2 or equivalent degree with Physics and Mathematics 5. Height And Weight Requirements Minimum height requirement is 157 cms, 162.5 cms for the Air force. Candidates belonging to the north-eastern region of India and for Gorkhas, there is the exemption of 5 cms than the regular measurement. Candidates belonging to Lakshadweep Islands, there is the exemption in minimum height by 2 cms. Detailed chart for height and weight specifications: Height (Cms) Weight (Kg) 16-17 Years 17-18 Years 18-19 Years 152 42.5 44.0 45.0 155 43.5 45.3 47.0 157 45.0 47.0 48.0 160 46.0 48.0 49.0 162 48.0 50.0 51.0 165 50.0 52.0 53.0 167 51.0 53.0 54.0 170 52.5 55.0 56.0 173 54.5 57.0 58.0 175 56.0 59.0 60.0 178 58.0 61.0 62.0 180 60.0 63.0 64.5 183 62.5 65.0 66.0 Detailed chart for height and weight specifications for Indian Navy: Height (Cms) Weight (Kg) 16 Years 18 Years 20 Years 152 44.0 45.0 46.0 155 45.0 46.0 47.0 157 46.0 47.0 49.0 160 47.0 48.0 50.0 162 48.0 50.0 52.0 165 50.0 52.0 53.0 167 52.0 53.0 55.0 170 53.0 55.0 57.0 173 55.0 57.0 59.0 175 57.0 59.0 61.0 178 59.0 61.0 62.0 180 61.0 63.0 64.0 183 63.0 65.0 67.0 For air force, the specifications are: Specification Minimum Value Maximum Value Leg Length In Cms 99 120 Thigh Length In Cms NA 64 Sitting Height In Cms 81.50 96 Conclusion - NDA Requirements Thus in the following article we saw NDA Requirements in detail. Recommended Articles This is a guide to NDA Requirements. Here we discuss the introduction, exam preparation and requirements of NDA respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – NDA Qualification NDA Previous Year Question Paper NDA Full Form NDA Age Limit

read more

NDA Salary

Introduction To NDA The following article provides an outline for NDA Salary. If you are fascinated by uniforms then NDA is the best way to complete your dream. The NDA or National Defence Academy is the training institute for the Indian Armed Forces. Candidates from all three cadres Indian Army, Indian Navy, Indian Air Force get the required training before their actual inclusion in respective cadres. What Is Defence NDA Exam? The UPSC conducts a written exam for NDA applicants every year. This exam is followed by thorough interviews. The interview panel is comprised of Service Selection Board. This interview is based on general aptitude, physical and social skills, psychological skill tests followed by a medical test. For the year 2021, the UPSC has declared the date of November 14. This test will be conducted at 75 exam centres. In the year 2020, 5.30 Lakhs of aspirants applied for the exam and 2.4 Lakhs gave the exam. Key Takeaways NDA is the world’s first academy that gives training to the candidates for all three cadres of defence. The year 2021 is special for Indian country as women are allowed to appear for the written exam for the first time in history. The lucrative figures of the salary will attract many candidates towards NDA, but the figures come with heavy responsibilities also. As the candidates selected through NDA are commissioned on higher posts than the GD recruitments, candidates look at NDA as the door to enter the Indian Defence. NDA Salary NDA has a wide range of job profiles ranging from Lieutenant to COAs. Depending upon the profile, the salary range differs. Sr. No Grade Salary Per Month (In Rs) 1 Training Stipend 56,100 2 Lieutenant 56,100 – 1,77,500 3 Captain 61,300 – 1,93,900 4 Major 69,400 – 2,07,200 5 Lieutenant Colonel 1,21,000 – 2,12,400 6 Colonel 1,30,600 – 2,15,900 7 Brigadier 1,39,600 – 2,17,600 8 Major General 1,44,200 – 2,18,200 9 Lt. General HAG Scale 1,82,200 – 2,24,100 10 HAG Scale 2,05,400 – 2,24,400 11 VCOAS/ Army Cdr/ Lt. General (NFSG) 2,25,000 12 COAS 2,50,000 Note: MSP or Military Service Pay of INR 15,500 is paid per month to the candidates of the rank Lieutenant to Brigadier and it is fixed. NDA Salary Allowances And Perks Along with the aforementioned basic salary, the NDA candidates receives several allowances and perks. These allowances are based on the nature of the work and the area of posting. Sr. No Allowance Details Amount Payable Per Month (In Rs) 1 Dearness Allowance Admission at the same rates and under the same conditions are applicable to civilians from time to time. 2 Special Forces Allowance 25,000 3 Para Allowance 10,500 4 Para Reserve Allowance 2625 5 Para Jump Instructor Allowance 10,500 6 Project Allowance 3400 7 Technical Allowance- Tier 1 3000 8 Technical Allowance- Tier 2 4500 1. Field Area Allowance As mentioned before, NDA candidates are credited with the field area allowance based on the rank and area of posting. Sr. No Field Area Allowance Amount Payable Per Month In Rs 1 Highly Active Field Area Allowance - HAFA 16,900 2 Field Area Allowance 10,500 3 Modified Field Area Allowance 6300 2. Transport Allowance Or TPTA Sr. No Transport Allowance Amount Payable Per Month In Rs 1 Higher TPTA Cities 7200 DA thereon 2 Other Allowance 3600 DA thereon Higher TPTA cities include Greater Mumbai, Pune, Nagpur, Indore, Jaipur, Delhi, Kanpur, Patna, Lucknow, Ghazhiabad, Ahmadabad, Surat, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Kozhikode, Coimbatore, Chennai. 3. High Altitude Allowance Higher Altitude allowance is entitled to the NDA candidates posted in Siachen of INR 42,500 per month. Sr. No Level Of NDA Officer Amount Payable Per Month In Rs 1 Level-1 3400 2 Level-2 5300 3 Level-3 25000 4. Flying Allowance Aviators from the Indian Army Aviation Corps are eligible to get a flying allowance of INR 25,000 per month. 5. Other Allowances Sr. No NDA Special Allowance Amount Payable Per Month In Rs 1 Child Education 2250 per child per month applicable for the two eldest. 2 Hostel Subsidy 6750 per child per month applicable for the two eldest. 3 Ration in Kind All defence officers posted in field area and peace area every month. NDA Promotion Opportunities Promotions are sanctioned based on performance and years of service. Sr. No Minimum Service Period Required For Promotion Indian Armed Forces Indian Navy Indian Air Force 1 On Commission Lieutenant Sub Lieutenant Flying Officer 2 02 Years Captain Lieutenant Flight Lieutenant 3 06 Years Major Lt Commander Squadron Leader 4 13 Years Lieutenant Colonel Commander Wing Commander 5 On Selection Colonel (Selection) Captain (Selection) Group Captain (Selection) 6 26 Years Colonel (Time Scale) Captain (Time Scale) Group Captain (Time Scale) 7 On Selection Brigadier Commodore Air Commodore 8 On Selection Major General Rear Admiral Air Vice-Marshal 9 On Selection Lieutenant General Vice Admiral Air Marshal 10 On Selection General Admiral Air Chief Marshal Recommended Articles This is a guide to NDA Salary. Here we discuss the introduction, NDA salary allowances & perks and promotion opportunities respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – NDA Qualification NDA Previous Year Question Paper NDA Registration Railway Exam Pattern

read more

NDA Sample Paper

Introduction To NDA The following article provides an outline for NDA Sample Paper. If you are searching for a secure and prestigious job, then an Indian Defence service job is the best option. The pride and the respect the uniform personnel receive across the country are incomparable. NDA is the golden gate to join the Indian defence service. National Defence Academy situated in the Khadakwasla, Pune, Maharashtra take the responsibility of giving rigorous training to the candidates before actually joining the defence cadres. What Is Defence NDA Exam? There are millions of candidates willing to join the defence services but not all are fit to the criteria. The requirement of mental, physical ability of candidates needs to be evaluated through an exam. UPSC conducts a test on behalf of NDA to evaluate the performance of the candidates on different criteria. The NDA Exam is conducted twice a year and consists of two papers followed by an SSB interview. The interview is applicable for the candidates who have passed the written exam. Paper Name Marks Duration Mathematics Paper 300 2.30 Hours General Ability Test Or GAT 600 2.30 Hours SSB Interview 900 Key Takeaways NDA Exams are round the corner and candidates needed to speed up their preparation. Getting an idea about the structure of the question paper is the primary step in any exam preparation. NDA aspirants refer to previous years question paper to understand the nature of the exam paper and the complexity of questions. Solving the sample paper will help candidates to get the experience of solving the NDA exam paper. They can also get them to evaluate their preparation. Sample papers are available offline and online, students can prefer any mode to test their time management skills. NDA Exam Syllabus 2021 The NDA Paper-1 Mathematics paper consists of total of 120 questions with 300 maximum marks. Students will get a duration of 2.30 hours. The table below describes the section-wise weightage of marks for the paper. 1. NDA Mathematics Paper Syllabus Analytical Geometry Of 2D And 3D Statistics Probability Trigonometry Differential Calculus Integral Calculus And Differential Equations Matrices And Determinants Logarithms And Its Applications Vector Algebra 2. NDA General Ability Test NDA general ability test evaluates the candidate’s English proficiency along with general aptitude knowledge. The paper is divided into two sections: English and General Aptitude. a. NDA General Ability Test - English Section Syllabus English Grammar And Its Usage Comprehension And Cohesion Proper Placing Of Words In Sentences Vocabulary Spotting Of Errors Fill In The Blanks Idioms And Proverbs Synonyms And Antonyms Para Jumbling Cloze Test b. NDA General Ability Test - General Aptitude This section spans a large canvas ranging from current affairs to physics, chemistry, social studies, general science. Physics Syllabus: Light, Sound Its Properties Current And Electricity Work, Power And Energy Motion And Laws Of Motion Magnet And Magnetic Properties Heat, Mode Of Transfer, And Its Effect General Principles Of Pendulum, Pulleys, Telegraphs, Microscope Working Principles Of Telescope, Pressure Cooker, Balloon, Periscope Chemistry: Physical And Chemical Changes Fertilizers Acid, Base, Salts Properties Of Air And Water Carbon And Its Forms Oxidation And Reduction Atom And Its Structure Chemical Equation And Laws Of Chemical Combination Different Compounds Used In Different Chemicals General Science: Food And Balanced Diet Solar System Human Body And Life Processes Living And Non-Living Things Reproduction Of Animals And Plants Basic Unit Of Life - Cell Epidemics Achievement Of Eminent Scientist History: Indian History: Culture And Civilization Democracy In India Teachings Of Mahatma Gandhi Renaissance And Discovery Nationalism In India Five Years Of Plans Of India UN And Concept Of The World Constitution And Administration Of India Revolution - French, Russian, Industrial Geography: Rocks And Its Classification Imports And Exports Of India Regional Geography Of India Tides And Oceanic Currents Climate Types Earth And Its Origin In Terms Of Latitudes And Longitudes Agriculture And Industries Current Affairs: Current And Important World Events Current And Important In India Famous And Non-Famous Personalities Related To Sports And Cultural Activities NDA Exam Sample Paper Solving sample papers is important for the candidates as there are several benefits of the activity: Sample papers are designed as per the prescribed format so candidates will get the exact idea of the question paper. Candidates solving the question paper with the timings can get the exact estimate of time management. The answer keys provided will evaluate the performance and will bring light to the weaker areas. The probable scores will help the candidates to get estimates of improvement. Conclusion - NDA Sample Paper Thus in this article we saw NDA Sample Paper in detail. Recommended Articles This is a guide to NDA Sample Paper. Here we discuss the introduction, exam syllabus 2021 and NDA exam sample paper for better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – NDA Qualification NDA Previous Year Question Paper NDA Registration NDA Syllabus

read more

CDS Age Limit

Introduction To CDS The following article provides an outline for CDS Age Limit. If you have ever kept the dream of joining renowned academies like INA, IMA, OTA then you have searched more about CDS. The CDS or Combined Defence Service exams opens the doors of these academies after getting qualified. UPSC, the conducting body of these types of exams conduct CDS exam twice a year. What Is Defence CDS Exam? The Defence CDS exam is conducted for recruiting commissioned officers in Indian Military Academy, Indian Naval Academy, Indian Air Force Academy, Officers Training Academy. In 2021, UPSC has released notifications for 345 posts for both male and female candidates. The conducting body strictly keeps a check on meeting all the eligibility criteria before qualifying the candidates for the academy. The nature of the CDS Exam is a written exam followed by an SSB Interview. The qualified candidates are commissioned at one of the respective academies based on merit and preference. Key Takeaways CDS or Combined Defence Service Exam 2021 dates are out. Students can apply for CDS Exam-2 2021. In the month of every April and September, UPSC holds exams for CDS to recruit the candidates to undergo training at IMA, INA, IAF, OTA. Simply undergo the application procedure and make a confirmed application. Make sure that you match all the eligibility criteria without a margin of error. After application, start preparing yourself for the exam and focus on your studies. This will help you to fulfill your dream of watching yourself in the Uniform. CDS Age Limit According to the age rules set by the commission, the aspirants need to be unmarried and should not be a widower or divorcee. CDS Age limit criteria in detail: CDS Eligibility Criteria The commission has set strict guidelines for eligibility criteria and is followed without any fail. Candidates must ensure that they meet the specifications. 1. Nationality The aspirants must be either one of the following: A citizen of India. A subject of Nepal or Bhutan. A Tibetan Refugee who has moved to India before 01 January 1962 with the purpose of permanent settlement. An Indian Origin Person moved from the following countries with the aim of permanent settlement in India: Sri Lanka, Burma, Pakistan, Uganda, The United Republic of Tanzania, Malawi, Ethiopia, Zaire, Vietnam, East African Countries of Kenya. 2. Physical Criteria Aspirants must be mentally and physically fit for the CDS Exam 2021. The height and weight specifications must be according to the specified standards. Candidates who have resigned or withdrawn from any disciplinary training academies are not allowed to apply for CDS Exam 2021. No permanent tattoo on the parts of the body except the inner face of the forearm. Tributes candidates may get the exemption based on the case scenario. 3. Educational Qualification For Indian Military Academy and OTA posts, candidates must have a degree or equivalent certificate from any recognized university. For Indian Naval Academy, candidates must possess an Engineering degree from any recognized university. For Indian Air Force Academy, candidates must have a degree with physics and mathematics at 10 2 level or an engineering degree from any recognized university. CDS Exam 2021 As UPSC has already issued the notifications and important dates for CDS Exam 2021, candidates should mark their calendars. CDS Exam Details Before applying for the CDS Exam, candidates need to check that eligibility and other specifications are meeting perfectly. The qualifications, age limit, physical specifications need to meet without any error. Candidates having Indian nationality or the candidates moved to India for the permanent settlement purpose can apply for CDS Exams. Minimum age for application is 19 years. The maximum age limit varies for the different academies. Only unmarried candidates are allowed to apply for the CDS Posts. Check the air force and OTA specifications for the exceptions. Widowed or divorcees are not treated as unmarried. Women can apply only for the OTA posts. For both male and female candidates, it is mandatory to meet the physical and educational qualification criteria. Conclusion - CDS Age Limit Thus in this article we saw CDS Age Limit in detail. Recommended Articles This is a guide to CDS Age Limit. Here we discuss the introduction, eligibility criteria, CDS exam 2021 and exam details for better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – NDA Qualification NDA Previous Year Question Paper NDA Registration Railway Exam Pattern

read more

CDS Syllabus

Introduction To CDS Syllabus The following article provides an outline for CDS Syllabus. Union Public Service Commission or UPSC has already issued notifications about important dates for CDS or Combined Defence Service Exam 2021. Like NDA Exams, this exam is conducted twice a year. The notification 2021 is for approximately 400 posts across the different academies. What Is Defense CDS Exam? The exam is held in the months of February and September every year. The Defence CDS Exam is a written exam followed by an intelligence and personality test. The purpose of this exam is to select the candidates into different academies like Indian Military Academy, Indian Naval Academy, Indian Air Force Academy, Officers Training Academy. Key Takeaways Many candidates appear for the CDS Exam every year to fulfill the dream of serving the nation. After qualifying for the CDS Exam, aspirants can get the chance to join one of the academies. Understanding the syllabus for the exam is the primary step in the CDS Exam preparation. Knowing the various subjects involved, candidates can decide the strategy of study. As CDS Exam dates are closer, candidates are bucking up their preparation. Start the preparation with a thorough understanding of the detailed syllabus. Syllabus Of CDS It is important for candidates to understand the CDS Syllabus as a primary stage of exam preparation. The written exam is divided into three different sections: General Knowledge English Mathematics 1. CDS Biology Syllabus The general knowledge section of the CDS exam will cover 7 questions under the biology subject. The complexity of the questions ranges to moderate. Cells- fundamental unit of life Tissues Cell structure and functions Reproduction Transportation Organism Nutrition Life processes Control and coordination and biotechnology 2. CDS Economics Syllabus The CDS exam will have 8-10 questions from economics and difficulty level ranges from moderate to difficult. Important industries of India Anti-poverty and employment generations programs RBI monetary policy Important terms like FDI, GNP, NNP, GDP Banking system of India Types of taxes Working of International organizations like WTO, IDA Leading products of India White and green revolution in India 3. CDS Chemistry Syllabus The CDS exam general knowledge section will consist of 8-10 questions on Chemistry and the complexity of the questions ranges to moderate. Detailed syllabus of CDS chemistry: Acids, Base and Salts Synthetic fibres and plastic Coal and petroleum Combustion and flame Chemical reactions and equations Carbon and its compounds Periodic classification of elements Matter in surroundings Metals and non-metals Atoms and molecules Physical and chemical changes 4. CDS Syllabus Maths Mathematics paper consists of 100 marks and is of 2 hours duration. Be attentive as there is a -0.33 deduction for each wrong answer. The detailed syllabus of the mathematics paper: Topic Name Detailed Syllabus Number system Additions Subtraction Multiplication Divisions Time and distance problems Fundamental operations Ratio and proportion Rational and real number Natural number Roots and indices Decimal fractions Integers Simple and compound interest Percentages Time and work Algebra Basic operations Remainder theorem Set languages and set notations HCF and LCM Law of indices Variables and their solutions Linear equations Roots and its coefficient Rational expressions Trigonometry Basic trigonometric identities Height and distance problems Use of trigonometric table Elementary number theory Multiple and factors Prime and composite numbers Factorization theorem Laws of logarithms Euclidean algorithm HCF and LCM Divisibility test by 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 11 Mensuration Rectangle Areas of squares Area, volume, and lateral surface of sphere Right circular cones, cylinders, surface Triangle and circle Parallelogram Statistics Histograms Bar charts Graphical representation frequency polygons Collection and tabulation of statistical data Measures of central tendency Geometry Side and angles of a triangle Lines and angles Properties of angles Circle and its properties Congruence of triangles Similar triangles Sides and diagonals of a parallelogram Recommended Articles This is a guide to CDS Syllabus. Here we discuss the introduction and the syllabus of the CDS for the better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – NDA Qualification NDA Previous Year Question Paper NDA Registration NDA Sample Paper

read more

NDA Details

Introduction To NDA Exam Millions of candidates wait for the release of the recruitment notification from NDA. The importance of the NDA exam is incomparable as passing through this exam opens the doors of Indian Defense Services. Qualified candidates are able to undergo training at the NDA and after the rigorous training, candidates can join one of the cadres from the Indian Armed Forces, Indian Navy, Indian Air Force. NDA is the abbreviation of National Defense Academy and is located in Khadakwasla, Pune. Union Public Service Commission is the conducting body of the NDA Exam. For the year 2021, NDA Exam is for the 400 openings across 75 exam centers. These 400 posts are divided as: Indian Army: 370 Indian Navy: 42 Indian Air Force: 120 Key Takeaways National Defense Academy aka NDA is the institute responsible for scrutinizing millions of candidates for Indian Defense. This selection procedure is implemented through a written exam and an SSB interview. The NDA written exam is of 900 marks and carries a negative marking system. So, candidates are advised to pay deep attention while solving the question paper as the wrong answer can cut down your scores. The exam consists of two papers and each of the papers is of 2.5 hours duration. The total marks for each paper are different. Passing this written exam will qualify you for the next round of SSB Interviews. List Of NDA Details Given below is the list of NDA Details: 1. NDA Exam Passing Marks NDA cut-off is decided out of 900 marks. The conducting body UPSC also decides the cut-off. For the NDA-1 Exam, the cut-off was 719 out of 1800. For the NDA-2 exam, the cut-off increased to 723. The cut off is calculated on these factors: Number of test-appeared candidates Total vacancies Exam difficulty The expected cut off for NDA-1 2021: For the written exam, the cut-off is expected to reach 350-360. For final cutoff is expected to reach 704. 2. NDA Exam Books Books are the best sources to study as they give thorough information about the topics. Here is the list of books: Subject Book Name Author Mathematics NDA Entrance Exam ES Ramasamy Quantitative Aptitude for Competitive Examinations RS Aggarwal Mathematics for NDA/NA: National Defense Academy and Naval Academy RS Aggarwal English Objective General English SP Bakshi Word Power Made Easy Norman and Lewis Wren and Martin High School Grammar and Composition General Science, History, Geography Class books from 9th to 10th Objective GK Sanjiv Kumar Physics, Chemistry NCERT Books 3. NDA Exam Syllabus NDA exam is divided into two papers: Paper 1: Mathematics Paper 2: General Ability Test The detailed syllabus of each paper along with sections included is mentioned below: 1. Mathematics Syllabus Topic Syllabus No. Of Questions Algebra Real and Complex Numbers, Permutation and Combination, Binomial Theorem and Logarithms, Modulus and Cube Roots, Cartesian Product, Set Theory, Venn Diagrams, Binary to Decimal Conversion and Vice-Versa 10-15 Calculus Derivatives, Increasing and Decreasing Functions, Applications of Derivatives in Maxima and Minima Problem, Concept of Real-Valued Function, Graph of Function, Composite and one-to-one Function 20-25 Integral Calculus and Differential Equations Integration, Standard Integrals, Evaluation of Definite Integrals, General and Particular Solution of Differential Equations, Growth and Decay Problem 20-15 Vector Algebra 2D and 3D Vectors, Unit and Null Vector, Vector Product or Cross Product, Scaler or Dot Product, Addition of Vector Matrices and Determinants Types of Matrices, Basic Properties of Determinants, Matrix Operation, Adjoint and Inverse of Square Matrix 30 Trigonometry Trigonometric Ratios, Trigonometric Sum and Difference, Multiple and Sub-Multiple Angles, Inverse Functions 30 Statistics and Probability Probability and Sample Spaces, Elementary Thermos, Bayes’ Theorem, Binomial Distribution 10 2. General Ability Test a. English: Topic Name Number Of Questions Number Of Marks Word Selection 10 40 Comprehension 6 24 Error Spotting 5 20 Synonyms 5 20 Antonyms 5 20 Order Sequence of Words in a Sentence 9 36 Improvement of Sentence 10 40 Total 50 200 b. Physics: Mass, Weight, Volume, Sound Wave, Its Properties Magnetic Properties Force And Momentum Archimedes Principles Density and Specific Gravity Pressure Barometer Velocity and Acceleration Ohm’s Law Effect of Heat Power and Energy Gravitation Primary and Secondary Cells X-rays Uses Human Eye Physical Properties and States of Matter Spherical Mirrors and Lenses Conductors and Non-Conductors Modes of Transference of Heat c. Chemistry: Acids, Bases, And Salts Elements Fertilizers Mixtures and Compounds Valency Atom and its Properties Air, Water and its Properties Symbols, Formulae, and Simple Chemical Equation Carbon and its Forms d. General Science: Food Balanced Diet Growth And Reproduction Of Animal And Plants Human Body and Important Organs Solar Systems Living and Non-living Things e. History: Indian History Freedom Movement Of India Five Years Of Plans Of India Bhoodan and Sarvodaya Panchsheel United Nations Co-operatives and Community Development Panchayati Raj French, Russian, and Industrial Revolution f. Geography: Concept Of Time, Earth Movement Of Earth And Its Effects Regional Geography Of India Latitudes and Longitudes Climate, Mineral Sources Rocks and their Classification International Date Line Imports and Exports of India Sea Ports, Routes, Main Sea and Land Recommended Articles This is a guide to NDA Details. Here we discuss the introduction and the list of NDA details for the better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – NDA Qualification NDA Previous Year Question Paper NDA Registration NDA Sample Paper

read more

CDS UPSC

Introduction To CDS UPSC The following article provides an outline for CDS UPSC. Looking for a prestigious job? Then you must go for defence services. No other sector can compete for this sector in terms of prestigious jobs, respect earned, facilities offered. If you are looking to get to ride the wave, then CDS exams are round the corner. The Union Public Service Commission has already declared the dates for CDS Exam-II on 14th November 2021. So, if you want to see yourself selected in one of the defence academies then start preparing hard. What Is Defence CDS Exam? CDS Exams or Combined Defence Services Exams are popular exams that are conducted to select the candidates for the Indian Defence academies like Indian Naval Academy, Indian Air Force Academy, Indian Military Academy, Officer’s Training Academy on officer level. The exam is conducted twice a year in the month of February and September. Key Takeaways Students who have been waiting for joining the defence services, UPSC has brought exciting opportunities in terms of CDS Exams. Students need to stretch themselves to qualify through this exam as there is a lot of competition and the exam is quite complex. The conducting body strictly follows the eligibility and other criteria rules during each phase of the exam. As dates for CDS Exam -2 are already declared, aspirants should start preparing with more dedication and focus. CDS UPSC Admit Card The conducting body of the CDS - 2 Exam will release the admit cards for the candidates in the last week of October 2021. Candidates can refer to their registration number to download the admit card. The process of downloading the admit card: Students needed to visit the official website. Click on the link of ‘Download admit card’. Download it either using your registration number or your roll number. The screen will display your digital admit card. Download it and take the printout. CDS UPSC Eligibility The UPSC has already set the eligibility criteria for CDS Exams. Students need to ensure that they meet the eligibility criteria to get qualified. 1. Nationality Candidate must fulfill either one condition of the following: Citizen of India. A subject of Nepal or Bhutan. A refugee from Tibet who has moved to India before 01 January 1962 for permanent settlement. An IOP who moved to India with the aim of permanent settlement from the countries mentioned Sri Lanka, East African Countries of Kenya, The United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Zaire, Vietnam, Burma, Pakistan, Uganda. Candidates from the last three conditions must provide an eligibility certificate issued by the Indian Govt. 2. Educational Qualification Given below table shows educational qualification: Cadre Educational Qualification IMA and OTA Degree from any recognized university or equivalent. INA Engineering degree from a recognized university. IFA Degree from a recognized university with Physics and Mathematics at 10 2 or a bachelor’s degree. 3. Age Eligibility Given below table shows age eligibility: Name Of The Academy Gender Age Limit In Years Marital Status IMA Male 19-24 Unmarried INA Male 19-22 Unmarried IAF Male 19-24 < 25 unmarried or >25 both married and unmarried OTA - SSC Non-Technical Course For Women Female 19-25 Unmarried women, issueless widows but should not be remarried, issueless divorcees who are not remarried OTA – SSC Course For Men Male 19-25 Unmarried CDS UPSC Notification The conducting body UPSC releases the official notification for the CDS Exams twice a year in the months of October and August. The official notification generally includes vacancies for almost 400 posts, but still, the number may vary depending upon the requirements. CDS Exam Event Details Event Date CDS Exam - 1 Notification date 2021 28 October 2020 End date of application 2021 17 November 2020 Date of exam 2021 07 February 2021 Result declaration date 2021 23 March 2021 CDS Exam - 2 Notification date 2021 04 August 2021 Opening date of application 2021 04 August 2021 End date of application 2021 24 August 2021 Admit card availability Last week of October 2021 Exam date 2021 14 November 2021 The conducting body has released notification for the vacancies of 339 on 04 August 2021 under the name of “Combined Defence Service Examination (II) 2021 (including non-technical course and SSC Women)”. CDS Examination - 2 Notification For Vacancies Given below table shows CDS examination - 2 notification for vacancies: Academy Course Reserved For NCC Quota Vacancies IMA, Dehradun 153rd course 13 100 INA, Ezhimala Executive (general service)/ hydro 03 22 IFA, Hyderabad Pre-flying training course 03 32 OTA, Chennai 116th SSC men course (NT) Nil 169 OTA, Chennai 28th SSC women (non-technical) course Nil 16 Total 19 339 Recommended Articles This is a guide to CDS UPSC. Here we discuss the introduction, CDS UPSC admit card, eligibility & CDS examination - 2 notification for vacancies. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – CDS Syllabus CDS Age Limit CDS Qualification CDS Exam Syllabus

read more

K-12

Introduction To K-12 K-12 is a Kindergarten to 12th-grade education model which ensures basic elementary education in school-going children. The school could be anyone of public, private, or international. K stands for Kindergarten and 12 stands for 12th grade. The entire education period is divided into three phases, which are: Elementary Middle Senior Elementary Kindergarten to 5th grade Middle 6th to 8th grade Senior 9th to 12th grade Under K-12 education, a kid first goes for elementary education Kindergarten to 5th grade. Then they move to the middle school for grades, 6th grade to 8th and finally to senior school for 9th to 12th grade. Then the student is ready to move to college for perusing a higher degree. Key Takeaways K12 is an education model, which ensures elementary education of students from kindergarten to grade 12. In the K12 model, education is divided into three main phases: primary(K-5), middle (6-8), senior (9-12). After which the student is ready to move to college. K12 model ensures more customized and holistic learning of the students. The curriculum is designed to cater to the need of students based on their capabilities and interests. Assessment is done by teachers periodically in form of tests, assignments. Finally, after the mid-term exam students give the end-of-year/final-term exam to conclude the session. The students must take passing marks to move to the next grade. The 10th and 12th board exams are major assessments done on students on a national level. Advantages Of K-12 Model The K-12 education system was first introduced in the US. This model ensures that: The teachers get proper and focused training, related to the level of students they will be teaching. The teachers can provide instructions in accordance with children’s capabilities. The curriculum is designed keeping the abilities of children in mind. It provides a more customized education to children, keeping their interest in mind rather than the rote learning which happened earlier in schools. Exams Under K-12 For Kindergarten to 5th grade (k-5), the teachers focus primarily on behavior, basic maths, and literacy skills, as well as the social and communication skills of students. The students are assessed based on their classroom performance and academic progress. For 6th to 8th grade, the concepts are taught to students along with some extra-curricular activities. The students are assessed throughout the academic year with tests, classroom performance, assignments, then in the half-term and final term exams. The progress reports are generated to keep track of student’s progress. The students are allowed to move to the next grade only if they pass the final exams. For the senior grade which is 9th to 12th, the children are assessed on a national level, in form of board exams, which happen in grade 10th and 12th. The board exam results define whether the student is ready to go to college. Recommended Articles This is a guide to K-12. Here we discuss the introduction, advantages and the exams under K-12 for the better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – K-12 Program K-12 Level K-12 Jobs K-12 Learning

read more

CAPF

Introduction To CAPF Are you fascinated by the prestige and importance of disciplined services? Do you want to see yourself in a uniform that is respected by others? Then, let CAPF or Central Armed Police Forces open doors for you. Like other government examinations, this exam is also governed and conducted by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC). What Is Defence CAPF Exam? The Defence CAPF exam is conducted once a year and this year UPSC has scheduled the CAPF Exams 2021 on 08 August 2021. The candidates selected through this exam are recruited in one of the seven security forces under the authority of the Indian Home Affairs Ministry. The forces are as follows: Border Security Force (BSF) Assam Rifles (AR) Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) National Security Guard (NSG) Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) Key Takeaways CAPF exams are conducted to recruit officers at Assistance Commandant or AC level through the qualifying the various stages of the exam in one of the forces mentioned above. The Indian Home Affair Ministry is the cadre controlling authority of Central Armed Police Force Exams and the Home ministry nominates the nodal authority for the PST. As the notification for CAPF 2021 has already been issued, the candidates must wait for the results to be out. The results will be displayed online on the website of upsc.gov.in. Applicants must stretch themselves for getting qualified for the medical and interview test that is scheduled to be conducted after the written exam results are out. What Is CAPF? The CAPF exam is conducted in offline mode all over India and there are three stages involved in the exam: Written Exam Physical Test Final Interview The recruitment is conducted in three different modes that are given below: Gazetted Officers: The candidates are recruited through CAPF Examinations by UPSC. Subordinate Officers: These posts are fulfilled by the sub-inspectors that are hired after passing the competitive examinations held by SSC and therefore, they are referred to as Directly Appointed Subordinate Officers. Constables: Candidates that are qualified after passing the competitive examinations that are conducted by the Staff Selection Commission or SSC are recruited as constables. CAPF AC 2021 The UPSC has already issued notifications for the CAPF AC Exams 2021 that will be held on 08 August 2021. Candidates after passing the competitive exam get commissioned to AC or Assistant Commandant (AC) Level in the paramilitary forces. It is going to be held for approximately 209 vacancies. Irrespective of gender, candidates can apply for the posts. CAPF Notification 2021 According to the CAPF Notification 2021 released, the detailed figures according to the forces. Security Forces Number Of Vacancies Border Security Forces (BSF) 35 Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) 36 Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) 01 CIPF 67 ITBP 20 (15 Are Backlog Vacancies) Total 159 CAPF Exam 2021 Date As the CAPF Exam 2021 is held in the month of August, the tentative dates of the results are declared by the conducting authority. Applicants must check the highlighted dates for the CAPF Exam 2021. Event Date Notification Date 15 April 2021 Application End Date 05 May 2021 Written Exam Date 08 August 2021 Exam Result Date September 2021 Physical Efficiency Test  November 2021 (Tentative) Physical Efficiency Test Results January 2022(Tentative) UPSC Interview February 2022(Tentative) CAPF Final Result April 2022(Tentative) Recommended Articles Recommended Articles This is a guide to CAPF. Here we discuss the introduction, CAPF AC 2021, notification and exam date for better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – CAPF Exam Pattern CAPF Exam NDA Registration NDA Sample Paper

read more

CDS Eligibility

Introduction To CDS The following article provides an outline for CDS Eligibility. As the Covid-19 pandemic is under control, prolonged examinations are being conducted by the concerned authorities. CDS or Combined Defense Service Exams are also being held in India to recruit Commissioned Officers in the various Academies of the Indian Defense. If you are also preparing for it, then buck up your preparation as exams are around the corner. What Is Defense CDS Exam? Every year, the Union Public Service Commission arranges the CDS Exams to recruit candidates as Commissioned Officers in the month of February and September. A written exam followed by a personality and intelligence test is the nature of the exam. Both male and female candidates can apply for the exam but some posts are limited to male candidates only. Key Takeaways Combined Defense Service exams are conducted by UPSC and it has declared the date for CDS 2021 already. The notification is for approximately 400 posts across the academies. The selected candidates are recruited as Commissioned Officers in one of the academies like Indian Military Academy, Indian Navy Academy, Indian Air Force Academy, Officers Training Academy. As the eligibility for both male and female candidates is different, both should check the perfect match for the eligibility criteria. Indian Naval Academy eligibility criteria are slightly different from other academies, the candidates need to have a keen eye on it. Also, the female candidates must fulfill the eligibility criteria strictly, as there are strict evaluations and assessments. Qualified candidates can expect the call for an SSB interview within the period of five days. Eligibility Of CDS The conducting body strictly assesses the eligibility criteria of the candidates who applied for the various posts of CDS. Aspirants should make sure that they meet the eligibility criteria before applying for the exams. There are four eligibility conditions for CDS Exams: CDS age, gender, and marital status eligibility Educational qualification eligibility CDS nationality eligibility CDS physical and medical qualification eligibility 1. CDS Eligibility For Female Female candidates can apply for Officers Training Academy only. Other streams are not allowed women to apply through CDS. The prime eligibility criteria for the female candidates are given in the below table: Eligibility Criteria Specifications Academy Officer’s training academy Course Name SSC women Non-Technical course Age Limit 19-25 Marital Status Unmarried, no issues pending in case of widows who have not remarried, and issueless divorce who have not remarried Educational Qualification Graduation from a recognized university The physical standards for height and weight for female candidates are given in below table: Height (In Cms) No Shoes Weight (In Kgs) 20 Years 25 Years 30 Years 148 39 41 43 150 40 42 43.5 153 42 43.5 45 155 43 44 46 158 45 46 48 160 46 47 49 163 47 49 51 165 49 51 53 168 50 52 54 2. CDS Eligibility For Male Male candidates can apply for various posts listed for Indian Military Academy (IMA), Indian Naval Academy (INA), Air Force Academy (IFA), Officer’s Training Academy (OTA) as Commissioned Officers. The standards of these academies are slightly different from each other, so candidates need to check carefully before applying. Academy Name Eligibility Criteria Specifications Indian Military Academy Age 19-24 Marital status Unmarried Educational qualification Graduate Indian Naval Academy Age 19-22 Marital status Unmarried Educational qualification B.Tech. or B.E. from a recognized university Air Force Academy Age 19-23 Marital status < 25 in case of unmarried >25 for married candidates provided no accommodation for the family not in campus not off-campus Educational qualification Engineering degree or degree from a recognized university with physics and mathematics at 10 2 level Officer’s Training Academy (SSC Course For Men) Age 19-25 Marital status Unmarried Educational qualification Graduate Physical standards for male candidates are given in below table: Height (Cms) No Shoes Weight (Kgs) @ 18 Years @ 20 Years @ 22 Years @ 24 Years 152 44 46 47 48 155 46 48 49 50 157 47 49 50 51 160 48 50 51 52 162 50 52 53 54 165 52 53 55 56 168 53 55 57 58 170 55 57 58 59 173 57 59 60 61 175 59 61 62 62 178 61 62 63 64 180 63 64 65 66 183 65 67 67 68 185 67 69 70 71 188 70 71 72 74 190 72 73 74 76 193 74 76 77 78 195 77 78 79 81 3. CDS Navy Eligibility The detailed specification for the Indian Naval Academy for eligibility are given below: Eligibility Criteria Specifications Age Limit 19-22 years Gender Male Educational Qualification B.Tech. or B.E from a recognized university Marital Status Unmarried INA specifies some visual standard regulations as follows: Eligibility Specification Standard Uncorrected Without Glasses 6/12, 6/12 Corrected With Glasses 6/6, 6/6 Limits of Hypermetropia 1.5D Limits Of Myopia -1.5D Binocular Vision III Limits Of Color Perception I Conclusion - CDS Eligibility Thus we saw CDS Eligibility in detail. Recommended Articles This is a guide to CDS Eligibility. Here we discuss the introduction and eligibility of CDS for the better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – CDS UPSC CDS Syllabus CDS Age Limit NDA Salary

read more

CAPF Exam

Introduction To CAPF Exam The following article provides an outline for CAPF Exam. The Combined Armed Police Forces Exam is conducted every year by the Union Public Service Commission for the recruitment of Assistant Commandant (Group A) officers in one of the seven security forces of the Indian region. CAPF 2021 is being conducted for the 159 posts all over India. What is Defense CAPF Exam? Like most other competitive exams, the Union Public Service Commission or UPSC is the conducting administrative authority of the CAPF Exam. This exam is conducted to select the candidates for the post of Assistant Commandant in security forces like BSF, CRPF, NSG, SSB, ITBP, AR, and CISF. Key Takeaways Millions of candidates apply for the post of CAPF every year, but few of them get a chance to fulfill their dreams. This can depict the difficulty level of the exam. The written exam for CAPF 2021 was conducted on 08th August 2021 but the candidates are waiting for the results. The next stage in the hiring process is the medical test, and the candidates must ensure that all standards are fulfilled. Interview process mainly focuses on your presentation skills, soft skills, and your knowledge. So, buck up and start preparing for the last two rounds of CAPF 2021. CAPF Exam Pattern CAPF exam is conducted in offline mode at various exam centers all over India. The process consists of three phases: Written Exam Medical Test Interview The written exam will contain two papers: Paper Name Subjects Nature Of Exam Duration Timings Marks Paper 1 General ability and intelligence Objective 2 hours 10 Am-12 Pm 250 Paper 2 General studies, essay, and comprehension Subjective 3 hours 2 Pm- 5 Pm 200 Total 5 hours 450 CAPF Exam Date 2021 Given below are the CAPF exam date 2021: Event Event Date CAPF 2021 Notification Release Date 15th April 2021 Application Start Date 15th April 2021 Application End Date 05th May 2021 CAPF 2021 Written Test 08th August 2021 CAPF 2021 Result Date September 2021 CAPF Exam Eligibility Aspirants should make sure that the eligibility criteria set by the conducting committee are fulfilled perfectly before applying for the CAPF Exam. The eligibility criteria depend upon three factors: Age Limit Nationality Educational Qualification Physical Standards Medical Standards 1. Age Limit According to the official notification released by the UPSC, the age limit of the desired candidate must be 20-25 years as of 01 August 2021. The exemption of age limit for various conditions is mentioned in the below table: Category Upper Limit Of Age General Category 25 Years - no exemption OBC Category 25 3 = 28, 3 years exemption SC/ST Category 25 5 = 30, 5 years exemption Ex-Servicemen Commissioned Officer 25 5 = 30, 5 years exemption Civilian Central Government Servants 25 5 = 30, 5 years exemption Jammu And Kashmir Domiciled 25 5 = 30, 5 years exemption 2. Nationality The candidate must fulfill one of the conditions mentioned below: The desired candidate must have permanent citizenship in India. The candidate belonging to Bhutan or Nepal citizenship are also deemed eligible for CAPF Exam. Candidates belonging to any other country are not allowed to apply for the CAPF Exams. If they wish to apply, they need to present a consent letter from the central government in written form. No bars on gender for applying CAPF Exams that are both male and female candidates can apply for the exams. 3. Educational Qualification Desired candidates must have a bachelor’s degree in any discipline from a recognized university. Candidates waiting for their results of the final year are also eligible to apply for the CAPF Exam 2021. In this scenario, admission for CAPF Exam is considered to be provisional until the candidate submits the proof document of passing the examination of the final year after qualifying for the CAPF Exam. 4. Physical Standards Physical standards for both male and female candidates are different and are mentioned below: Criteria Male Female Height 165 cm 157 cm Chest (Unexpanded) 81 cm with the expansion of 5 cm minimum NA Weight 50 kg 46 kg 5. Medical Standards Eyesight: Traits Better Eye (Corrected Vision) Worse Eye (Corrected Vision) Distant Vision 6/6 6/12 6/9 6/9 Near Vision N6 N9 With Glasses/ Lasik Surgery Limits Of Refractive Errors Permitted -4.00 D (including cylinder) Myopia 4.00 D (including cylinder) Hypermetropia Color Perception - III(CP-III) by ISIHARA Plates CAPF Exam Preparation Given below are the preparation tips shared by the experts for the aspirants of the CAPF Exam 2021: For Paper-1, aspirants should prepare the topics related to general science, indian history and geography, indian economy, political science, and important events in indian politics. Paper-1 also has a section for general mental ability, for that, candidates must prepare for data interpretation, logical reasoning, numerical ability, general aptitude. All important events with details at the national and international levels must be known. Candidates must have thorough knowledge about the executive, legislative system of India. For Paper-2, candidates must prepare for essay writing. They can increase their proficiency by enriching their vocabulary and knowledge about different subjects. Recommended Articles This is a guide to CAPF Exam. Here we discuss the introduction, exam pattern, exam date, exam eligibility and exam preparation. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – CAPF CAPF Exam Pattern NDA Registration NDA Sample Paper

read more

CAPF Exam Pattern

Introduction To CAPF Exam Pattern The following article provides an outline for CAPF Exam Pattern. The CAPF exam is conducted into four phases: Written Exam Physical Efficiency Test Interview or Personality Test Merit List There are two options of languages for the CAPF exam Hindi and English. The written exam has two papers, Paper 1 is a qualifier for Paper 2. Traits Paper 1 Paper 2 Name of the paper General ability and intelligence General studies, essay and comprehension Timings for the paper 10 am to 12 pm 2 pm to 5 pm Marks 250 200 What Is Defense CAPF Exam? CAPF or Combined Armed Police Force exam is a competitive exam conducted at the national level, administrated by the Union Public Service Commission to recruit candidates from a large number of applicants for the post of Assistant Commandant in one of the seven security forces of India. The defense CAPF Exam 2021 was applied by more than 2.5 Lakhs applicants for the total posts of 159. Key Takeaways Understanding the syllabus and exam pattern is the primary step in any exam preparation. Gather as much information as you can about the exam pattern and through the syllabus. CAPF exam is generally based on the NCERT books concepts from 9th to graduation. The detailed syllabus is mentioned above. As the exam is divided into two papers, candidates need to design separate strategies for both papers as the nature of both papers is different. For subjective papers, students should be updated with current affairs and good writing skills. Start enriching vocabulary by reading relevant books, magazines, newspapers. CAPF Cut Off The first thing to be cleared is that cut off and qualifying marks are different. Cut off marks decide the shortlisting base for candidates. The cut off criteria differ for various categories and are listed in the below table: Paper Name SC OBC Ex-Servicemen ST General Paper 1 80-90 90-95 30-35 70-80 100-110 Paper 2 145-155 155-160 60-65 140-145 160-170 The cut off marks calculation is based on: Number of vacancies Number of candidates who appeared in the exam Difficulty level of examination CAPF Exam Syllabus Candidates must understand the detailed syllabus to start the preparation in a fruitful way. CAPF exam syllabus is mentioned in the table below: Paper Name Subject Topic Names Paper 1 general ability and intelligence General mental ability Numerical ability Quantitive aptitude Logical reasoning Data interpretation General science Comprehension and appreciation of various scientific phenomenon Information technology Environmental science Biotechnology General awareness Indian polity and economy Economic development in india Indian political system Indian social and public administration Indian constitution Human rights and its indicators Current events Industry Music Arts Culture Literature Sports Globalization Social and development issues Business Governance Indian history Indian freedom movement Primary knowledge of five years plan of india Indian constitution and administration Renaissance Exploration and discovery Co-operative and community development in india World and indian geography Origin of earth Rocks and their classification Movement of earth and their effects Atmosphere and its composition Weathering Latitude and longitudes Concept of time International date line Cyclone and anti cyclones Humidity Temperature and atmospheric pressure Regional geography of india World geography Imports and exports of india Types of climates Paper 2 general studies, essay, and comprehension Part 1 Economy Security Human rights Modern indian history Analytical ability Polity Geography Freedom struggle Part 2 Simple grammar Communication skills Developing counter arguments Comprehensions How To Prepare For CAPF AC? Candidates must prepare a comprehensive strategy that will focus on all subjects including exercise and healthy eating. a. For Paper 1 For the section on general ability and intelligence, concentrate on quantitive aptitude, numerical ability, data interpretation. Rehearse as many problems as you can of analogy, profit and loss, time and distance with accuracy. For the reasoning section, make a practice of questions based on puzzles, coding-decoding, input-output, syllogism, blood relations, seating arrangements. For logical reasoning, read out the information and analyze the critical information. Think and compare the possible solutions and come up with the correct solution. To get good marks in current affairs, be updated with the latest happenings in the field of arts, finance, culture, science, politics. For the history and geography section, focus on regional, national, and internationally important events with their importance. b. For Paper 2 Essay writing requires presentation skills, rich vocabulary, knowledge about the subject. Enrich your vocabulary by developing a reading habit. Be updated with the latest happenings in India, past events in india. Remember the dates, trends of the events to make the essay more factual-based. Refresh your grammar skills. Practice precise writing on any subject on daily basis. Recommended Articles This is a guide to CAPF Exam Pattern. Here we discuss the introduction, cut off, exam syllabus and how to prepare for CAPF AC? You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – CAPF CDS Age Limit NDA Registration NDA Sample Paper

read more

CAPF Full Form

Introduction To CAPF Full Form The following article provides an outline for CAPF Full Form. Excited about the results of CAPF Exam 2021? Have you done the right preparation for it? If yes, then start preparing for the next round. For all the candidates who dream of becoming a uniformed officer, CAPF exams invite you to step towards fulfilling your dreams. CAPF stands for Central Armed Police Forces. After passing these exams, candidates can be designated as Class - I Gazetted post of Assistant Commandant. Millions of candidates apply for the posts every year but only a few of them make it succeed as the nature of the exam is tough. This exam opens doors for the post of AC in one of the security forces in india like: Border Security Force Central Industrial Security Force Indo-Tibetan Border Police Force Sashastra Seema Bal Central Reserve Police Force National Security Guard Assam Rifles What is Defense CAPF Exam? The competitive exam governed by the Union Public Service Commission to recruit proficient candidates for the post of Assistant Commandant in one of the seven security forces in India. The exam consists of four phases: Written Test Physical Efficiency Test or PET Medical Standards Test Interview or Personality Test Key Takeaways The Central Armed Police Force or CAPF exam is administrated by the centralized authority of the Union Public Service Commission or UPSC. The four stages of exams scrutinize the candidates at every stage and after the final interview test, a merit list is prepared and the candidates who appeared in the list are called for training in the respective academies. The exam mode is online- Computer Based Test and has a frequency of once a year. The national level exam has an age limit of 20-25 years. Students can check their results on the authorized site of upsc.gov.in What Is UPSC CAPF Exam? It is not easy for the conducting body to recruit capable candidates from the massive number of applicants. The conducting body behind the CAPF exam is the Union Public Service Commission, which sieve the applicants through various phases and selects only high-performing candidates. Eligibility For CAPF There are strict evaluations for the post of Assistant Commandant through the exam of CAPF. The conducting body strictly monitors the eligibility criteria and assesses the candidates based on that. An applicant who matches the criteria perfectly can only move further in the process. 1. Nationality Applying candidate must have permanent citizenship of India. He/she must be a subject of Nepal or Bhutan. 2. Age Limits The candidate’s age must be between 20-25. OBC candidates can get an exemption of 3 years on the upper age limit. Only SC/ST/Ex-servicemen candidates can get the exemption of a maximum of 5 years on the upper limit of age. Candidates belonging to Jammu and Kashmir residing there from 1st January 1980 to 31st December 1989, can get the exemption of a maximum of 5 years on the upper limit of age. The applicant should have an age ranging between 02 August 1993 to 01 August 1998. 3. Educational Qualification The candidate applying for CAPF exam 2021 must possess a passing degree of bachelor’s course from the recognized university. 4. Physical Standards Gender Height (Cms) Weight (Kgs) Chest (Cms) Male 165 50 81 Female 157 46 NA CAPF Results For the year 2021, CAPF 2021 exam is held for a total of 159 posts across India. According to the advertisement, notification was released on 15th April 2021 by the conducting body UPSC. The written exam was held on 08 August 2021 and candidates are now waiting for the results. The results are soon to be declared online on the official website. Event Specification Event Date CAPF Exam 2021 Application Date 15th April 2021 Admit Card For CAPF Exam 2021 15th July 2021 Exam Date For CAPF 2021 08th August 2021 Result Date CAPF Exam 2021 September/October 2021 Result Mode Online Website To Be Checked www.upsc.gov.in Recommended Articles This is a guide to CAPF Full Form. Here we discuss the introduction, eligibility and CAPF results for better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – CAPF CAPF Exam NDA Registration NDA Sample Paper

read more

CDS Exam Syllabus

Introduction To CDS Exam Syllabus For every aspirant who is preparing for any exam, it is important to have detailed knowledge about the syllabus. The syllabus information gives an estimate about the scope and the time for preparation. Students can design a preparation strategy if they know what to be studied and what topics should be omitted. Like other competitive exams, CDS or Combined Defense Service Exams dates are declared. Aspirants should have thorough knowledge about the syllabus for the CDS exams to make a successful preparation. The CDS written exam is of 500 marks. Out of which 300 for IMA, AFA, INA written exam and 200 for OTA written exam. The nature of the CDS Question paper is objective type. The time duration for the CDS Exam is 6 hours. For the OTA section, 4 hours are allocated. The syllabus is comprehensive and is based on the NCERT books of standard 9th to graduation level. Students need to make a firm foundation of fundamentals to solve the mathematics section quickly. What Is Defense CDS Exam? The CDS exam is a competitive exam conducted by the Union Public Service Commission to recruit capable candidates for the posts of Commissioned Officers in the Indian Defense Academies like Indian Military Academy, Indian Air Force Academy, Indian Naval Academy, Officer’s Training Academy. This exam has two occurrences in the year, in the month of February and September. Key Takeaways Aspirants who are applying for CDS exams need to be updated with the CDS Exam syllabus and the exam pattern. As the CDS Exam is conducted in the written form, detailed syllabus knowledge is important. The CDS exams are the entry gate for the recruitment of Commissioned Officers in one of the Defense Academies of India. The benefits and the passion enforce the candidates to stretch themselves to make a confirmed seat. As the CDS exam syllabus is divided into major three subjects, candidates must start preparing early to give a final finishing well before the exam. The mathematics subject syllabus covers the topics that are based on the NCERT books of standard 9th to 12th. Students should practice solving more sums within less time but with perfect accuracy. CDS Exam Subjects The CDS exam question paper is based on the three subjects that are given below: English General Knowledge Elementary Mathematics CDS Exam Mathematics Syllabus The mathematics section of the CDS Exam is an important section and aspirants need to prepare from the academic textbooks from class 9th to graduation. The detailed syllabus of the mathematics section is listed in the table below: Sub Topic Topics Covered Algebra Basic numerical operations Simple factors LCM and HCF Quadratic solutions problems Remainder theorem Laws of indices Simultaneous linear equations Roots and coefficients Set languages and notations Rational expressions Geometry Simple trigonometric identities Trigonometric tables usage Height and distance problems Lines and planes Properties of angles Circle and its properties Sides and angles of triangle Similar triangles Plane and plane figures Arithmetic Fundamental operations of numbers: addition, subtraction, multiplication, decimal fractions, division, square roots Number systems: integer, real and rational numbers, natural numbers Time distance formulae Simple and compound interest Profit loss Time and work Percentages Logarithms laws Divisibility tests by 2,3,4, 5,9,11 Prime and compound numbers Statistics Probability and statistical concepts Collection and tabulation of data Measures of central tendency Graphical representation of bar, pie charts, histograms, frequency polygons Mensuration Areas of squares, rectangles, triangle, circle, parallelogram Surface area and volume of spheres, cuboids Lateral surface and volume of right circular cones and cylinders CDS Exam 2021 The CDS exam 2021(II) will be conducted by the Union Public Service Commission for the 339 posts. The mode of this exam is offline and the exam format is bilingual. The CDS exam 2021 contains three phases: Written Exam Interview Medical Test The notification for CDS Exam 2021 is out and the important dates are mentioned in the below table: Event Specification Event Dates Online Registration Starting Date 04 August 2021 Online Registration Closing Date 24th August 2021 CDS Exam (II) 2021 Admit Card Date October 2021 CDS Exam (II) 2021 Exam Date 14th November 2021 CDS Exam (II) Result Date December 2021 (Tentative) Recommended Articles This is a guide to CDS Exam Syllabus. Here we discuss the introduction, subjects, mathematics syllabus and CDS exam 2021 respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – CDS UPSC CDS Syllabus CDS Age Limit NDA Salary

read more

CDS Qualification

Introduction To CDS Exam The following article provides an outline for CDS Qualification. CDS stands for Combined Defense Services Exam. The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) conducts this exam twice in a year. As defined, this is combined exam for recruitment of the commissioned officer in different defense departments: Air Force Academy (AFA) Indian Military Academy (IMA) Officer Training Academy (OTA) Indian Naval Academy (INA) CDS Exam Months: Notification of the CDS exam is released in the months of October and June. CDS exams are conducted two times in a year in the month of February and September. The CDS-2021 exam notification was released for 345 posts for male and female candidates. These exams are written exams followed by SSB interviews. Key Takeaways CDS exam 2021 dates are released. Candidates can appear for CDS Exam-2. Educational and physical criteria are the same for male and female candidates. One should strictly follow these eligibility criteria. Widowed or divorced candidates are not considered unmarried. Candidates must follow this document for eligibility criteria and start their preparation for their dream goal. Criteria Of CDS Qualification Interested candidates applying for the CDS exam please follow important eligibility guidelines. 1. CDS Eligibility Educational Qualification CDS exam-2021 educational qualification for all the exams is as the following: Officer Department Educational Qualification IMA AND OTA Degree from any recognized universities INA Degree in engineering from any recognized universities AFA Degree in physics and mathematics at class 12 level from any recognized universities Or Degree in engineering Note: Candidates who are in the final year of graduation can also apply for the CDS exams. Graduate people have to submit a provisional certificate at the time of SSB interviews. 2. CDS Exam Percentage Criteria Candidates who are applying for the post of AFA should be passed class 12 or equivalent exam in physics and math with 60 percent marks. Candidates should have a graduate degree from any recognized institute with 60% aggregates. CDS Exam Eligibility Criteria Candidates applying for CDS Exam-2021 should check with the following eligibility criteria: 1. Age Limit And Marital Status CDS exam age limit criteria are the same for male and female candidates. The minimum age eligibility for the CDS exam is 19 years. Candidates must be unmarried for all the officers in CDS Exams. Officer Department Age Limit Marital Status Gender IMA 19 years -24 years Unmarried Male INA 19 years-22 years Unmarried Male AFA 19 years-23 years Candidates below 25 years of age must be unmarried. Male OTA (SSC Course For Men) 19 years-25 years unmarried Male OTA (SSC Women Non-Technical Course) 19 years-25 years Unmarried women, issueless widows and issueless divorcee Female Note: Candidates should not be divorcees or widowers. 2. Nationality Nationality eligibility criteria for the CDS exam are as following: He/she must have permanent citizenship of India. He/she must be a subject of Nepal or Bhutan. A Tibetan refugee who come to India before 1 January 1962. A candidate born in India can be migrated from Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Burma, The United Republic of Tanzania, East African companies of Kenya, Zambia, Zaire, and Malawi. 3. Physical Standards For CDS The candidate’s physical standard criteria must be followed by the UPSC advertisement standard. Some rules of standards are: They should be fit with physical fitness as well as mental fitness. Candidates shouldn't have hearing problems and disabilities in-ear. Tattoos on candidate’s bodies do not allow in physical fitness exams. Shouldn't be a Hernia sufferer. 4. Height And Weight Standards For Male Candidates Male candidates who are interested in army and navy officer check with the following chart: Male Candidates Height Criteria In Centimeters (Without Shoes) Weight In Kgs 18 Yrs 20 Yrs 22 Yrs 24 Yrs 152 44 46 47 48 155 46 48 49 50 157 47 49 50 51 160 48 50 51 52 162 50 52 53 54 165 52 53 55 56 168 53 55 57 58 173 57 59 60 61 175 59 61 62 62 178 61 62 63 64 180 63 64 65 66 183 65 67 68 68 185 67 69 70 71 188 70 71 72 74 190 72 73 74 76 193 74 76 77 78 195 77 78 79 81 5. Height And Weight Standards For Female Candidates Female Candidates Height Criteria In Centimeters (Without Shoes) Weight in Kgs 20 Yrs 25 Yrs 30 Yrs 148 39 41 43 150 40 42 43.5 153 42 43.5 45 155 43 44 46 158 45 46 48 160 46 47 49 163 47 49 51 165 49 51 53 168 50 52 54 6. Vision Standards Vision standards for INA candidates. Parameters Standards Uncorrected Without Glasses 6/12,6/12 Corrected With Glasses 6/6,6/6 Limits Of Myopia -1.5D Limits Of Hypermetropia 1.5D Binocular Vision 111 Limits Of Color Perception 1 Recommended Articles This is a guide to CDS Qualification. Here we discuss the introduction, criteria of CDS qualification and exam eligibility criteria respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – CDS UPSC CDS Syllabus CDS Age Limit CDS Eligibility

read more

K-12 Curriculum

Introduction To K-12 Curriculum The following article provides an outline for K-12 Curriculum. In the education industry, the curriculum is the buzzword throughout the year. Different courses have different curriculum. Curriculum word generally refers to various things in the education industry like: Various subjects learned in the school. A set of learning objectives or standards in which students to be mastered. Scholastic and non-scholastic activities for a grade. What Is K-12? When the term K-12 is referred to, it is referred to the primary and secondary course of education altogether for the period starting from kindergarten to standard twelve. In many countries like United States, Australia, China, Japan, Germany, and now in India also, educational institutes are following the K-12 education pattern. Key Takeaways K is for kindergarten and 12 denotes the class 12 in the term K-12. The term refers to the primary stage to the 12th class of basic education. The entire period includes 6 years of elementary education, 4 years for junior high school, and 2 years for senior high school. This entire program is designed such that students will get enough time to become masters of the basic competency skills and skills required to sustain in the global race. The advanced and skill-based curriculum will focus on the overall growth of students rather than concentrating on academics alone. The different structure of teaching and study material will make the learning process more engaging and joyful for both students and teachers. Hope this new era of education will enhance student’s progress and their future in a better way. K-12 Curriculum Guide K-12 curriculum guide is far better than traditional textbooks. The alternatives provide for textbooks in the form of audio and video opens new ways of learning in a more engaging manner. It will help to connect the dots in a much better way and prepare for the exams. K-12 Curriculum Advantages As the K-12 curriculum focuses on scholastic and non-scholastic activities throughout the period of 12 years, students become ready to enter the world with enhanced skills and knowledge. Given below are the advantages of the K-12 curriculum: Preparedness for tertiary learning: When students are admitted to K-12 adapted schools, students will accomplish their graduation at an age older than traditional curriculum adapted school graduates. According to experts, this will be an added advantage for the youngsters who are making their debut in the professional world. These youngsters will be equipped with more knowledge and skills when they enter college. Enhanced skill competency in the international job market: The K-12 curriculum is designed such that linguistic skills, mathematical, and scientific skills are enhanced to match the global job market standards. With this new K-12 curriculum, each student will get sufficient time to become a master in their favourite field and improve the required skill set. The students who have gone through the K-12 curriculum are picked by international and leading organizations as they are already enriched with the skill sets that are required in the professional world. Readiness to join the professional world: As the K-12 curriculum is designed by keeping the focus on extensive learning, students are not limited to bookish knowledge. The new and practical-based approach taken during the entire learning process will make the student enthusiastic about the professional world. Students are made capable enough that they will not fret to try different programs and choose the apt one. K-12 fosters employment and entrepreneurship: K-12 provides more opportunities for gainful employment and entrepreneurship. Many schools are adopting this practice and after completing the curriculum and a specially designed assessment, students can get aid for getting the best employment options. For entrepreneurship also, students can manage their business setup and education on a parallel basis. K-12 Curriculum Basic Education Given below table shows K-12 curriculum basic education: Name Of The Grade Grades Elementary Kindergarten Grade 1-6 Junior High School Grade 7-10 Grade 7-8 – Exploratory TLE Grade 9-10 – Specialized TLE Senior High School Grade 11-12 Senior High School: Academic   ABM, General academic, Pre-baccalaureate maritime, STEM, HUMSS Technical-Vocational-Livelihood   TVL maritime, Industrial arts, ICT, Home economics, Agri-fishery Sports Arts And Design Recommended Articles This is a guide to K-12 Curriculum. Here we discuss the introduction, K-12 curriculum guide, advantages and basic education respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – K-12 K-12 Program K-12 Learning K-12 Jobs

read more

NDA Admit Card

Introduction To NDA Admit Card The following article provides an outline for NDA Admit Card. The National Defense Academy (NDA) is one of the most prestigious entrance exams for joining defense service in India, the Army, the Navy, the Air Force. The NDA exam is conducted by the union public service commission (UPSC). The person who wants to serve the nation in the defense field in India should take this NDA entrance test. This test is conducted twice a year. There will be a written exam and an SSB interview. The candidates who clear the written exam are eligible to attend the SSB interview. After successful completion of the written test and SSB interview, candidates will be given training in their respective wings. A total of 400 vacancies are available for the year 2021 as per notification. Before only male candidates were allowed to write this entrance test, but now there is an interim order by the supreme court saying that women candidates can also write the entrance exam. The center has sought some time to set some guidelines for women to take this test, so this year women cannot write the NDA exam. In 2020, around 5.3 lakh candidates applied for the NDA exam, out of which 2.4 lakh candidates had written the exam. Key Takeaways NDA (National Defense Academy) exam is conducted by UPSC for selection of the Indian army, navy, and air force. The selected candidates will be trained by NDA in the institute of Indian armed forces. To write the exam, candidates need to register for the exam on the official website of UPSC. Once registration is done, candidates will be sent the e-admit card in the registration mail ID and also can download it from the official website. NDA Admit Card 2021 Interested candidates need to apply for the NDA exam on the official website. The application is sent through online mode only. Candidates need to be aware of the registration deadline. The eligible candidates will be issued with the e-Admit Card before the commencement of the exam. Usually, it will take 3 weeks before the exam. The admit card is sent through email and website only, so candidates are advised to provide valid and active e-mail ID. NDA Exam Information NDA exam dates for the year 2021 is given below: Sr. No Name Of Examination Notification Date Application Date Date Of Exam 1 NDA Examination (I) 30/12/2020 19/01/2021 18/04/2021 Sunday 2 NDA Examination (II) 09/06/2021 29/06/2021 14/11/2021 Sunday NDA Exam Registration UPSC will provide the notification of the NDA exam on its official website. It is advised candidates check the website regularly. Candidates need to create the login ID first. Check for the registration link and provide all the details requested such as name, address, phone number, mail ID, etc. Make sure that the contact information is valid and active. Registration ID and password will be sent through the given mail and candidates need to use that ID to apply for the exam application. Upload the requested documents like education, caste, Aadhar, etc. Check all the information thoroughly before submitting it. Once submitted, the candidate will be directed to the payment page. Candidates need to pay the nominal fee and once done, the registration completed. Make note of the ID and download the form for future reference. The official website for the NDA exam: http://upsconline.nic.in Recommended Articles This is a guide to NDA Admit Card. Here we discuss the introduction, NDA admit card 2021, exam information and exam registration respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – NDA Qualification NDA Previous Year Question Paper NDA Registration NDA Details

read more

NDA Age Limit

Introduction To NDA Age Limit The following article provides an outline for NDA Age Limit. NDA (National Defense Academy) exam will be held twice a year in 2 phases. The exam is administrated by UPSC (Union Public Service Commission). The main aim of the exam is to recruit candidates for military services i.e. Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force. Once the exam is completed, selected candidates will be given training by the Institute of Indian Armed Forces. Candidates will enroll for training for about 3 years in Khadakwasla. After the training, they will be moved to pre-commission training of their choice in AFA, INA, IMA, or OTA. Finally, they pass out as Lieutenant, Sub-Lieutenant, and Flying officer. Every year lakhs of aspirants enrolled for the NDA exam with the main aim of serving the country but only a few will be able to clear. Even the age limit of NDA is limited and because of this, candidates have very limited attempts. Thus, candidates need to plan well their timeline and attempt for the exam. Key Takeaways NDA exam has certain qualification requirement before allowing the candidates to write the exam. They are nationality, age limit, educational qualification and physical standards. Candidates need to fulfill all the requirements for writing the exam. Candidates need to study the exam by keeping in mind the exam pattern, syllabus and exam dates. Solving previous years question papers and monk exam gives confidence in writing the exam. Preparation For NDA Registration: Candidates need to make sure that they have registered for the exam before the deadline. Know the exam pattern: Knowing the exam pattern is very important to prepare the timetable for study. Prepare according to syllabus: The main subjects of the exam are mathematics, basic science, current affairs, and English. Go through the detailed topics of all these subjects and prepare for them. Maintain discipline: The only way to crack the NDA exam is proper to understand the basics, periodic revision with proper discipline. Solve previous year question paper: Previous year question papers help to judge the question pattern, question difficulty, and time management. Solve mock exams: Solving mock exam provides confidence in attending the exam, improves to reduce your anxiety levels, and helps to optimize time management. Eligibility Criteria The required eligibility criteria for NDA exams are: 1. Nationality The aspirant must be a citizen of India. Or Candidate should be subject of Nepal. Or Person of Indian origin who has migrated from neighboring countries like Pakistan, Sir Lanka, Burma, and East South African countries like Zambia, Tanzania, etc. For more information, kindly go through the official website. 2. Age Limit The maximum age limit for an exam is 18.7 and the minimum age limit is 15.7 years. The date of birth is verified from the secondary school leaving certificate (SSLC) or equivalent only. 3. Gender It is to be noted that only unmarried male is eligible for NDA exam. If found that any candidate has married after entering the NDA, then he will be liable to repay all the expenses bared. This restriction is only till the complete training in NDA is completed. 4. Educational Qualification Candidate should have completed the 12th or equivalent for appearing for exam. Candidate need to have completed 12th or equivalent in physics, chemistry and mathematics for entering into Air Force and Naval wings. 5. Physical Standards Candidates must be physically fit according to the physical standards set by the NDA. Recommended Articles This is a guide to NDA Age Limit. Here we discuss the introduction, preparation for NDA and eligibility criteria respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – NDA Qualification NDA Previous Year Question Paper NDA Registration NDA Details

read more

NDA Exam

Introduction To NDA Exam National Defence Academy (NDA) exam is the entrance test for the aspirants who are willing to join for joint defence services, the Indian Army, Navy and Air Force. Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) administrates this exam every year. Selected candidates of the 3 services are given training by the Institute of Indian Armed Forces together before they move into their respective service for further pre-commission training. NDA exam is conducted twice a year in 2 stages, written exam and SSB (Service Selection Board) interview. The candidates who qualify in the written exam will have eligibility for appearing SSB interview for intelligence and personality test. Key Takeaways NDA (National Defence Academy) exam is conducted twice a year in 2 phases. Candidates interested in joining the Indian Army, Navy and Air Force need to pass the exam to join NDA. The exam subjects are divided into 2 parts i.e., mathematics and general ability test. The subject topics will be mostly related to the college and school level. For writing, exam candidates need to ensure that he/she is a citizen of India, qualify age limit, pass 12th and be fit according to the given standards. NDA Exam Dates Tentative dates for NDA are announced by Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) in their official calendar. NDA exam dates 2021 as per UPSC notification, are given below: Sr. No Name Of Examination Notification Date Application Last Date Date Of Exam 1 NDA Examination (I) 30/12/2020 19/01/2021 18/04/2021 Sunday 2 NDA Examination (II) 09/06/2021 29/06/2021 14/11/2021 Sunday UPSC will shortlist the candidates for the SSB interview and eligible candidates will be called for the SSB interview. Note As Per UPSC: The dates of notification, commencement and duration of Examinations/ RTs are liable to alteration if the circumstances so warrant. NDA Exam Pattern Syllabus for the written exam, time, and maximum marks for each subject are as follows: Subject Topics Duration Questions Maximum Marks Mathematics Algebra 2.5 Hours 120 300 Matrices And Determinants Trigonometry Analytical Geometry Differential Calculus Vector Algebra, Statistics And Probability General Ability Test Part A: English 2.5 Hours 150 200 Part B: General knowledge 400 Section A: Physics Section B: Chemistry Section C: General science Section D: History Section E: Geography Section F: Current events Total 5 Hours 270 900 Candidates who are eligible for SSB interviews will have to undergo a 2-stage selection process, I and II. Only those who clear the Stage I process are allowed to appear for the Stage II process in the SSB interview. The subjects for stages I and II are as below: Stages SSB/Interview - Intelligence And Personality Test Maximum Marks Stage I Officer Intelligence Rating (OIR). Picture Perception And Description Test 900 Stage II  Psychology Tests And Conference, Group Testing Officer Tasks And Final Interview NDA exam paper consists of all objective type questions. The question papers will be set in English and Hindi language. For every wrong answer, 1/3rd marks will be deducted. Candidates should use only a black ball pen to mark in the OMR sheet. NDA Exam Qualification Candidates need to qualify for all the criteria before applying for the exam. 1. Nationality Must be a citizen of India. 2. Age Limit The maximum age limit for the exam is 18.7 and the minimum age limit is 15.7 years. 3. Educational Qualifications For Army Wing: 12th Pass.  For Air Force and Naval Wings: 12th pass with physics, chemistry and maths. 4. Physical Standards Candidates must qualify the physical standards for admission to National Defence Academy. Official Website: http://upsconline.nic.in Recommended Articles This is a guide to NDA Exam. Here we discuss the introduction, NDA exam dates, pattern and qualification for better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – NDA Qualification NDA Previous Year Question Paper NDA Registration NDA Details

read more

NDA Full Form

Introduction To NDA Full Form The full form of the NDA abbreviation is National Defense Academy. This is the military academy that gives training for candidates who offer military services for the nation through Army, Navy, and Air Force. Here candidates are trained up as required by the respective services along with academics and also candidates are offered degree certificates. National Defense Academy (NDA) exam is the most prominent entrance exam for joining the Indian military services which are conducted by Union Public Service Commission (UPSC). NDA exam is conducted 2 times a year, in 2 phases i.e., written exam and SSB interview. The candidates who are shortlisted by UPSC based on their performance in the written exam are called up for an SSB interview. Key Takeaways NDA exam is one of the most prestigious exams conducted by UPSC for the candidates who wished to join the Army, Navy, and Air Force. Proper preparation and dedication is must to clear this exam, for which always update with current affairs and take knowledge with all available resources. Know the exact exam syllabus and pattern and prepare accordingly. Properly fill the application form. Preparation For NDA Exam Given below shows the preparation for NDA exam: 1. Know The Syllabus To prepare for the NDA exam, one must focus on the syllabus and topics which are prescribed by UPSC. Refer to the below table for the syllabus given by UPSC for the NDA exam 2021. Subject Topics Mathematics Algebra Matrices And Determinants Trigonometry Analytical Geometry Differential Calculus Vector Algebra, Statistics, And Probability General Ability Test Part A: English Part B: General Knowledge Section A: Physics Section B: Chemistry Section C: General Science Section D: History Section E: Geography Section F: Current Events SSB/Interview: Intelligence And Personality Test Stage I: Officer Intelligence Rating (OIR). Picture Perception And Description Test Stage II: Psychology Tests And Conference, Group Testing Officer Tasks, And Final Interview 2. Know Exam Pattern NDA exam paper has all objective-type questions. There is a negative mark of -0.33 for the wrong answer. The typical NDA exam pattern is as given below. Subject Maximum Marks Duration Mathematics 300 2 Hours 30 Minutes General Ability Test Part A: English 200 2 Hours 30 Minutes Part B: General Knowledge 400 Total 900 SSB Interview 900 2 Hours 30 Minutes 3. Be Thorough With The Topics As Prescribed By UPSC Mathematics: Just go through the syllabus given by the UPSC and revise your academic knowledge which you learned during your school/college time. General Ability Test: Instead of referring to a lot of general knowledge books, be a regular newspaper reader, try to read or watch most authenticated news and only focus on the topics which are relevant to your NDA exam. 4. Revise Previous Question Papers Practice more and more previous years exam papers which will improve your ability to judge the correct answer quickly. 5. Time Management Set a time for each practice paper, then you will get an idea of how you can reduce the time-consuming steps for blotting the right answer. 6. Take Mock Test After covering all syllabus and practicing sufficient previous question papers, you must take mock tests so that you can analyze your performance in all aspects like time taken, wrong answers, etc., and improve yourself wherever necessary. 7. Physical Fitness Apart from this be calm, take good food and have good sleep which is very important. Regular aerobic exercises between the scheduled study timings help your mental health fit. NDA Exam Dates Given below are the exam dates mentioned: Sr. No Name Of Examination Date Of Notification Last Date For Recipient Of Applications Date Of Commencement Of Exam 1 NDA Examination (I) 30/12/2020 19/01/2021 18/04/2021 Sunday 2 NDA Examination (II) 09/06/2021 29/06/2021 14/11/2021 Sunday NDA Application Form Only online application is valid for the NDA exam and candidates are required to download the application form from the official website of UPSC, i.e., http://upsconline.nic.in. Candidates should fill the date of birth carefully as recorded in the school/college certificates as once submitted and accepted by the commission, further changes are not allowed. Recommended Articles This is a guide to NDA Full Form. Here we discuss the introduction, preparation for NDA exam, exam dates and application form respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – NDA Qualification NDA Previous Year Question Paper NDA Registration NDA Details

read more

NDA Syllabus

Introduction To NDA Syllabus The following article provides an outline for NDA Syllabus. The National Defense Academy (NDA) exam is a national-level entrance exam administrated for candidates who wish to join Indian Military Service. This exam is conducted by Union Public Service Commission (UPSC).  The candidates who clear the written exam are allowed to enter for SSB interview round and the candidates who complete both written exam and SSB interview are eligible to take admission in NDA where NDA train up the candidates for Army, Navy, and Air Force before they join to their respective service wing. Key Takeaways NDA exam is conducted twice a year in 2 phases by UPSC. The subjects in the exam are math, science, current affairs and English. Candidates are recommended to go through detailed topic information for better preparation. Most of the topics are related to school/college curriculum. NDA age limit is between 15.7 to 18.7 only. Exam pattern is in 2 phases, first phase is written exam and second phase is SSB interview. Candidates need to qualify both the round for entering NDA. NDA Exam Syllabus NDA exam syllabus for written exam contains 2 subjects, mathematics, and general ability test. SSB interview has intelligence and personality test. For brief information regarding the syllabus as given by the UPSC, please refer to below table: 1. Mathematics Algebra Sets Cartesian product and relation Modulus, cube roots, argument Permutation and Combination Linear in equations by the graph Venn diagrams Real numbers Number systems Binomial theorem De morgan laws Complex numbers Quadratic equations Logarithms Matrices and Determinants Matrices types and their operations Properties of determinants and matrices Cramer’s rule Determinant of a matrix. Adjoint and inverse of a matrix Analytical Geometry Cartesian coordinate system Equation of a line Distance of a point from a line Equation of a plane and a line Distance formula Angle between two lines Parabola, hyperbola, and ellipse Angle between 2 lines and 2 planes Direction Cosines and direction ratios Equation of a circle Eccentricity and axis Equation of a sphere Differential Calculus Concept of a real-valued function Continuity of functions Application of derivatives Composite functions Derivatives Limits Increasing and decreasing functions Trigonometry Angles-degree and radians Identities and formulas Ratios of trigonometry Standard angles and allied angles Applications Inverse trigonometric functions Vector Algebra Introduction to vectors Null and unit vector Vector-addition and multiplication Applications Integral Calculus and Differential Equations Integration by substitution and by parts, standard integrals Differential equation - definition and formation Application of integration Solution of differential equations with examples Formation of a differential equation by examples Applications of a differential equation Statistics and Probability Introductions to statistics Variance and standard deviation Union and intersection of events Bayes’ theorem Pie chart, frequency polygon Correlation and regression Complementary, elementary, and composite events Random variable Measures of central tendency Probability definitions Elementary theorems Binomial distribution 2. General Ability Test a. English Grammar Vocabulary Comprehension b. General Knowledge Physics: Properties of Matter Motion of objects Heat and temperature Magnets Archimedes principle Gravitation Light and sound Electricity Laws of motions Power and energy Basics working principles X-rays Chemistry: Chemical and physical changes Chemical combination laws Acid, base, salts Elements and compounds Properties of water and air Carbon Symbols, formulae, and equations Properties of elements Fertilizers Preparation of substances, ex: Soap, glass, etc Atoms General Science: Living and non-living things Human body organs Basis of life Epidemics-causes and prevention Reproduction and growth in living things Food Solar system Scientific achievements History: Indian civilization and culture Panchayat raj, community developments Renaissance, discovery, exploration Russian revolution Indian freedom movement National integration and welfare of states War of american independence Impact of science and technology Indian administration and constitution Teachings of mahatma gandhi French revolution Democracy, communism socialism Five-year plans Modern world Industrial revolution India's role in the world Geography: Earth - shape, and size Rocks Imports and exports of India Concept of time Weather and climate Agriculture and industries Latitudes and longitudes Ocean Seaports of India Origin of earth Atmosphere Land and air routes of India Minerals and power resources Geography of India SSB Interview Given below table shows SSB Interview: Stage 1 Stage 2 Officers’ Intelligence Rating (OIR) Interview Picture Perception (PP) Group testing officer task Description Test (DT) Psychology test Conference NDA Exam Pattern The syllabus for the written exam, time, and maximum marks for each subject is as follows: Subject Topics Duration Questions Maximum Marks Mathematics  Algebra 2.5 hours 120 300 Matrices and determinants Trigonometry Analytical geometry Differential calculus Vector algebra, statistics and probability General Ability Test Part A: English 2.5 hours 150 200 Part B: General knowledge 400 Section A: Physics Section B: Chemistry Section C: General science Section D: History Section E: Geography Section F: Current events Total 5 hours 270 900 NDA Age Limit Age limit for NDA exam is between 15.7 and 18.7 years. Presently only unmarried male eligible for the exam. Recently, there is a discussion for allowing women as a part of NDA exam. Follow authenticated news for the clarification. Recommended Articles This is a guide to NDA Syllabus. Here we discuss the introduction, NDA exam syllabus, SSB interview, NDA exam pattern and age limit. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – NDA Qualification NDA Previous Year Question Paper NDA Registration NDA Details

read more

What Is K-12?

Introduction To K-12 If your child is school-going or about to enter academic life, then the K-12 education system must not be a new word for you. As we all know, in India, a child having age between 6 to 14, has the right to have education at no cost and it is compulsory. Like countries like Canada, United States, Australia, the K-12 education system is gaining more accreditation. Key Takeaways Starting from primary standards to higher secondary standards, the sum adds up to the K-12 education. Here, the K represents Kindergarten and 12 for 12th By implementing the education pattern, the education system is experiencing an improved pace and this platform is helping the educational institutes to achieve growth and betterment in the current education system. The video and audio study material will help the learning process interesting. Study in form of puzzles and games will make the process engaging and students will ignite more interest in the learning process. As the teaching material is readily available which is effective than manually drafting material, instructors can save time and can focus on the core teaching process more. What Is K-12? The school category denotes the education from Kindergarten (K in K-12) to 12th standard (12 in K-12). With this concept, primary and secondary education combinedly known as K-12 education will empower more student-teacher communication. The education model is widely accepted in government and private schools. K-12 Education In India, there are 1.46 million schools, out of which 54% are state or central government schools, 25% are private, and the rest 21% are municipal schools. These K-12 schools are affiliated with the CBSE board, state board, and CISCE. K-12 Exams As the pandemic is impacting exams badly, there are changes in the exam schedule. The exams for CBSE 12th were to be conducted between 15th July to 26th July 2021. Now there is a change in the schedule and is mentioned in the table below: Event Event Date CBSE 12th Conducted Previously 15th July to 26th July 2021 (Cancelled) CBSE 12th Exam Result Declaration 30th July 2021 (Declared) CBSE 12th Optional Exam 25th August to 15th September 2021 CBSE 12th Optional Result Announcement 30th September 2021 Importance Of K-12 Programs The improvement in the education system is necessary with the change in the time. The widely accepted programs come with several plus points eliminating the flaws of the current education system to some extent. Students will learn how to socialize through the education system to form social cliques when they grow older. With education programs, teachers can customize program instructions that will be based on the student’s cognitive level. To strengthen the mental and physical abilities, the curriculum can be customized that includes scholastic and non-scholastic activities. The rigorous training provided to teachers will ensure that student development is on both fronts: academic and non-academic. Recommended Articles This is a guide to What is K-12? Here we discuss the introduction, education, exams and importance of k-12 programs for better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – K-12 Program K-12 Level K-12 Learning K-12 Jobs

read more

ISEE Lower Level

Introduction To ISEE Lower Level The following article provides an outline for ISEE Lower Level. ISEE (Independent School Entrance Examination) is an entrance exam for admission into private schools in the USA. It is handled by ERB (Educational Records Bureau). It consists of 4 levels i.e., Primary, Lower, Middle, and Higher levels. The lower-level exam is taken by the students who are getting into 5th and 6th grade. The exam consists of verbal, quants, math, and reading comprehension which tests the student’s ability in critical thinking, problem-solving, and english basic knowledge. Based on their performance, students will get their stanine score which is converted from the percentile score. Then the performance is evaluated by the school they have applied and admission will be done. Key Takeaways ISEE (Independent School Entrance Examination) conducts exams for 4 types of students i.e., primary, lower, middle, and higher. A lower-level exam is conducted for students who are getting admission into 5th and 6th grade. The exam consists of 4 main topics verbal, quants, reading, and math along with an unscored essay. Each section will have some unscored section that is not revealed and the total scores will be the number of questions answered correctly without unscored questions. The final raw score will be converted to a scaled score, then to percentile, and finally to stanine score. The schools will evaluate the student’s performance from stanine along with sent essays for admission. Official Website: https://iseeonline.erblearn.org/ ISEE Exam Structure Given below is the ISEE exam structure: Section Lower Level Total Questions Unscored Question Time In Min Verbal Reasoning 34 4 20 Quantitative Reasoning 38 3 35 Reading Comprehension 25 5 25 Mathematics Achievement 30 5 30 Essay 1 1 30 1. Verbal Reasoning: It mainly focuses on synonyms and sentence completion. Each section will be of 17 questions. 2. Quantitative Reasoning: Tests the critical thinking and problem-solving skills of the student. 3. Reading Comprehension: It focuses on English knowledge and reading skills. It has 5 passages and each passage has 5 questions. 4. Mathematics Achievement: Topics asked in math are given below. Topics Number Of Questions Algebra 4-7 Probability And Data Analytics 4-7 Fractions, Decimal And Percentage 4-7 Geometry 2-5 Measurement 2-5 Whole Number 4-7 Algebra: Equations Probability: Outcome Data Analysis: Sets, Tables, Venn diagrams Geometry: Coordinate geometry, Plane geometry, Quadrilateral – Parallelogram, Rectangle, Squares, Trapezoid, Triangles Others: Distributive property, Fractions, Operations, Ratio and Proportion. The essay writing will be unscored. A copy of the essay will be sent out to schools for evaluation. Thus, essay evaluates student’s deep knowledge on the topic, current affairs, facts, and the way of approach the topics. Note: Calculators are not allowed. Scoring In ISEE Given below is the scoring in ISEE: Raw Score: This is the actual score secured by the student. Each section has some unscored questions also known as the experimental question which is not reviled. So, the difference in the total number of questions and experimental questions will be the actual raw score for that section. The same theory will be applied for all sections and the sum of all the correct answers will be the final raw score. Scaled Score: The raw score will be converted to the scaled score. The scaled score will be varying between 760-940. ESB conducts multiple versions of the exam every year and to normalize all the scores irrespective of exam forms, the scaled score will be helpful. The total number of correctly answered questions will be given a specific scaled number which will help to determine the percentile. Percentile: The scale score will be on the base of 100. It also relatively tests the student’s performance. Stanine: The following table gives the relation between percentile and stanine. The stanine score will be given for each section and will be on a scale from 1 to 9. Recommended Articles This is a guide to ISEE Lower Level. Here we discuss the introduction, exam structure and scoring in ISEE for better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – ISEE Upper Level Test ISEE Middle Level ISEE Test SSAT vs ISEE

read more

ISEE Test

Introduction To ISEE Test The following article provides an outline for ISEE Test. ISEE (Independent School Entrance Examination) is an entrance exam admission of students into schools between 2nd to 12th grade in the USA and is conducted by ERB (Educational Records Bureau). This exam helps to analyze student’s basic ability tests through verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, comprehension, and mathematics. Based on their scores the school will admit them into their campus. ISEE test can be classified into 4 types: Grade Equivalent Entrance Test 2nd – 4th Grade Primary Level 5th – 6th Grade Lower Level 7th – 8th Grade Middle Level 9th – 12th Grade Upper Level Key Takeaways ISEE (Independent School Entrance Examination) is an entrance exam conducted by ERB (Educational Records Bureau) for getting admissions into private schools in the USA. Exam is conducted 3 times a year and student can choose whichever timeframe he/she wants. Test is conducted in 4 different levels which depends on the schooling grade student wants to get admission. The exam consists of Quants, Verbal, Comprehension, and Math. Official Website: https://iseeonline.erblearn.org/ ISEE Test Preparation Given below shows ISEE test preparation: Give importance to basics: The questions asked will be from the fundamental concepts and students are advised to be thorough with basics. Know the exam requirement: The subjects in ISEE will evaluate student’s knowledge on subjects, problem-solving skills, critical thinking, analytical thinking, and basic english knowledge. Thus students have to work on these areas in the syllabus and improve. Unscored section: There are some unscored questions also known as experimental questions which are unrevealed in the exam. These questions are not added to the main score but will be evaluated by the respective school, so students need to think beyond scoring to get into their desired school. Unscored questions are covered in all 4 topics and the essay. Maintain discipline: Studying 1 or 2 hours daily with a good amount of practice tests can easily help get good grades. Practice more: Practice makes the differentiating factor for scoring more or less. Solve question papers: Solving previous years question papers and some mock tests will give high confidence in attempting the main exam. ISEE Test Dates The exam can be taken up to 3 times a year. Summer/Spring: (April to July) Fall: (August to November) Winter: (December to March) Based on convenience, students can choose their exam window. Even though the exams can be taken 3 times, it is recommended to take them once. The exact exam dates will vary from region to region. To get the exact dates, kindly visit the official website. ISEE Exam Pattern It consists of 4 main topics: Verbal Reasoning Quantitative Reasoning Reading Comprehension Mathematics Achievement Apart from this, students must write an essay to the schools to which they are applying. The random topic will be given to students which they have 30 minutes to complete, the essay writing scores will not be considered for the final grade. The exam duration will be 2 hours 50 minutes for middle and higher levels, 2 hours 30 minutes for the lower level. ISEE Scoring Since the exam is conducted in different regions and times, scores are normalized using 4 scoring methods. Raw score: It is the actual marks scored by the individual. Scaled score: The raw score will be scaled between 760 to 940 based on the difficulty and performance of other individuals. Percentile score: It converts the scaled scoring into percentile form i.e., on a scale of 100. This gives how better the student performed when compared to others. Stanine: Percentile is converted to Stanine on a scale from 1 to 9. Recommended Articles This is a guide to ISEE Test. Here we discuss the introduction, ISEE test preparation, test dates, exam pattern and scoring respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – ISEE Upper Level Test ISEE Middle Level ISEE Test Registration ISEE Lower Level

read more

ISEE Test Registration

Introduction To ISEE Test The following article provides an outline for ISEE Test Registration. ISEE (Independent School Entrance Examination), administrated by Educational Records Bureau is helpful for the student getting admission into private schools in the USA. ISEE evaluates student’s performance based on critical thinking, problem-solving skills, and basic english knowledge. All the scores will be generalized and termed in the form of the stanine score. These scores are sent to schools and they will decide whether to admit the student or not. The exam will be conducted for 4 different types of students i.e., primary (2nd to 4th grade), lower (5th and 6th grade), middle (7th and 8th grade), and higher (9th to 12th grade). The exam is conducted 3 times a year and student can choose their exam window. Once decided, students need to register for the exam on the ISEE website. Key Takeaways ISEE (Independent School Entrance Examination) conducts exam 3 times a year and student can choose the timeframe he/she wants to give. To give the exam, students need to register for the exam on the official website, choose the exam and make the payment of exam fees. The process of registering starts with the creation of the parent’s account, followed by the student’s account, and then followed by the selection of the exam date and type. After the completion of the exam, the results are announced in the form of stanine score which later is used in admission into the descried school of the candidate. ISEE Test Registration For writing the ISEE exam, applicants need to have a parent’s account, student’s account, choose the schools, make necessary payments and get at last get the details of the exam. Students need to know that the exam will be conducted 3 times a year and need to time their preparation and registration by keeping it into account. The exam timeline is as follows: Summer/Spring: (April to July) Fall: (August to November) Winter: (December to March) Signup Guide Given below is the signup guide: Parent account creation: The first step in attempting the ISEE exam is the creation of a parent’s account. Thus, a guardian or a parent is a must for the exam. Parents need to visit the official website for registering their children for the ISEE exam. Fill and submit all the details and get the confirmation through the mail. Student’s account creation: Once the parent’s account is created, the student’s account can be created. All the details of students like age, grade, etc need to be given and submitted. After successful registration, the student’s profile will be added to the dashboard. Choose your exam date: ISEE exam will be conducted 3 times a year. Applicant needs to register for the exam he/she is willing to take. Visit the ISEE page and get the latest dates and venue for the exam. Pay the exam fee and choose the school: Once the date and venue are chosen, the page will be directed to payments. After payment, students need to choose the schools they want to get admission and after the exam, the student’s exam performance will be submitted to the school they have applied. Late registration: Parents should make sure that registration should be made within the deadline, else there will be a late registration fee of $30. The below image shows the registration page from the official website. Here first create parent’s account, then followed by student’s account. The following image shows the “View Test Dates” page where students need to choose the grade applying for, date period, location, and testing method. Recommended Articles This is a guide to ISEE Test Registration. Here we discuss the introduction, test registration and signup guide for better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – ISEE Upper Level Test ISEE Middle Level ISEE Test ISEE Lower Level

read more

ISEE Vs SSAT

Introduction To ISEE Vs SSAT The following article provides an outline for ISEE Vs SSAT. ISEE (Independent School Entrance Examination) is an examination conducted and administrated by ERB (Educational Records Bureau). This is an entrance exam that is used by many private schools in the USA for admission of students into primary, lower, and higher grades. The exam tests student’s quantitative reasoning, verbal reasoning, comprehension, and math. Then there will be essay writing which will be unscored and sent to schools they are applying to. Based on the scores, students are provided with percentile which they can use to get admission into the schools. SSAT (Secondary School Admission Test) is also like ISEE but is controlled by Enrollment Management Association in the USA. It also creates the path for students to get admission into private schools. Similar to ISEE, SSAT has exam topics of quantitative aptitude, reasoning, and verbal. It also has essay writing which is unscored and is sent to schools to which they are applying. Key Takeaways ISEE (Independent School Entrance Examination) conducted by Educational Records Bureau and SSAT (Secondary School Admission Test) conducted by Enrollment Management Association are entrance exams for admission into schools in the USA. Both the exams are more or less similar. But, because of no negative marking in ISEE, it makes comparatively easier. Students are provided with percentile form in SSAT and stanine form in ISEE which they can use for getting admission. Official Website: https://iseeonline.erblearn.org/ Difference Between ISEE Vs SSAT The following table gives the difference between ISEE vs SSAT: Sr. No ISEE SSAT 1 Independent School Entrance Examination. Secondary School Admission Test. 2 Administrated by Educational Records Bureau. Administrated by Enrollment Management Association. 3 There are 4 major sections Verbal, Quants, Comprehension, and Math. There are 3 major sections Verbal, Reading, and Quants/math (used interchangeably). 4 Negative marking is not present. Negative marking is present for the middle and upper levels. For the lower level, no negative marking. 5 There are 4 different levels of exam based on student’s grade i.e., Primary, Lower, Middle, and Upper. There are 3 different levels of exam based on student’s grade i.e., Elementary, Middle, and Upper. 6 Exam eligibility starts at 2nd grade. Exam eligibility starts at 4th grade. 7 Students can give a maximum of 3 times a year. Students can take as many times as they want. 8 Scoring is in percentile. Scoring is in stanine. 9 Comparatively easier because of no negative marking. Slightly difficult because of negative marking and experimental section. Test Preparation Check the school requirements: Before preparation, check whether the school accepts ISEE, SSAT, or both. Usually, most schools consider both, but better to approach and then decide. Study the syllabus well: Study and be thorough with the basics of major topics well as most questions will appear from them. Know the exam structure: ISEE Structure: a. For lower, middle, and upper level Exam Sections Lower Level Middle Level Upper Level Questions Time In Min Questions Time Questions Time Verbal Reasoning 34 20 40 20 40 20 Quantitative Reasoning 38 35 37 35 37 35 Reading Comprehension 25 25 36 35 36 35 Mathematics Achievement 30 30 47 40 47 40 Essay* 1 30 1 30 1 30 b. For primary level Exam Sections Primary 2 Primary 3 Primary 4 Questions Time Questions Time Questions Time Auditory Comprehension 6 7 - - - - Reading 18 20 24 28 24 28 Mathematics 24 26 24 26 28 30 Writing Sample* 1 - 1 - 1 - SSAT Structure Given below is the SSAT structure: a. Middle and upper levels Section Middle Level -Questions Upper Level - Questions Time In Min Math I 25 25 30 Reading 40 40 40 Verbal 60 60 30 Math II 25 25 30 Essay* 1 1 25 Experimental* 16 16 15 b. Elementary level Section Questions Time Math I 30 30 Verbal 30 20 Reading 28 30 Essay* 1 15 Experimental* 15-17 15 * Refers that they are unscored sections. ISEE And SSAT Scores The scoring is similar to both but the only difference is that ISEE gives in stanine and SSAT give percentile. Raw score: It is the actual marks scored by students. Scaled score: It is the normalized score generated from all the regions and time zones. Percentile score: All the scores will be converted on the base of 100. It also relatively tests the student’s performance. Stanine score: The table gives relationship between percentile and stanine. Percentile Stanine Score 96-99 9 89-95 8 77-88 7 60-76 6 40-59 5 23-39 4 11-22 3 4-10 2 1-3 1 Recommended Articles This is a guide to ISEE Vs SSAT. Here we discuss the introduction, difference, test preparation, SSAT structure, ISEE and SSAT scores. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – K-12 Curriculum K-12 NDA Admit Card NDA Sample Paper

read more

K-12 Basic Education Curriculum

Introduction To K-12 Basic Education Curriculum The basic curriculum in education refers to statutory subjects which students learn at different levels. K-12 basic education curriculum is designed to shape up the children for their better future life, as best human beings. This includes learning languages, taking knowledge about history, geography, etc., mathematics, understanding science, etc. Apart from academics, non-academic activities are also included in the K-12 curriculum to enhance the skill. Thus, the K-12 education program is the improved modern education method to give the children the best education in all fields so that they can choose their path of interest for their future life. Key Takeaways K-12 education scheme covers all essential basic education curriculum that is required for modern time/society. The curriculum is arranged in a way that simple concepts are taught in initial grades and gradually content widens and also in-depth as grades progress. The non-academic curriculum is also given importance in K-12 so that students can build their careers in their interesting fields. A new curriculum helps the students to enter into global level either for higher education or for employment. K-12 Curriculum K-12 curriculum is designed in such a way that children start learning initially from kindergarten and progress through different levels from grade 1 to 12. As the grades progress, the depth in the subjects deepens to get more knowledge and to develop more skills according to their grades. The Kindergarten curriculum is arranged for small kids to identify alphabets and numbers, etc., and to socialize with peers in a new school environment, and slowly they are made to adjust schooling for higher standards. As the students enter grade 1, simple concepts are introduced and it gradually increases towards more complex concepts as required for the higher grades. The K-12 education curriculum is more relevant to students by activities, examples, stories, experiments, illustrations, etc. This makes it the learner easier to understand the subject. Importance is also given to skill development and deep knowledge in the K-12 curriculum. Discussions and teacher-student interactions are included to enhance information and communication skills. As far as languages are considered, along with mother tongue, learning other languages is also encouraged in the K-12 curriculum. K-12 Curriculum Framework Given below is the K-12 curriculum framework:  Grades Subjects Description Kindergarten Alphabets Identifying and writing alphabets Numbers Identifying and writing numbers Rhymes Poems Stories Moral stories Others Music, drawing, dance, etc Primary School (1-7) Languages Mother tongue along with other languages Maths Basic maths Science General science, living and non-living Social History, geography, civics Physical education Sports and PT Skill development Music, dance, drawing, etc High School (8-10) Languages Mother tongue with other languages Maths Arithmetic, algebra, geometry Science Physics, chemistry, biology Social History, geography, economics, civics Physical education Sports and PT Skill development Communication skills, music, drawing, etc Pre-University (11th and 12th) Languages Mother tongue with other languages Science Physics, chemistry, maths, biology, computer science, electronics, etc Arts History, geography, sociology, political science, psychology, etc Commerce Accountancy, statistics, economics, business studies, etc Advantages Of K-12 Curriculum Given below are the advantages mentioned: The enhanced K-12 curriculum off-loads the academic tasks giving more time to develop skills and other opportunities beyond conventional subjects. Graduates will acquire knowledge and skills more relevant to current employment demands both in the domestic and international job market. K-12 curriculum includes core subjects so that graduates will have the ability to crack the entrance test that is required to go for higher education both in terms of domestic or foreign schools. Graduates will get better knowledge and develop skills for self-employment if they opt to run their own business. K-12 curriculum helps the students to build their careers in non-academic fields such as music, dance, sports, fine arts, etc. Recommended Articles This is a guide to K-12 Basic Education Curriculum. Here we discuss the introduction, K-12 curriculum, framework and advantages respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – K-12 K-12 Curriculum K-12 Level What Is K-12?

read more

K-12 Jobs

Introduction To K-12 Jobs The following article provides an outline for K-12 Jobs. Countries like United States, Australia, Canada, South Korea, Turkey, Philippines, and India offer public education from class kindergarten (KG) to class 12 (12th). K-12 is a short form of kindergarten to class 12. Teachers for this job are in demand in foreign countries. This system focuses on the systematic distribution of knowledge and skills to all students. Key Takeaways K-12 education system is based on basic elementary education for all students. The main purpose of the K-12 education system is a distribution of systematic education to all levels of students. If you have an interest in k-12 education systems, first identify your goals and select the right job. Indian K-12 education system collaborates to improve student's physical, academic, and intellectual growth. Hope this document helps to achieve the aspirants a dream job in K-12 education. What Is K-12? K-12 education concept is widely spread around the globe. The concept of this education system is based on communication between teachers and students from kindergarten-class 12. Teachers in this interaction system plays an important role for students to encourage them. They arrange answer and question sessions to improve interaction with students. It is an effective learning education system. In K-12 teachers can design curriculum as per student's interests. Teachers develop student's knowledge in academic and non-academic areas. Main benefit of this education system is that students have the opportunity to choose their subject of interest to build depth knowledge of the subject. The system is broken down into three stages: Elementary school (Kindergarten KG - Grade 5) Middle school (Grade 6 - Grade 8) High school (Grade 9 - Grade 12) K-12 Education In India The government of India is now developing a K-12 education system for effective learning for students. Government has made primary education essential and free to all the cities of India under the Right To Education Act for children between 6 years to 14 years. Key points of K-12 education system: The aim of this education system is personalized education for every student. K-12 education system improves the learning experience of students. In this education system, students can share their ideas and knowledge with others. Teachers can conduct different innovative activities with students. Involves teacher's training and professional development. Benefits for teachers like retirement plans, parental leave, end of contract bonuses. Various K-12 Jobs Given below are the various K-12 jobs: 1. K-12 Online Jobs Given below are the K-12 online jobs: Job Title Location Online public-school jobs US Online private school jobs US Educators Texas and Pennsylvania Head of school Washington Physical education and health instructor US French instructor US Elementary school teacher US Praxis exam tutor US Education coach Los Angeles German teacher CO, GA, IN, MI, WA ESL tutor Canada or US 2. K-12 Administrator Jobs K-12 administrator jobs include supervisor roles at school and district offices. Following are some school administrator jobs: Jobs Responsibilities Principal Manages all school programs in an organization. Assistant principal Assist principal and handle organization to administrate school responsibilities. Dean of students Focus on student education programs such as attendance and discipline. Curriculum coordinator To direct, coordinate and supervise all areas of the school curriculum. Athletic director Direct athletic program for sports as a head coach. Program administrator Administrate all technology. Teacher personnel director Hiring certified teaching staff. Librarian Order books, library service in an organization. Superintendent It is the top-level administration supervising the overall operation of the school within the district. 3. K-12 Education Jobs K-12 education jobs are as the following: Jobs Responsibilities Teachers from kindergarten – Grade 12 Teach for all grades. Teachers for subjects like Math's, Physics, Biology, Chemistry, Geography, English, Computer Teach for all academic subjects. Language’s teacher in Italian, Japanese, German, French, Chinese Teach languages as per school requirements. Technology education teacher Teachers can overcome and solve issues by using technologies. Test preparation teacher A person should improve a student's test-taking skills and scores on the test. Writing or composition teacher Teaches research writing, essays, journalism, short stories, scripts, grammar, paragraphs. Art and PE Tutor focusses on teaching art. Study skill teacher Teachers develop skills like study habits, listening skills, learning skills, and note-taking skills. Dance Teacher Tutor teaches modern dance, ballet, jazz. 4. K-12 Graduate Jobs K-12 graduate jobs are as following: Teacher Receptionist Non -voice representative Sales associate Sales clerk Finance advisor Online English teacher Customer service representative Call center agent Recommended Articles This is a guide to K-12 Jobs. Here we discuss the introduction, K-12 education in india and various K-12 jobs for better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – K-12 K-12 Curriculum K-12 Program K-12 Level

read more

K-12 Learning

Introduction To K-12 The following article provides an outline for K-12 Learning. The K-12 education system is a modern education system to match the global requirements. The abbreviated K-12 means kindergarten to 12th grade. Under this scheme, education is focused on both academic and non-academic activities to excel the students in their interested area. K-12 program is summed up into 3 groups kindergarten, primary school, and secondary high school. Students will be graduated under this scheme and after their high school graduation, they are eligible to join university for higher study, apply for a job, or entrepreneurship. Key Takeaways The K-12 education system is an advanced modern education system. Under the K-12 program, students learn both academics and non-academics, which help the students to build their livelihood for their future life. Advanced learning materials are utilized in the K-12 program. Both government and private sectors run K-12 education centers. E-learning is one more route for K-12 education. What Is K-12 Learning? The K-12 program intends to give young children a thorough knowledge about all aspects by teaching academics and pull their skills by non-academic activities and students are prepared to face the modern world as mature adults. Learning under K-12 involves all academic subjects including math, science, social, modern technology, languages, etc. Skill development is introduced in the curriculum to enhance the hidden talents of the students like sports, singing, dance, drawing, communication, etc. The learning also involves teachers-students conversation, expertise inputs, assignments, Q and A, group discussions, etc. K-12 Learning Modules/Subjects The following are some of the common subjects or modules taught in K-12: Mathematics Social science Arts (drama, music, visual arts) Physical education Science Languages K-12 Learning Materials Given below are the K-12 learning materials: Textbooks Workbooks Software’s E-books Study tools Videos and animations Smart classrooms Libraries Computer labs Laboratories for experiments Whiteboard, compatible with marker pen and eraser Learning Modes K-12 teaching is mainly done in 2 modes, classroom and online. 1. Classroom Learning There will be face-to-face interactions between students and teachers in classroom learning. Learning through practical experiments and other activities are added advantage in classroom learning. Apart from academics, students learn socialization and cultivate good behaviors under teachers’ guidance. With many advantages, few disadvantages also there in classroom education in a rural area, students have to travel a long distance to attend a classroom. In cities also, there will be pick up and drop problems along with traffic annoyance. There may be disturbances in the classroom from some mischievous students. 2. Online Learning Traveling timings can be saved in online classes. Carrying heavy books is avoided. Students can record the lecture audio/videos and they can replay the recorded lesson if necessary. Listening to teachers with more concentration without peers’ disturbances. Online learning also has some disadvantages like there will be internet connectivity issues, some very poor students cannot buy electronic gadgets required for online learning. Electricity is necessary to attend live online classes, in rural areas if heavy rain or other problems, there may be a disturbance in the power supply. Online classes may hinder the student’s non-academic activities, especially physical education. K-12 Learning Center The common learning centers for K-12 programs are as follow: Government schools and colleges Private institutions Online education companies Coaching centers E-learning app Recommended Articles This is a guide to K-12 Learning. Here we discuss the introduction, K-12 learning modules/subjects, learning materials, modes & center. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – K-12 K-12 Curriculum K-12 Program K-12 Level

read more

K-12 Level

Introduction to K-12 Level K-12 basic education can be divided into 4 levels. Kindergarten, the primary school from grade 1-7, high school from grade 8-10, and pre-university 11 and 12. The levels are organized to set the curriculum in a systemic way considering the age group of children and the learning capacity of the children. At the primary school level, learning topics will be introduced briefly and as the grades progress, the learning topics will be geared up so that students are well prepared to join college university or to get employment or set their profession. Key Takeaways K-12 basic education program involves 4 levels, they are kindergarten, primary school, high school, and pre-university level. This makes the pathway for higher-level education like engineering, management, CA, medical, psychology, etc. Levels divided according to age group and curriculum will be enhanced in higher levels. The subjects will get tougher as the level progress and it makes the student more ready for the world. Non-academic activities are also given importance at all levels. Different K-12 Levels Given below table shows different K-12 levels: Levels Age Group Grades Subjects Topics KG 3y-6y Nursery Alphabets Identifying alphabets, reading and writing practice. Numbers Identifying numbers, reading, and writing practice. Poem Singing rhymes with action. Other activities Games, stories, drawing, music, dance, etc. Primary School 6y-13y I grade to VII grade Languages Mother tongue and other languages. Maths Tables, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and simple problems. Science Basic science, living and non-living things. Social Family, community, historical persons, culture, Government bodies, human rights, etc. PT Mass PT and sports. Skill-oriented Music, drawing, fine arts, etc. High School 14y-16y VIII grade to X grade Languages Mother tongue with an option of second and third language as per student choice. Maths Algebra, arithmetic, geometry. Science Physics, chemistry, biology, computer science. Social History, geography, civil, economics. PT Sports and PE. Skill-oriented Music, drawing, fine arts, etc. PUC 17y-18y I PUC and II PUC Languages English and other languages of student’s choice. Science PCMB, PCMC, PCME. (P- Physics, C-chemistry, M- Math, E- electronics, C- computer science). Arts HESPs, HELS, ESPsPsy, ELSPsy HEGPs. (H-History, E- economics, S - sociology, Ps - political science, L- literature, Psy- Psychology, G- Geography). Commerce CEBA, MEBA, HEBA, SEBA (S - statistics, E - economics, C - computer science, M- maths, B- business studies, A- accountancy, H-history). Other activities Skill development activities (NCC, national-level competitions). K-12 Primary Education Primary education is a fundamental right for all children. After kindergarten, the first stage of regular schooling starts as primary school. Students will learn reading and writing, basic mathematics, and understanding of the subjects along with other skills. Children are encouraged to attend school. Primary education is the foundation for children for their intellectual, physical, social development. K-12 Secondary Education The second phase of basic education is secondary education. Topics taught in primary school will be enhanced in secondary school and also subjects broaden and deep knowledge will be given for the students. Students in this phase will be more capable of decision making, they are guided to choose the path which they want to pursue. Along with academics, skill development is also focused on this phase. Student counseling for the overall development of students in terms of personal, social, career development, etc., will be given by expertise. Secondary school students will get thorough knowledge about all subjects after this phase, they will study only specialized subjects which they opted for PUC. Recommended Articles This is a guide to K-12 Level. Here we discuss the introduction, different K-12 levels, K-12 primary & secondary education respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – K-12 K-12 Curriculum K-12 Program K-12 Jobs

read more

K-12 Program

Introduction To K-12 Program The following article provides an outline for K-12 Program. The K-12 is an education system that is adopted by many countries. K-12 is the abbreviated form where K stands for kindergarten and number 12 means 12th grade. In this K-12 education system, the student’s education starts from kindergarten and continues through other phases like primary school, secondary high school, and pre-university level. The K-12 education system is collectively a student’s school life before joining to university to become a university graduate. Key Takeaways K-12 program is a new education system, from kindergarten to 12th This system is implemented to enhance the basic education and skill required for the children's future. Students will get the ability to compete at the global level either for jobs or for higher education under the K-12 education program. Components Of K-12 Program K-12 education program comprises nursery and 12 years of education phases. K-12 involves 6 years of primary school and 4 years of high school and then 2 years of pre-university. It emphasizes education in an orderly manner so that students are educated as they grow up and teaching them with enhancing their skills and learning capacity in various ways. Starting from very small kids in a nursery are taught through rhymes, games, dance, stories, and other activities so that they can gradually adjust to regular schooling. Once the children enter primary school, they are taught as per the K-12 curriculum. K-12 Program Benefits Apart from academics, the main benefits from the K-12 education system are: Socialization: Children learn how to socialize among their peers and teachers. This greatly helps the children later in their life how to live in a society and workplace. Respectfulness: Teachers influence the students to respect others and students at a young age learn to respect not only persons but also laws and guidelines which are formulated in any organization. Mind and skill enhancement: Apart from reading and writing skills, it also provides group discussion, decision-making skills, assignments, communication skills, etc. Students can develop skills other than academics which help them to excel in their interesting fields. As the K-12 education program involves a 13-year duration in preparing the student in all aspects like academics, physical and intellectual aspects thoroughly before they take a higher level of education when they join the universities. Job benefit: If the students graduated are under the K-12 program, they don't need to have a university degree certificate to get a job. K-12 program provides basic skills and encourages the students to enhance their skills in their respective fields. This helps the students to get employment or entrepreneurship. K-12 Program Advantages And Disadvantages Given below are the advantages and disadvantages: Advantages Disadvantages Enhances the quality of basic education. The school management has to provide extra resources, classrooms, faculty, etc. Students become more eligible to compete globally in the job market and higher education. Need to make sure that teachers are well trained and aligned with the curriculum, failing to which can affect student’s skill enhancement. Students can make their own decision about their carrier. K-12 Program Implementation Considering the vast advantages of the K-12 program, it is necessary to implement this system to meet the global standards in the education sector. We can consider the following things in implementing the K-12 program: Topics can be discussed in-depth for a clear understanding of the subjects. Progression of subjects from initial simpler one to gradually more advanced one. As the students enter to higher levels in the K-12 program, along with academics, other skill-oriented programs are added. Students can choose their carrier for their future life. Providing proper study materials during the implementation of K-12 is very important. Recommended Articles This is a guide to K-12 Program. Here we discuss the introduction, components, benefits, advantages and disadvantages, implementation. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – K-12 K-12 Curriculum K-12 Level What Is K-12?

read more

ISEE Middle Level

Introduction To ISEE Middle Level The following article provides an outline for ISEE Middle Level. If you have school-going kids then ISEE will not be a new name for you. The entrance tests will sieve the eligible students from massive applicants and allow them to take admissions in elite private middle level or high school. This exam is conducted by the Educational Records Bureau (ERB). What Is ISEE? ISEE stands for Independent School Entrance Examination and is conducted to scrutinize the students for admission to elite private and middle schools and high schools. This test concentrates on testing students reasoning skills, academic achievements. Key Takeaways ISEE test is accredited by more than 1200 educational institutes all over the world to seek admissions in private schools for middle or high school level. This test is used by private institutes to predict your success at their school. Test is conducted either in an offline or online format. The format and the complexity of the exam will depend upon the class level for which you are seeking admissions. Exam is divided into five sections that will thoroughly assess the students knowledge and deserving capability to seek admissions to the elite education. ISEE Middle Level Test ISEE Middle Level test is used for selecting candidates for classes 6 to 8. The test is conducted on paper and on the computer. The nature of all questions except the essay is multiple-choice questions. Test will take 2 hours and 40 minutes. The test is further divided into five sections: Sections Number Of Questions Approximate Time Duration Verbal Reasoning 40 20 Minutes Quantitative Reasoning 37 35 Minutes Reading Comprehension 36 35 Minutes Mathematics Achievement 47 40 Minutes Essay 1 Prompt 30 Minutes Total 2 Hours 40 Minutes ISEE Middle Level Math Mathematical achievement section assesses the students mathematical ability to solve the problems based on learning in the school. Normal or scientific calculators are not allowed to use during Math Exam. This section includes based on: Sections Number Of Questions Number And Operations 7-11 Questions Algebra 9-13 Questions Geometry 4-6 Questions Measurement 4-6 Questions Data Analysis And Probability 5-9 Questions Problem Solving Total 42 Questions ISEE Middle Level Practice Students seeking admissions for ISEE middle level, need to focus on studies to get qualifying scores. There are various books and study material available in both offline and online forms. ERB handbook is the best book for the preparation of test practice. The guidebook will provide structure and sample questions of the exam. Students may also find additional preparation tips that may help them. ISEE Middle Level Test Dates Dates for the ISEE Middle Level Test are in suspended situations due to the pandemic of Covid-19. The conducting institutes sites need to be checked to get an idea about whether your nearby exam centre is affected by the Covid-19 guidelines. These tests are conducted on Saturday and Sunday. Students can take only one exam per testing season. ISEE tests are conducted in the three testing seasons throughout the year. According to ERB regulations, students can appear for three exams per year or one exam per season. So, students should wisely choose their testing window. Although the dates for test 2021 are not declared yet, the testing seasons window is as follow: Sr. No Testing Seasons Month Of Test 1 Fall August To November 2 Winter December To March 3 Summer April To July Recommended Articles This is a guide to ISEE Middle Level. Here we discuss the introduction, ISEE middle level test, math, level practice and level test dates. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – ISEE Test ISEE Lower Level ISEE Upper Level Test ISEE Test Registration

read more

HSPT Test Prep

Introduction To HSPT Test Prep The following article provides an outline for HSPT Test Prep. The HSPT is the name of the exam given to eighth-grade students going to private high school. This high-school exam is designed by Scholastic Testing Services (STS) in 1955. The HSPT test is used to select and place high school students in private schools. This test evaluates students verbal skills, reading skills, language skills, math skills, and quantitative skills. Key Takeaways First step to get admission into high school is taking the HSPT exam. To impress high schools and choose schools you want exam is the right path for high school students. Calculators are not allowed in the exam, so use scratch paper for mathematical questions. Retaking the HSPT exam is of no use. What Is HSPT? HSPT-High School Placement Test is a nationally recognized admission test exam for private high schools. This exam is also used in curriculum selection and scholarship selection in high school. This entrance exam is for eighth-grade students who want to attend private school beginning in ninth grade. The HSPT is an alternative admission test to the SSAT or ISEE. The purpose of the HSPT exam helps the private school with the admission process, determine scholarship awards, and match students with the proper curriculum. HSPT exam is a multiple-choice question split into five sections. HSPT exams will conduct two times a year. One in the spring season and one in the fall season. A high score in the HSPT exam will be considered in the students schools admission process. Individual schools conduct exams for their admission process. HSPT exam scaled score between 200-800 and percentile score ranging from 1-99. There is no penalty for a wrong answer. Time required for the exam is 2 hours and 30 min. HSPT Test Prep There are three test options for HSPT as the following: Pre HSPT: This option is for seventh-grade students. For this test, schools can lease HSPT study guide and receive pre-HSPT scoring services. This option is closer to the HSPT exam to the practice exam. Open HSPT: This option of HSPT schools purchase study material, and they score locally. This option also measures five skill areas of the HSPT exam internationally. Audio: Study materials like large print, braille, and audio versions are available to prepare exams at the student's request. For online HSPT test preparation, students can use the following online courses: For HSPT test preparation, students can offer online courses to perform well in exam. They provide study material and practice tests on all areas of exam sections. Is HSPT Test Hard? HSPT maybe attempt twice, but a lower score of two tests is accepted. The HSPT exam is one of the challenging exams, so students need to study hard. To get a high score in HSPT needs to focus on all study areas. The HSPT exam needs to demonstrate learned skills and cognitive abilities. HSPT Test Prep Tips The most valuable preparation key technique is the practice test, sopractice more on question papers. HSPT books are available online or at a local book store. These books also contain practice tests and study guides. Students ask in your school for the pre-HSPT option offered in schools at seventh grade. Students can take online courses for the preparation practice exam. HSPT Test Sections Given below are the HSPT test sections: Sections Number Of Questions Time Verbal Skill 60 16 Mins Quantitative Skill 52 30 Mins Reading 62 25 Mins Math 64 45 Mins Language 60 25 Mins Note: In the sections, there are optional sections in the catholic religion, mechanical aptitude, and science. Students need to check these sections with the school apply them for the test. 1. Verbal Section Verbal section has the following areas: Verbal analogies-10 questions. Verbal classification-16 questions. Antonyms-9 questions. Synonyms-15 questions. 2. Quantitative Section This section includes questions on the following topics: Number series-18 question. Number manipulation-17 questions. Geometric comparison-9 questions. Non-geometric comparison-8 questions. 3. Reading Section In reading section of the HSPT exam area contains the following areas: Compression - 40 questions. Vocabulary - 22 questions. 4. Math Section HSPT math section has two parts: Problem solving-40 questions. Test the knowledge on problem-solving on time, distance, work, and rate. Concept -24 questions. This section tests the knowledge of geometric functions, algebraic equations, basic math, number line, and mathematical operations. 5. Language Section There are four parts in language sections as the following: Usage- 28 questions. Test the student's knowledge in parts of speech like nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, etc. Capitalization and punctuation-12 questions. Test the knowledge in punctuation identification and errors in capitalization. Spelling - 10 questions. This section includes questions on vocabulary and spelling mistakes. Composition - 10 questions. Test knowledge on communication and language formation. In optional science, sections include questions on biological science, earth science, physical science, the implication of scientific technology, and principles of scientific research. Recommended Articles This is a guide to HSPT Test Prep. Here we discuss the introduction, is HSPT test hard? prep tips and test sections for better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – HSPT Practice Test ISEE Lower Level NDA Admit Card NDA Sample Paper

read more

SSAT Exam

Introduction To SSAT Exam The Enrolment Management Association has already declared the dates for SSAT Exam 2021 and 2022. As the entire world is coming back to its routine, the exams are being conducted worldwide. SSAT Exams are the opening gates for grabbing a seat in the elite middle or high schools especially in the US, UK. But this test is accredited worldwide, so, if you also want to grab a seat, then do registration and start the preparation. Key Takeaways Many parents keep desire of admitting their wards to elite private schools that have different cultures than regular public or private schools. To seek admissions, students need to qualify for the SSAT entrance exam. Students can either go for registration on national test date or opt for flex test administration. The latter option takes assistance of an educational consultant or local consortium or a group test date. The detailed test syllabus for SSAT Exam will help the students to seek a confirmed seat in their desired school. Take the leverage of available study material and fulfill your dreams. What Is SSAT? SSAT or Secondary School Admission Test is the standardized test that is considered as an entry point to seek admission in independent schools from grades 3 to 11. The exam is conducted at three levels: elementary, middle, and upper level. Depending upon your education level, you can apply for the SSAT exams. For applicants from India, the SSAT Fees are $247 (INR 17529). Students can accomplish online registration without any hassle. The nature of SSAT exam is divided into the following sections: Quantitive aptitude Reading comprehension Verbal reasoning 1 unscored question for essay writing SSAT Exam Is For? SSAT Exam is a standard entrance test for getting admissions in independent schools at middle or higher-level schools. Students can take the entrance test at various education levels. The levels are divided into educational levels: Elementary level: For classes 3 and 4 Middle level: For classes 5 to 7 Upper level: For classes 8 to 11 SSAT Exam Dates 2022 Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the schedule for SSAT exam was shattered. But the ray of hope continues and everything is coming slowly on the normal. The dates for the year 2022 for paper-based testing are mentioned in the following table: Sr. No Regular Registration Deadline Late Registration Deadline Special Accommodation Deadline Exam Date 1 18 December 2021 05 January 2022 11 December 2021 08 January 2022 2 05 February 2022 23 February 2022 29 January 2022 26 February 2022 3 02 April 2022 20 April 2022 26 March 2022 23 April 2022 SSAT Exam Syllabus Given below is the SSAT Exam Syllabus: Main Topic Topics Covered Algebra Inequalities General problem solving Word problem equations Ratios and proportions Illustration-based equations Distance, time, formulae calculations Polynomial expressions Quadratic equations and functions Exponential expression Rational and radical expressions Linear equations Pre-algebra Multiples in word problems System of equations Time and money concepts Unit analysis Decimal and fraction operations Rules of divisibility Sequences and pattern logics Reading line or pie charts Whole number calculations System of equations Word problems Operations with negatives Radius and negatives Computation Fractions, decimals, and percentage problems Estimation problems Number Sense Rational numbers GCF and LCM Computation or order of operations Problems related to basic number theory Composite and prime numbers Statistics And probability Probability Mean, median, and mode calculations and formulae Probability Mean, median, and mode calculations and formulae Set theory Geometry Circle - area and circumference Cone, cylinder - volume Rectangle, triangle, square - area, perimeter Transformation problems Shapes and angles problems Pythagorean theorem Parallel line transversals Synonym Identifying synonyms Nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs Identify synonyms in case of words have multiple meanings Analogies Synonyms, antonyms, change in intensity Use, user, tool, product, and subject Identify meaning from prefixes, suffixes, and roots Determining meaning from relationship SSAT Exam Registration Students can register for SSAT Exam using online mode. There are two options available for SSAT Exam registration: Registering for national test date Flex test administration Students need to visit the official website of SSAT for registration. According to rules, students are allowed to take only one flex test admission per year. Check your fees to be paid based on the level you are applying for. It is $90 for elementary level whereas $149 for middle and upper level. The registration deadlines are bounded by three types: Regular registration: Regular deadlines are before 3 weeks of actual test dates. Late registration: Few days before the actual test date. Rush registration: When both regular and late registration are missed, students can opt for rush registration. This is typically two weeks before actual test date. This is based on availability so one cannot confirm the seat. Recommended Articles This is a guide to SSAT Exam. Here we discuss the introduction, SSAT exam dates 2022, syllabus and exam registration for better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – SSAT Upper Level Practice Test ISEE Vs SSAT NDA Admit Card NDA Sample Paper

read more

ISEE Upper Level Test

Introduction To ISEE The following article provides an outline for ISEE Upper Level Test. Conducting entrance tests for school or college admissions is a common thing now. Students who want to seek admissions in elite private schools need to appear for a special entrance test depending upon the level of the class they are seeking admissions. ISEE is the entrance test that is conducted all over the world for K-12 grades. What Is ISEE? Independent School Entrance Exam or ISEE is an assessment test that evaluates the students mathematical, reasoning skills, and achievement skills. This test is designed and conducted by ERB. Students do not need to worry about where their families live, they can still appear for the exam in online mode. Key Takeaways ISEE is considered to be an elite exam that assesses students, especially in critical areas. This test is different from other entrance tests as it not only focuses on what students know but also it measures how they think. As the exam is divided into different levels, the upper level ISEE is for students who seek admissions to grades 9-12. The ISEE upper level Exam duration is 2 hours 40 minutes. Like other ISEE Exams, it is also conducted in three seasons: fall, winter, and summer. ISEE scores are considered as one of the scrutiny criteria for awarding scholarships, and merit-based financial aids to students by many educational institutes. ISEE Upper Level Test Students can appear for the ISEE upper level test by registering for the exam on the conducting authority website. Students can appear for the exam once for the season which means students can appear for the ISEE Exam three times a year. This test does not penalize students for guessing answers. No deduction in marks for wrong answers so students can at least make a fair guess for the right answers. Like other ISEE Exam, the ISEE upper level test includes five sections: Sr. No Section Name Time Duration No. Of Questions Topics Covered 1 Verbal reasoning 20 minutes 40 MCQs Synonyms, vocabulary knowledge, complete sentences 2 Quantitive reasoning 35 minutes 37 MCQs Algebra, mathematical reasoning, basic arithmetic 3 Reading comprehension 35 minutes 36 MCQs Extract salient features, central theme, questions based on that 4 Mathematical achievement 40 minutes 47 MCQs Geometry, algebra, mathematical comprehension 5 Essay section 30 minutes 1 question Comprehension and presentation skills ISEE Upper Level Math The ISEE upper level math section is based on the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) to evaluate the Mathematical ability of the applying students. Here is the detailed syllabus for quantitive reasoning and mathematical achievement sections: 1. Algebra Learn, understand, analyse the mathematical or graphical scenarios that include patterns, functions, and basic mathematical relations. Depict real-world situations using symbolic equations or graphical representations. Understanding of symbolic equations, tables, and graphs. Symbolic manipulation for equivalent equations, expressions. 2. Numerical Operations Basic numerical operations, relationship between numbers, relations of operations. Comparisons and operations of whole numbers, rational, real, complex, integer numbers. Matrices and vector operations. Combination and permutations. 3. Measurement Make, use formulae for measurable features of objects. Make use of formula for area, surface area, and volume calculation for cones, cylinders, spheres. Units and scales decision-making for problems. 4. Data Analysis And Probability Set of data - analyse, interpret and inference making, interpret, predictions, display. Probability concepts. Calculations of the mean, median, range, standard deviation, mode. Probability and expected values calculations. ISEE Upper Level Practice As the upper level tests of ISEE are complex in nature so students should focus on through study and high-end practice. The practice tests available online or offline follow the same structure as the main exam paper so students can get an idea about the nature of the question paper. There are several additional questions that will not contribute to scores report but are used for future tests. So, practice tests may have less time duration than the actual ISEE tests. Solving sample practice tests will help you to determine the pace for yourself for the actual ISEE upper-level test. ISEE Upper Level Test Dates ISEE tests are conducted on a seasonal basis that is three tests per academic year. Students are restricted to apply for one test per season limiting a maximum of 3 per academic year. Due to Covid-19 outspread, the schedule has been postponed to other dates that are soon to be declared. Normally, the season-wise tests are conducted in the months of: Testing Seasons Month Of Test Fall August to November Winter December to March Summer April to July Recommended Articles This is a guide to ISEE Upper Level Test. Here we discuss the introduction, ISEE upper level test, math, level practice and test dates. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – ISEE Test ISEE Lower Level NDA Admit Card NDA Sample Paper

read more

HSPT Practice Test

Introduction To HSPT The following article provides an outline for HSPT Practice Test. School admission systems are evolving and entrances tests are becoming the entry points. Like any other entrance test, HSPT or High School Placement Test decides whether to accept the applicants application or not by assessing them based on their capability. What Is HSPT? Many catholic, private educational institutes conduct an entrance exam that will assess the students skills same as that of ISEE, SSAT but at a higher pace. There is no national or central body for conducting this test, rather individual schools administrate the tests and have the freedom to determine their own system to share the grades. Students are allowed to take exams at only one catholic school. So, they have to be specific with target schools to register for the HSPT exams. HSPT tests are the same as ISEE or SSAT but students need to solve roughly double questions in the same amount of time. Key Takeaways If you are fascinated by the catholic school culture and want to admit your ward in one of the catholic schools, then HSPT or High school placement test is mandatory for you. The HSPT test duration is two and half hours that includes two short breaks. The exam contains 298 total questions. The scores of HSPT also become the deciding factor for scholarships for students tuition. Curriculum is also used to develop academic abilities and interests. Students can take the HSPT test only once so decide your best timing and go for it. HSPT Practice Test Appearing for the HSPT practice test is one of the major steps that students can take. There are multiple free tests available where students can test themselves. The HSPT practice test will help the students to know their current knowledge of the HSPT exam’s content. The score report will help you to analyze the preparation and will give you an idea of where you need to improve. The HSPT practice test will give you a detailed idea about the nature of questions and question paper. HSPT Test Registration HSPT tests are conducted by different schools, so students should check the institute-specific registration process. Students can contact the school administration to know about the registration process over mail or phone. Students can also check the school website. HSPT Online Registration: Visit the school portal or website and locate the HSPT Test registration section. Pay the fees online using available methods of payment like credit card/bank transfer/debit card. Carefully select the date and location of the HSPT Test. Phone Registration: Students should call the institute’s contact number and follow the instructions given by the management. Walk-in Registration: Many institutes allow students to come, register, and appear for the HSPT test on the exam day itself. Students who are not sure about their availability for the test can opt for this option. However, this cannot guarantee that students are confirmed to appear for the test under any condition. HSPT Test Dates There are two dates declared for HSPT Exam 2021: 04 December 2021 and 11 December 2021. Event Event Dates HSPT test registration open date 18 October 2021 HSPT test registration end date for 04 december 2021 test 28 November 2021 HSPT test registration end date for 11 december 2021 test 05 December 2021 HSPT test accommodation closing date for 04 december 2021 test 19 November 2021 or location become full HSPT test accommodation closing date for 11 december 2021 test 26 November 2021 or location become full High school selection window opening date 18 October 2021 High school selection window closing date 12 December 2021 HSPT Test Format The HSPT test is based on: Reading skills Verbal skills Quantitative skills Mathematical skills Language skills The detailed format of the HSPT test is as follows: Sr. No Test Section No. Of Questions Topics Covered Timing (In Minutes) 1 Reading skills 62 MCQs Synonyms, vocabulary, factual/detail recall 25 2 Verbal skills 60 MCQs Antonyms, analogies, logic, synonyms 16 3 Quantitative skills 52 MCQs Geometric comparison, series, number manipulation. comparison 30 4 Mathematical skills 64 MCQs Fraction, decimal concepts, algebra, unit and its conversions, number concepts 45 5 language skills 60 MCQs Sentence completion, punctuation, spelling, capitalization, idea development 25 Recommended Articles This is a guide to HSPT Practice Test. Here we discuss the introduction, HSPT test registration, test dates and test format respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – HSPT Test Prep NDA Syllabus NDA Admit Card NDA Sample Paper

read more

SSAT Upper Level Practice Test

Introduction To SSAT The following article provides an outline for SSAT Upper Level Practice Test. If you are looking for an independent school option, then SSAT is the first step that your child needs to step up. Like other entrance exams, SSAT opens doors for elite private schools from elementary to high school level depending upon your child’s age. What Is SSAT? SSAT stands for the Secondary School Admission Test. It is the entrance test for getting a seat in the elite private middle or high school. The students from grade 3 to grade 11 can appear for this exam. The different stages of SSAT are: Elementary Level: For standards 3 and 4 Middle Level: For standards 5 to 7 Upper Level: For standards 8 to 11 Entire SSAT exam paper is divided into four different sections of 170 questions and one essay question. The total duration of the exam is 2 hours and 55 minutes. Key Takeaways SSAT is considered as an entry point for getting admissions in elite private high or middle schools. The test will assess the applicants on various sections to test their potential. The conducting body, the Enrollment Management Association (EMA) regulates the exam and makes necessary arrangements for exams for grade 3 to grade 11. Solving more practice tests is the key to success. So grab it and fulfill your dream to seek admission to your dream school. SSAT Upper Level Practice Test Due to the complexity of the SSAT question paper, students prefer to rehearse SSAT upper-level practice tests. Benefits of solving SSAT upper level practice tests are: Students get to know the structure of the actual question paper. Students can get the weightage of the questions and how they are distributed with nature of the questions. They can get to know the level of their preparation while solving the SSAT upper level practice tests. Students can get the idea of time estimates for solving the practice tests. There are several SSAT upper level practice tests available in both offline and online modes. Students can practice making their preparation better. SSAT Upper Level Math SSAT upper level exam mainly focuses on students mathematical ability so mathematical questions have more weightage in the exam paper. SSAT upper level math syllabus is divided into the following sub-topics: Pre-algebra Algebra Statistics and probability Computation Geometry Number sense The detailed syllabus is as follows: Topic Sub Topics Pre-algebra System of equations Word problems Operations with negatives Radius and negatives Multiples in word problems System of equations Sequences and pattern logics Reading line or pie charts Time and money concepts Unit analysis Decimal and fraction operations Rules of divisibility Whole number calculations Algebra General problem solving Ratios and proportions Inequalities Distance, time, formulae calculations Polynomial expressions Word problem equations Quadratic equations and functions Exponential expression Rational and radical expressions Linear equations Illustration-based equations Statistics And Probability Set theory Probability Mean, median, and mode calculations and formulae Counting and arrangement problems Computation Fractions, decimals, and percentage problems Estimation problems Geometry Shapes and angles problems Pythagorean theorem Parallel line transversals Circle- area and circumference Cone, cylinder- volume Rectangle, triangle, square- area, perimeter Transformation problems Number Sense Problems based on basic number theory Composite and prime numbers Rational numbers GCF and LCM Computation or order of operations SSAT Upper Level Vocabulary SSAT upper level test includes vocabulary section for assessing the student's comprehension and vocabulary knowledge. The detailed syllabus for the SSAT upper level vocabulary section is as follows: Section Name Topics Covered Analogies Identify meaning from prefixes, suffixes, and roots Determining meaning from the relationship Synonyms, antonyms, change in intensity Use, user, tool, product, and subject Synonym Identifying synonyms Nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs Identify synonyms in case of words have multiple meanings Vocabulary Verbal reasoning Relate the ideas logically SSAT Upper Level Test Dates As the conducting body has already announced the SSAT upper level test dates for the year of 2021-2022, students should mark the dates. Sr. No Name Of The Month Date Of Exam 1 October 16 October 2021 2 November 13 November 2021 3 December 11 December 2021 4 January 08 January 2022 5 February 26 February 2022 6 April 23 April 2022 The test timings are 9.00 AM to 12.30-1.00 PM. Students should make sure that they reach their exam center, half an hour early before the exam starts. Recommended Articles This is a guide to SSAT Upper Level Practice Test. Here we discuss the introduction, SSAT upper level math, vocabulary and test dates respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – SSAT Exam SSAT vs ISEE NDA Admit Card NDA Sample Paper

read more

SSAT vs ISEE

Introduction To SSAT vs ISEE The following article provides an outline for SSAT vs ISEE. SSAT and ISEE are aptitude tests for seeking admission to private school. The admission committee standardizes two exams, SSAT and ISEE: elementary school, middle school, and high school. The ISEE test is conducted by the Educational Records Bureau whereas SSAT is governed and controlled by EMA. Key Takeaways The ISEE and SSAT are both very similar tests and have the same goal of student admission in private schools. More than 1200 schools around the world accept ISEE for the admission process. Many schools accept both the test. Those students want to highlight their math ability, then go for ISEE. ISEE exam starts in grade 2 whereas the SSAT exam starts in grade 4. A student's test score is not the final factor for getting admission to a private school. So, first, decide your private school and grade prepare for the exam. SSAT (Secondary Schools Admission Test) This exam has three levels that assess the student's abilities to attend admission in school. Elementary (Grade 4-5) Middle (Grade 6-8) Upper (Grade 9-12) SSAT evaluates students verbal skills, math skills, and reading skills. The main goal behind SSAT is students will be successful in an independent school in the United States. ISEE (Independent School Entrance Examination) This exam has four levels that help the committee in the admission process. Primary (Grade 2-4) Lower (Grade 5-6) Middle (Grade 7-8) Upper (Grade 9-12) For SSAT and ISEE test content has the following sections: Maths Verbal section Reading section Reading and writing skills Most schools have a preference for one of two exams. The main difference between both entrance exams is as the following: SSAT ISEE This exam offers eight times a year. This exam has more test options, one in every six months. For incorrect answers ¼ penalize. Any wrong answers are not penalized. Get three scores, as a math score combined with a single number. Get a score for each of the four sections individually. Students must choose between creative writing prompt at the middle level and creative, expository prompt at the upper level. Requires to write an expository essay. In the verbal section, ask an analogy question. In the verbal section, ask complete sentence-type questions. In reading, the section includes poetry and older-style literature. Reading section includes contemporary passages. In math's SSAT has two quantitative sections one is knowledge-based questions and the second one critical thinking. Quantitative reasoning problem-solving higher-level thinking. Mathematics questions on basic knowledge. SSAT And ISEE Test Preparation In the SSAT and ISEE in test preparation, most of the areas are the same. If students prepare for one test, the syllabus for another covers it. Before the final exam, students do a practical test on both, which helps make a decision about which test is better for admission. Paper-based SSAT offer at school and test centers. ISEE can conduct computer-based or paper-based in school and ISEE offices. ISEE exam conducted three times in a year (august-november), (december-march), and april-july). The SSAT can take eight times. Five times at home every Saturday, and one Sunday in each month. Two times-Prometric centers and once -flex site. Students start their preparation before six months of the test. Take a full-length practice test which is helpful to know test type, style, difficulty level, and content of the test. More attempt on practical tests knows about strengths and weak study areas. Students can focus on weak areas and learn skills to more practice. Building vocabulary and read comprehension are very helpful in preparation for both exams. SSAT And ISEE Test Preparation Books SSAT and ISEE Middle and Upper-Level Prep 2020 test book by KAPLAN. SSAT/ISEE written by Kathleen Elliott M.A., author-David Ebner Ph.D., author-Carmen Geraci M.A. McGraw-Hill Education SSAT/ISEE by Nicholas Falletta. SSAT/ISEE by BARRON’S. SSAT and ISEE by Princeton. SSAT Vs ISEE Middle School ISEE and SSAT middle-level exam has five sections: Section SSAT Middle Level ISEE Middle Level Verbal reasoning Questions-60 Time-30 min Questions-40 Time-20 min Quantitative reasoning Questions-37 Time-35 min Reading compression Questions-40 Time-40 min Questions-36 Time-35 min Mathematics achievement Math 1: Questions-25 Time-30min Math 2: Questions-25 Time-30min Questions-47 Time-40 min Essay One prompt Time-25 min One prompt Time-30 min Experimental Questions-16 Time-15 min Total time 3 hours 5 min 2 hours 40 min Recommended Articles This is a guide to SSAT vs ISEE. Here we discuss the introduction, test preparation, test preparation books and SSAT vs ISEE middle school. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – SSAT Exam SSAT Upper Level Practice Test ISEE Middle Level ISEE Test

read more

MPSC Books

Introduction To MPSC The following article provides an outline for MPSC Books. If you are living in Maharashtra and preparing for civil services, then MPSC is the best option for you. It is the state-level exam that is conducted by the MPSC commission. Having a bachelor’s degree is the basic qualification for applying for the various posts under MPSC. MPSC Prelim Exam 2022 is going to be conducted on 02 January 2022 whereas Main Exam for this State services is scheduled on 07 to 09 May 2022. Key Takeaways Books are the right source for getting and updating about any exam. There are plenty of books available both in online and offline mode. Candidates can refer them and kick start their preparation for MPSC Exam 2022. Aspiring candidates need to practice a lot for solving questions based on general aptitude in minimum time with maximum accuracy. For current updates, they can rely on newspapers, government-issued circulars, authorized websites. There are even study groups where candidates can exchange books and cover the syllabus and try sample papers. Aspiring candidates can refer to online media for getting old question papers and sample papers so that they can get an idea about the exam pattern and nature of the question paper. What Is MPSC? MPSC or Maharashtra Public Service Commission is created by the Indian Constitution for the purpose of recruitment of Group ‘A’ and Group ‘B’ civil servants for Maharashtra State under the rules of reservation and based on merits. MPSC Exam is carried out in two phases: 1. Preliminary Exam This exam has two papers each of 2 hours duration. They are based on general studies and civil services aptitude test. The nature of both papers is objective and carries 200 marks each. 2. Main Exam Candidates need to appear for 6 papers in the main exam, 4 for general studies and 2 are language-based. General studies papers are of objective type and carry 150 marks each. Both language papers are of 100 marks each and are of descriptive type. MPSC Books List Candidates generally rely on books for starting preparation for any civil service exams. There are many publications that publish inclusive books for all papers or subject-wise papers. Candidates can refer to online material also. MPSC CSAT Books For the preparation of CSAT, solving all possible Mock tests can be beneficial. Here are some of the book names, candidates may refer to: Book Name Author Name General Mental Ability And Arithmetic R.S. Agarwal Aptitude R.S. Agarwal MPSC CSAT All In One SAIMkatta publication Panchayat Raj Kishor Lavate MPSC CSAT Simplified Dhyandeep Publication Geography Of Maharashtra Nirali Publication Deepstambh Spardha Pariksha Arthshastra 1 Dr. Kiran J Desale Fundamental Of Agriculture Vol-1 Arun Katyayan Under Kushal Publication History Of Modern Maharashtra Vidyula Mhaisekar Cracking The CSAT Arihant Publication Candidates should solve all previous years question papers to get a grasp on pattern and nature of questions. MPSC Preparation Books Here is a subject-wise book list for MPSC Exam preparation: 1. Geography Book Name Author State Board Books Bhugol Ani Paryavaran A.B. Sawadi Oxford Maps Map Book Of Atlas Certificate Of Physical Geography G.C. Leong 2. History Book Name Author State Board Books Maharashtra State Board NCERT- 12th Standard Books NCERT Aadhunik Maharashtracha Itihas Anil Katare India’s Struggle For Independence Bipin Chandra Brief History Of India Spectrum 3. Economics Book Name Author State Board Books Of 11th And 12th Standard Maharashtra State Board Indian Economy Ramesh Singh Indian Economy Pratiyogita Darpan NCERT Books Of 10, 11, 12th Standard NCERT Bharatiya Arthavyavstha Rajan Kolambe 4. Political Science Book Name Author NCERT Books Of 11,12th Standard NCERT State Board Books Of 12th Maharashtra State Board Indian Polity Lakshmikant Unique Bhartiya Samvidhan And Rajyapadhati- Part-1 And 2 Tukaram Jadhav And Mahesh Shirpurkar India Since Independence NCERT 5. Environment Book Name Author Environment Rajan Kolambo Environment Shankar 6. Science Book Name Author Maharashtra State Board Books 8 To 10 Maharashtra State board NCERT Books Of 8, 9, 10th Standard NCERT Samanya Vighyan Sachine Bhaske General Science Lucent’s General Science THM Recommended Articles This is a guide to MPSC Books. Here we discuss the introduction, MPSC books list, CSAT books and preparation books respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – MPSC PSI Syllabus MPSC Online Test MPSC Mains Syllabus MPSC Material

read more

MPSC Exam Dates

Introduction To MPSC Exam Dates As we are slowly regaining the old routine after beating the pandemics, competitive exams that were postponed are now conducting by the concerned committees. Yes, wait for the Maharashtra Public Service Commission or MPSC Exam 2022 to be over, and conducting authority has released notification for the dates. Key Takeaways Every year MPSC conducts exams to recruit candidates for government organizations at various posts. The basic criteria for applying for the exam is Bachelor’s degree. Every year millions of candidates appear for the MPSC posts and only a few of them get success. If you also want to be included in the shortlisting candidates list, then hard work, dedication, a comprehensive study is required. Every candidate goes through the different stages of the MPSC Exam that are Preliminary Exam, Main Exam, Interview round. Authority committee will update application forms on the official website i.e., https://www.mpsc.gov.in/ What Is MPSC? The Maharashtra Public Service Commission or MPSC is conducted and administrated by the Constitutional body of the State of Maharashtra. MPSC exam is a means for filling up various posts in the government sector like Sales Tax, Police, Excise, Assistant Section, Nagar Palika, and Nagar Parishad, BDO, Mantralay, and various other departments. For the year 2022, the authority will soon release the notification for an application form as prelim and main exam dates are announced as on 2nd January 2022 and 7th to 9th May 2022 respectively. MPSC Exam Date 2022 The state-level exam is conducted in offline mode but candidates can check out the relative notification online on the website https://www.mpsc.gov.in/. The posting of selected candidates will be within Maharashtra only. Conducting authority has already issued notification for the exam on 4th October 2021. Dates of important events for MPSC Exam 2021 are mentioned in the below table: Event Name Event Date MPSC Exam Notification Release Date 04 October 2021 MPSC Exam Application Form Start Date 05 October 2021 MPSC Exam Application Form End Date 31 October 2021 MPSC 2021 Prelim Exam Date 02 January 2022 MPSC 2021 Main Exam Date 07 To 09 May 2022 Conducting authority will release the important dates soon for MPSC Exam 2022. Event Name Event Date MPSC Exam 2022 Notification Release Date Yet To Be Announced MPSC Exam 2022 Application Start Date Yet To Be Announced MPSC Exam 2022 Application End Date Yet To Be Announced MPSC Exam 2022 Final Date Of Fee Submission Yet To Be Announced MPSC Exam 2022 Admit Card Issue Date Yet To Be Announced MPSC Exam 2022 Prelim Date Yet To Be Announced MPSC Exam 2022 Result Date Yet To Be Announced MPSC Exam 2022 Main Exam Date Yet To Be Announced MPSC Exam 2022 Result Yet To Be Announced MPSC Time Table Given below is the MPSC time table: MPSC Exam Name Exam Notification Date Exam Prelim Date Exam Main Date MPSC Rajyaseva 2022 04 October 2021 02 January 2022 07,08,09 May 2022 Maharashtra Subordinate Services Combined Preliminary Exam 2022 November 2021 (Expected) February 2022 (Expected) June 2022 (Expected) MPSC Child Development Project Officer 2022 November 2021 (Expected) January 2022 (Expected) April 2022 (Expected) Maharashtra Subordinate Services Main Exam 2022- Combined Paper-1 May 2022 (Expected) - June 2022 (Expected) Maharashtra Subordinate Services Main Exam 2022-Paper-2 PSI May 2022 (Expected) - June 2022 (Expected) Maharashtra Subordinate Services Main Exam 2022- Paper-2 State Tax Inspector May 2022 (Expected) - June 2022 (Expected) Maharashtra Subordinate Services Main Exam 2022- Paper-2 Assistant Section Officer May 2022 (Expected) - June 2022 (Expected) PSI Departmental Competitive Exam 2022 Not Yet Announced Not Yet Announced Not Yet Announced Civil Judge Junior Divisional And Judicial Magistrate First Class Exam 2022 January 2022 (Expected) March 2022 (Expected) June 2022 (Expected) Assistant Motor Vehicle Inspector Exam 2022 Not Yet Announced Not Yet Announced Not Yet Announced Maharashtra Agricultural Services Exam 2022 Not Yet Announced Not Yet Announced Not Yet Announced Maharashtra Forest Services Exam 2022 March 2022 (Expected) May 2022 (Expected) Not Yet Announced Maharashtra Group-C Services Combined Preliminary Exam 2022 March 2022 (Expected) July 2022 (Expected) November 2022 (Expected) Maharashtra Group-C Services Main Exam 2022- Combined Paper No.1 Not Yet Announced Not Yet Announced Not Yet Announced Maharashtra Group-C Services Main Exam 2022 Paper-2 Clerk Typist Not Yet Announced Not Yet Announced Not Yet Announced Maharashtra Group-C Services Main Exam 2022 Paper-2 Sub Inspector, State Excise Not Yet Announced Not Yet Announced Not Yet Announced Maharashtra Group-C Services Main Exam 2022 Paper-2 Tax Assistant Not Yet Announced Not Yet Announced Not Yet Announced Pattern Of MPSC Exam MPSC exam is divided into two phases: Preliminary Main Candidates qualified through the Preliminary exam are qualified for the Main exam. As the nature of both papers is objective except compulsory language papers, students need to go through sections thoroughly. 1. MPSC Prelim Exam Pattern Aspiring candidates need to face the first phase of prelim papers which is based on general aptitude and general studies under the names of: General Studies (GS) Civil Services Aptitude Test (CSAT) Both papers are of objective type. Paper Name No. Of Questions Duration (In Hours) Total Marks General Studies - Paper-1 100 2 200 Civil Services Aptitude Test - Paper-2 80 2 200 Total 400 2. MPSC Main Exam Pattern MPSC Main Exam paper contains 2 compulsory languages and 4 general studies papers. The language papers are descriptive in nature whereas other papers are objective. Candidates qualified through Main Exam are called for an interview round. Pattern of the exam paper is mentioned below: Paper Paper Name Type Of Question Paper Marks I General Studies: History And Geography Objective 150 II General Studies: Indian Constitution And Politics Objective 150 III General Studies: HR Development And Human Rights Objective 150 IV General Studies: Economics And Science & Technology Objective 150 Marathi: Compulsory Descriptive 100 English: Compulsory Descriptive 100 Total 800 Recommended Articles This is a guide to MPSC Exam Dates. Here we discuss the introduction, MPSC exam date 2022, timetable and pattern of exam respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – MPSC PSI Syllabus MPSC Online Test MPSC Mains Syllabus MPSC Material

read more

MPSC Material

Introduction To MPSC The following article provides an outline for MPSC Material. Maharashtra Public Service Commission authorizes and conducts civil service exams for recruiting deserving candidates for state administration. Millions of candidates approach for the various posts across different departments within Maharashtra. So, candidates need to stretch themselves to get qualified for the seats. What Is MPSC? Indian constitution created a body for the state of Maharashtra under article 315 for recruitment of government officers based on merits but following the rules of reservations. MPSC exam is commonly known as MPSC Rajyaseva Exam and fills posts like mentioned below: Sales tax inspector Police sub-inspector Excise sub-inspector Tax assistant Clerk-typist examination Assistant section officer Key Takeaways If you want to be an aspirant Government Service Provider in Maharashtra, then MPSC is the best option for you. Both Group A and Group B officers are recruited under this commission. The syllabus structure is similar to UPSC-IAS officer exam. There is plenty of material available both in online and offline mode for MPSC Exam preparation. Aspirants can rely on books and be updated with the latest affairs to go through the Exam. Top rankers advise that aspirants should start the preparation early and solve as many mock tests as possible and also the old question papers of MPSC exams. MPSC Exam MPSC is a state-level exam conducted in Maharashtra. Candidates having a Bachelor’s degree in any stream are eligible for applying for the posts under MPSC. Knowledge of the Marathi language is mandatory for applying MPSC exam as the recruitment is for the state of Maharashtra. Even students taken education in distance mode or through correspondence mode are eligible for application. There are two steps of MPSC exam for any post: Preliminary Exam Main Exam MPSC Study Material Candidates can check the official website for exam patterns and search the internet for reference book lists. Here is the list of study material for MPSC exam: Maharashtra state board books and NCERT books in Marathi. Books in English. For current affairs section preparation, students may refer to: Press Information Bureau Parikrama Abhinav Yearbook Unique Bulletin Candidates who are opting for English mode for exam should note that most of the books are available in marathi so they either need to search online or should understand the concepts on their own. For Prelim exam, candidates can refer following books: Book Name Author Name Fundamental Of Agriculture Vol-1 Arun Katyayan Under Kushal Publication History Of Modern Maharashtra Vidyula Mhaisekar Cracking The CSAT Arihant Publication MPSC CSAT Simplified Dhyandeep Publication General Knowledge Lucent General Mental Ability And Arithmetic R.S. Agarwal Aptitude R.S. Agarwal MPSC CSAT All In One SAIMkatta Publication Panchayat Raj Kishor Lavate Geography Of Maharashtra Nirali Publication Deepstambh Spardha Pariksha Arthshastra 1 Dr. Kiran J Desale MPSC Material Question Paper Solving old question papers is a good trick to evaluate your preparation. It will show you the level of your preparation and also will let you be familiar with exam patterns. Aspirants can check the authorized website of MPSC for old years question papers here- https://mpsc.gov.in/prev_que_papers?m=9 After preparation, aspirants can estimate which section takes more time to solve and where they need to boost themselves. Accuracy along with the right speed is the key for solving MPSC question papers. MPSC Exam Information MPSC has already declared notification for MPSC Exam 2021 and dates of exams are announced as: Event Event Specification Exam Name MPSC Rajyaseva Or State Service Exam Official Website Mpsc.gov.in MPSC Prelim Exam 2021 Date 02 January 2022 MPSC Main Exam 2021 Date 07,08, And 09 May 2022 Number Of Vacancies 290 Mode Of Application Online Mode Of Exam Offline Languages Marathi And English Recommended Articles This is a guide to MPSC Material. Here we discuss the introduction, MPSC study material, material question paper and exam information. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – MPSC Books MPSC PSI Syllabus MPSC Exam Pattern MPSC Eligibility

read more

BPSC Exam Date

Introduction To BPSC Exam Date The year 2020 was terrific and went with a lesson to everyone. The Covid-19 outspread halted each of the businesses and exams too. Now when all is going to back to their routine, the administrative commission has declared the notification for BPSC Exam dates 2021. The BPSC Prelim Date for the year 2021 is 23rd January 2022. What Is BPSC? There is a constitutional body for every state that will conduct and design the timetable for every civil service exam. BPSC or Bihar Public Service Commission is the constitutional body for Bihar that will recruit Government officers of different levels at different government organizations. Key Takeaways Candidates from Bihar should speed up their preparation as the commission has released the revised notification for various posts. Candidates who got a qualifying score in prelim are eligible for the Main exam. And candidates from the main exam are selected for the Personal Interview round. Candidates should check the eligibility criteria as they may vary as per the posts declared. Hard work, effort, and dedication will give you a key to success. BPSC Exam Date Exam dates for civil services conducted under BPSC are tabularized in the given table: Event Event Dates Notification Release Dates 24 September 2021 Online Application Start Date 30 September 2021 Online Application End Date 04 November 2021 BPSC Prelim Date 23 January 2022 (revised) BPSC Prelim Result Date Yet to be announced BPSC Admit Card Issue Yet to be announced BPSC Main Exam Date Yet to be announced BPSC Main Exam Result Date Yet to be announced BPSC Age Limit The age limit varies for different categories and also differs with gender. Category Gender Age Group Undeserved Male 21-37 Years EBC Male and Female 40 Years SC/ST Male and Female 42 Years BPSC Exam Pattern Given below table shows the BPSC exam pattern: The Phase of the Exam Exam Mode Type of Exam Paper Total Marks Duration of the Exam BPSC Prelim Exam Offline MCQs 150 2 hours BPSC Mains Exam Offline Subjective Hindi- Qualifying paper 3 papers including one optional subject paper of total 900 marks 3 hours for each paper Personal Interview Offline Need to be attended in-person 120 No specific BPSC Mains Given below table shows BPSC Mains: Paper Name Total Marks Duration of Paper General Hindi 100 3 hours General Studies Paper 1 300 3 hours General Studies Paper 2 300 3 hours Optional Paper 300 3 hours BPSC Eligibility The eligibility criteria for BPSC candidates vary from different posts. The BPSC Eligibility depends upon various aspects. Age Limit: Maximum Minimum 22 Years 37 years for the male general category. 40 years for the female general category. For reserved category candidates from SC, ST, OBC, normal reservation rules are applied. Recommended Articles This is a guide to BPSC Exam Date. Here we discuss the introduction, exam date, age limit, exam pattern, mains and eligibility respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – MPSC Material MPSC Exam Dates MPSC Books SSC Exam Paper

read more

BPSC Exam Pattern

Introduction To BPSC Exam Pattern The following article provides an outline for BPSC Exam Pattern. BPSC (Bihar Public Service Commission) exam is the highest honored state-level entrance exam for the civil servant aspirants for Bihar state. BPSC is a state government organization which is set up by the Indian constitution to select the right candidates for Bihar civil services and also BPSC takes responsibility in promoting the eligible employees in the government departments like police, education department, human welfare, finance, civil administration, revenue, etc. The selection process includes a written exam & interview. Candidates will take prelim exams before appearing to the main exam and after qualified in mains, shortlisted candidates will be called for interview. Preparing for the BPSC exam is quite similar to IAS, should be thorough with all academic subjects, general knowledge, current state, national and international events, aptitudes, etc. Though the BPSC exam is tougher, strong dedication and focused study help in cracking this exam. BPSC selects the candidates as required by the state government. It calls for the exam by giving public advertisements. Nearly 2-3 lakhs aspirants apply for this. Aspirants will first take the prelims exam, then qualified candidates are allowed to write mains and the final round will be the interview. Selected candidates are given posts as per their final scores. Key Takeaways BPSC conducts an exam every year to recruit group I, II, and III officers and workers. The exam will be conducted in 3 phases i.e., prelims, mains, and interviews. Prelims exam is for screening purposes only and the final merit list will be generated based on performance from mains and interview. The exam will have general studies, optional subjects, and Hindi language. Candidates need to study these syllabus to crack the exam. Candidates need to choose their optional subject in the beginning. Candidates are advised to choose the subject which is known to them or which they have studied in graduation and good in it. Exam Pattern Of BPSC The exam pattern for BPSC is as given below: Prelims Mains Interview 1. Prelims Given table shows prelims: Description Remarks Exam Duration 2 hours Negative Marking No Consideration for Merit List Prelims exam is only for shortlisting candidates for the mains exam and the marks obtained will not be considered for the final merit list. Total Marks 150 Total Questions 150 Syllabus Current affairs Bihar – geography, politics, economy, history, freedom movement Indian politics, economy, geography. Mental ability test General science The candidates need to score minimum qualifying marks to be eligible for appearing mains exam. 2. Mains Given table shows mains: Description Remarks Number of Exams 4 Exam Names General hindi General studies – 1 General studies – 2 Optional paper Exam Duration 3 hours each Negative Marking No Consideration for Merit List The Hindi language is qualifying in nature and the rest subjects are considered for the final merit list. Total Marks 300 for each and 100 marks Syllabus 1. General hindi - Basic hindi grammar, vocabulary, and comprehension 2. General studies - 1 Modern history of India and Indian culture Current events - national/international Statistics, graphs, and diagrams – based on common sense and basic aptitude. 3. General studies - 2 Indian politics Economy and geography of India Science and technology in India 4. Optional paper - syllabus varies with subjects Optional Papers for Prelims: Given below table shows optional papers for prelims: Agriculture Geography Persian Language and Literature Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science Geology Philosophy Anthropology Hindi Language and Literature Physics Arabic Language and Literature History Political Science and International Relations Bengali Language & Literature Labor and Social Welfare Psychology Botany Law Public Administration Chemistry Maithili Language and Literature Sanskrit Language and Literature Civil Engineering Management Sociology Commerce and Accountancy Mathematics Statistics Economics Mechanical Engineering Urdu Language and Literature Electrical Engineering Pali Language and Literature Zoology English Language and Literature 3. Interview Candidates who have scored cutoff marks will be eligible for the final interview. The final interview carried 120 marks. Thus, the final merit score will be calculated for 300 300 300 120 = 1020 marks. The interview is conducted to check the personality and character of the candidate. Candidates will be tested with the basic aptitude and decision-making skills. Once the final merit list is out, candidates will be selected for recruitment as per the posts. Note: Official website for the BPSC exam is https://www.bpsc.bih.nic.in/ Recommended Articles This is a guide to BPSC Exam Pattern. Here we discuss the introduction and exam pattern of BPSC for better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – MPSC Material MPSC Exam Dates MPSC Books SSC Exam Paper

read more

BPSC Mains Syllabus

Introduction To BPSC Mains Syllabus The following article provides an outline for BPSC Mains Syllabus. The abbreviated BPSC stands for Bihar Public Service Commission. BPSC conducts Bihar state level entrance examination for selection of candidates for Bihar civil services. The responsibility of the BPSC is to select the eligible candidates through the exam in 3 phases prelims, mains, and interview, and also giving interdepartmental promotions for eligible employees. The departments for which BPSC conducts the exam include Bihar administrative services, finance, police, planning commission, rural and urban development, state government projects, etc. BPSC exam is the toughest recruitment exam at the state level. Nearly 3 lakhs aspirants appear for prelims, but after filtration through main exam and interview, only approximately 1500-2000 will get the eligibility for the government posts, so percentage-wise below 1% of the prelims candidates will be qualified for the final interview. Passing the BPSC exam is challenging but if candidates get proper guidance, have good knowledge about the syllabus, are up to date with current affairs, dedication and maintain discipline, then there is a good chance of cracking the exam. Key Takeaways BPSC conducts state-level exams for Bihar every year. The exam pattern is mainly 3 phases i.e., prelims, mains, and interview. In that, only the mains exam is considered for final merit list generation. Finally, the Mains exam will be added with the interview score to get the final merit list. Mains exam syllabus will be general studies, Hindi language, and optional subject which is chosen by the candidate. One of the optional subjects, History has 2 major sections and each section has 2 parts. Candidates need to study them to have a better understanding. Mains Syllabus of BPSC The mains exam will consist of 4 papers: Hindi (Qualifying Only) General Studies - 1 General Studies - 2 Optional Paper Each paper other than Hindi is for 300 marks and Hindi is 100 marks and is for qualifying only i.e., it is not considered for the final merit list. 1. General Studies - 1 Syllabus It includes: Modern History of India and Indian culture Broad History Champaran Satyagraha Freedom Struggle and Bihar's Role in it History of Bihar Quit India Movement Modern History of Bihar Santhal Upspring Birsa Movement Current events - national/international. Statistics, graphs, and diagrams – based on common sense and basic aptitude. 2. General Studies - 2 Syllabus Indian Politics Economy and Geography of India Science and Technology in India All these topics will be on India and some will be specific to Bihar as well. Thus, candidates need to be aware of Bihar’s contribution as well. BPSC Mains – History Syllabus The syllabus mainly consists of 2 sections: Section 1: Historic and medieval India Section 2: Modern India and World history Section 1 Section 2 Part A - History of India Part B - Medieval India Part A - Modern India Part B - World History Indus Civilization Rajput - Political and Social Advent of British rule Feudalism and Capitalism Vedic Age Trade and Commerce Evolution of British rule in India Monarchies The Pre - Maurya Period Shankaracharya Impacts, Effects of British Rule Mercantilism Maurya Empire Art, Religion, and Philosophy Indian National Movement European History Post Maurya Period Arabs and Cultural Impacts Freedom Movement American Revolution Gupta Age Maritime Activities French Revolution Post Gupta Age Rashtrakutas and Chola Empire Industrial Revolution Science and Tech (750AD) Mahmud Ghazni Empire German Empire Delhi Sultane American Civil War Khilji Empire China and Western Powers Muhamad Bin Tughluq Japan and its Emergence Culture, Science and Tech (1200AD) Ottoman Empire Islam on Indian Culture Russian Revolution Vijayanagar Empire First World War Mughal Empire World Depression Shivaji and Marathas Rise of National Movements Arab World Ataturk Second World War Note: Official website for the BPSC exam is https://www.bpsc.bih.nic.in/ Recommended Articles This is a guide to BPSC Mains Syllabus. Here we discuss the introduction and BPSC mains – history syllabus for better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – MPSC Material MPSC Exam Dates MPSC Books SSC Exam Paper

read more

BPSC Notification

Introduction To BPSC Notification The following article provides an outline for BPSC Notification. Every state has its own constitutional body for conducting, recruiting, scheduling all types of civil service exams. Bihar Public Service Commission is the state level body for the state of Bihar that conducts the civil services for Bihar. Key Takeaways BPSC has released a notification for recruiting 726 various posts and the notification contains detailed information for eligibility criteria, age limit, syllabus, educational qualification. As the eligibility criteria differ as the post varies, candidates should check them before filling the application form. The exam pattern for prelim and main differs as the number of papers is different in each level. Select the optional subject carefully and select such that you feel you will get the best score in that subject. BPSC Notification BPSC has released notification for announcing vacancy information, exam pattern, eligibility criteria for various posts on 24th September 2021. According to the revised notification, the last date of application has been extended to 19th November 2021. The editing of online applications can be allowed to 29th November 2021. Topic Topic Details Exam Name BPSC Combined Competitive Examination 2021 Conducting Body Bihar Public Service Commission or BPSC Location Bihar Language of the Exam Hindi and English Vacancy Details 726 Females - 228 Age Limit 22 to 42 years Official Website www.bpsc.bih.nic.in BPSC Exam Pattern Given below table shows BPSC exam pattern: Phase of the Exam Type of Exam Paper Exam Mode Total Marks Duration BPSC Prelim Exam MCQs Offline 150 2 Hours BPSC Mains Exam Subjective Offline Hindi- Qualifying Paper 3 Papers Including one Optional Subject Paper of Total 900 Marks 3 Hours for each Paper Personal Interview Need to be Attended in-Person Offline 120 No Specific BPSC Exam Syllabus The syllabus for BPSC Exam covers from standard 8 to graduation. Candidates should refer to state board books to get clearance on basic concepts. 1. BPSC Prelim Exam Syllabus Given below table shows BPSC prelim exam syllabus: Exam Name Exam Syllabus BPSC Prelim Exam General Mental Ability General Aptitude General Science Indian Polity and Economy (additionally in Reference to Bihar) Geography (Indian and Bihar) Indian National Movement and Bihar History of India and Bihar National and International Events Changes in the Economy of Bihar Post-Independence 2. BPSC Main Exam Syllabus Given below table shows BPSC main exam syllabus: Exam Name Subject Subject Syllabus BPSC Main Exam General Studies I Indian Culture Modern History of India Statistical Analysis, Diagrams, and Graphs Contemporary Events at National and International Levels and their Importance General Studies II Polity in Accordance with India and Bihar Economy in Accordance with India and Bihar Geography in Accordance with India and Bihar Role and Effect of Science and Technology Development in India and Bihar Candidates can select from the list of optional subjects: Hindi language and literature English language and literature Urdu language and literature Bengali language and literature Sanskrit language and literature Pali language and literature Maithili language and literature Persian language and literature Arabic language and literature Botany Zoology Chemistry Sociology Agriculture Physics Psychology Geography Geology Law Civil engineering Electrical engineering Anthropology Animal husbandry and veterinary science Labor and social welfare Political science and international relations Public administration Mechanical engineering Economics Commerce and accountancy Management BPSC Exam Age Limit The detailed minimum and maximum age limit for MPSC 2021 is mentioned below: Name of Posts Age Limit Minimum Age Limit Maximum SC/ST E-BC and Unreserved Female Unreserved Bihar Deputy Superintendent of Police 20 Years 42 Years 40 Years 37 Years Bihar Education Service/District Executive Officer/Labor Enforcement Officer/Block SC/ST Welfare Officer/Rural Development Officer 21 Years 42 Years 40 Years 37 Years Assistant Register/ Lower Election Officer/District Minority Welfare Officer/ planning Officer/Block Panchayat Officer 22 Years 42 Years 40 Years 37 Years There is age relaxation for candidates from the reservation category. Detailed relaxation is as follows: Category Maximum Age Limit (In Years) General 38 Reserved/Orphans 43 Ex-Servicemen 43 Disabled People 45 Qualified Player 43 Recommended Articles This is a guide to BPSC Notification. Here we discuss the introduction, exam pattern, exam syllabus and age limit respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – MPSC Material MPSC Exam Dates MPSC Books SSC Exam Paper

read more

BPSC Posts And Salary

Introduction To BPSC Posts And Salary The following article provides an outline for BPSC Posts And Salary. The full form of BPSC is Bihar Public Service Commission, which is formed by the Indian constitution for Bihar state. This is a state prestigious organization holding the responsibility of appointing eligible candidates for state government posts through recruitment exams. When there is necessity arises for human resources in government departments like police, finance, education, revenue, human welfare, rural and urban development, etc., the Governor of the Bihar state orders BPSC to recruit the right candidate for respective departments. Posts are appointed per their performance in the written exam and interview. BPSC exam is a competitive exam and the toughest state-level exam and hence requires a lot of preparation. Good academic knowledge, up to date with latest happenings in domestic as well as international matters, good mental ability in cracking aptitude will be useful in passing out BPSC exam. Around 2-3 lakhs people will apply for the BPSC exam for 1000-2000 government posts. Almost all streams of students apply for the BPSC exam as this is the highest honored exam for state-level as IAS for the national level. Selection criteria involve prelims, mains, and interview. Only candidates who qualify in the mains written exam are shortlisted for the interview. Key Takeaways BPSC exam is conducted to recruit officers for Bihar state every year. Lakhs of applicants apply for a few thousand posts. This time total number of vacancies for the 67th BPSC exam is just 555. The main reason for having tight competition is because of the salaries and perks received after getting the job. Salaries will vary from 25000 to 150000 with good allowances and respect from society. Respect, job security, serving the nation, good salaries are some of the major reasons for having high demands for the BPSC exam. BPSC Posts 2021-22 The following are the number of posts available for the year 2021-22 ( 67th BPSC exam application). Candidates are required to check the detailed eligibility criteria in official website. Posts Total Seats Males Females Assistant Director Child Protection Services 4 4 0 Assistant Director Social Security 12 8 4 Assistant Planning Officer/Assistant Director 52 36 16 Bihar Administrative Service 88 57 31 Bihar Education Service 12 9 3 Block Panchayat Raj Officer 18 13 5 District Audit Authority Cooperation Committees and Equivalents 5 2 3 Inferior Electoral Officer 4 3 1 Labour Superintendent 2 2 0 Municipal Executive Authority 110 73 37 Planning Authority/District Planning Authority 2 2 0 Revenue Officer & Equivalent 36 27 9 Rural Development Authority 133 90 43 State Tax Assistant Commissioner 21 14 7 Supply Inspector 4 3 1 Other 52 38 14 Total Vacancies 555 381 174 Salaries For BPSC Posts Given below table shows salaries for BPSC posts: Posts Salaries In INR Anchal Padadhikari 43,400 - 47,800/- ASI 52,500/- Assistant Directors 36,000/- Assistant Engineer (Mech, Civil) 64,300/- Assistant Operators 36,000/- Assistant Superintendent- Jail 35,500 - 39,900/- Block Minority Welfare Officer 43,400 - 47,800/- Child Development Project Officer 36,000/- Civil Judge 22000/- Deputy Superintendent 61,500 - 72,000/- Excise Inspector 43,400 - 47,800/- Factory Inspector 50,000 - 1,60,000/- Inspector Rank Officers 61,400/- Lecturer 36,000/- Police Constable 26,500/- Range Officer 43,400 - 47,800/- Sub Divisional Magistrate 61,500 -72,000/- Sub Inspector 49,800/- The salary component in BPSC will contain the following perks: Basic salary PF (provident fund) HRA (house rent allowance) Performance-based incentive Dearness allowance (da) Organization allowance like Medical allowance Child health/education allowance Conveyance allowance Communication allowance Travel allowance etc. Note: Official website for the BPSC exam is https://www.bpsc.bih.nic.in/ Recommended Articles This is a guide to BPSC Posts And Salary. Here we discuss the introduction, BPSC posts 2021-22 and salaries for better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – BPSC Exam Pattern BPSC Exam Date MPSC Books SSC Exam Paper

read more

BPSC Prelims Syllabus

Introduction To BPSC Prelims Syllabus The following article provides an outline for BPSC Prelims Syllabus. The Bihar Public Service Commission, BPSC is the government body created by the constitution of India. The function of the BPSC is to recruit and promote the eligible candidates for the state government posts like civil administration, police, revenue, finance, public welfare, education, rural and urban development, etc. The selection methods involve written exams and interview. The candidates who qualified in the written exam are eligible for the interview round. Based on the performance in the exam, posts are allotted to candidates. BPSC conducts recruitment exams when the government requires to fill the vacant posts in different departments. The exam will be tough that comprises all academic subjects, current affairs of state, national and also international, mental ability test. The aspirants will first write the prelim exam and they are required to clear the mains exam and qualified candidates in the written exam are called for the final interview. BPSC receives approximately 3 lakhs applications for prelims exam for 1000-2000 government posts. Good preparation is required to clear the BPSC exam. Candidates should be thorough with all academic subjects, should read newspapers and magazines, go through previous year’s question papers, practice aptitude tests to qualify in written exams. Key Takeaways BPSC is a government institution that conducts state-level exams for recruiting state-level officers. The exam consists of prelims, mains, and interview. Prelims exam is for screening purposes only. In prelims, it will be multiple choice questions on general studies like the Indian constitution, history, current affairs, and mental ability test. Prelims exam will be held for 2 hours for 150 marks and 150 questions. The syllabus for prelims will be history, basic science, geography, and mental ability test. Prelims Syllabus Of BPSC Given below table shows prelims syllabus of BPSC: Current Events Indian National Movement History of Bihar Geography of Bihar General Mental Ability Test Indian Politics Indian Economy Economy of Bihar Post-Independence History of India Rivers in Bihar Agriculture and Natural Resources Basic Science Prelims Exam Pattern Given below table shows prelims exam pattern: Description Remarks Exam Duration 2 hours Negative Marking No Consideration for Merit List Prelims exam is only for shortlisting candidates for mains exam and the marks obtained will not be considered for final merit list Total Marks 150 Total Questions 150 Syllabus Current affairs Bihar – geography, politics, economy, history, freedom movement Indian politics, economy, geography Mental ability test General science Mains Syllabus Given below shows mains syllabus in detail: 1. Hindi General grammar, vocabulary, and comprehension. 2. General studies - 1 Syllabus It includes: Modern History of India and Indian culture: Broad History Champaran Satyagraha Freedom Struggle and Bihar's Role in it History of Bihar Quit India Movement Modern History of Bihar Santhal Upspring Birsa Movement Current events - national/international. Statistics, graphs, and diagrams - based on common sense and basic aptitude. 3. General Studies -2 Syllabus Indian Politics Economy and Geography of India Science and Technology in India All these topics will be about India and some will be specific to Bihar as well. Thus, candidates need to be aware of Bihar’s contribution as well. 4. Optional Studies It varies with subjects thus, candidates are requested to visit the official website to know the detailed syllabus. Agriculture Geography Persian Language and Literature Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science Geology Philosophy Anthropology Hindi Language and Literature Physics Arabic Language and Literature History Political Science and International Relations Bengali Language & Literature Labor and Social Welfare Psychology Botany Law Public Administration Chemistry Maithili Language and Literature Sanskrit Language and Literature Civil Engineering Management Sociology Commerce and Accountancy Mathematics Statistics Economics Mechanical Engineering Urdu Language and Literature Electrical Engineering Pali Language and Literature Zoology English Language and Literature Note: Official website for the BPSC exam is https://www.bpsc.bih.nic.in/ Recommended Articles This is a guide to BPSC Prelims Syllabus. Here we discuss the introduction, prelims exam pattern and mains syllabus respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – BPSC Exam Pattern BPSC Exam Date MPSC Books SSC Exam Paper

read more

BPSC

Introduction To BPSC The following article provides an outline for BPSC. Living in Bihar and securing a government job there is a dream for many candidates. Bihar Public Service Commission or BPSC has recently released a notification for the recruitment of 726 posts such as: General Administration Department of Civil Services of Bihar State Inferior Electoral Officer Revenue Officer Tax Assistant Commissioner Supply Inspector Block Panchayat Raj Officer Deputy Superintendent of Police Home Department Labor Superintendent What Is BPSC? Bihar Public Service Commission is the constitutional body that is responsible for conducting and scheduling various posts that will serve as Government Officers in Bihar state. The conducting body has released the official notification for BPSC Exam on 24th September 2021 on. According to the latest update, the end date of the online application has been extended to 19th November 2021. Key Takeaways BPSC is responsible for setting the syllabus, scheduling the timetable for BPSC exams every year. The constitutional body assists the Bihar government in recruiting, transferring, and disciplinary matters of Government officers. The three phases of the BPSC Exam will scrutinize the most deserved candidates for the posts so that they will accomplish their job responsibilities well. As the dates for Prelims are round the corner, candidates should buck up their preparation and give a finishing touch. Know the syllabus and mark your calendar with the important dates mentioned above. BPSC Exam It is the state-level civil service exam conducted in Bihar every year. The conducting body announces the notification depending upon the requirements across all government departments. For the 67th BPSC Exam, a total of 726 vacancies is divided into 498 male and 228 female candidates. The mode of application is online. The selection process of the Exam is divided into three phases Prelim Exam Main Exam Interview BPSC Full Form Bihar Public Service Commission or commonly known as BPSC is the authorized committee of the civil service exam for Bihar. For the year 2021, the stranded exam is now being conducted on 23rd January 2022. The online registration will facilitate the aspirants to fill the online application form from 30th September 2021 to 19th November 2021. BPSC Syllabus The syllabus for BPSC is divided into the syllabus for the Prelim exam and Syllabus for the Main exam. Each syllabus covers the important topics from class 8 till graduation. 1. BPSC Prelim Syllabus General Mental ability General Aptitude General Science Indian Polity and Economy (additionally in reference to Bihar) Geography (Indian and Bihar) Indian National Movement and Bihar History of India and Bihar National and International Events Changes in Economy of Bihar Post-Independence 2. BPSC Main Exam Syllabus Given below table shows main exam syllabus: Subject Subject Syllabus General Studies I Indian culture. Modern history of India. Statistical analysis, diagrams, and graphs Contemporary events at national and international level and their importance. General Studies II Polity in accordance with India and Bihar. Economy in accordance with India and Bihar. Geography in accordance with India and Bihar. Role and effect of science and technology development in India and Bihar. BPSC Exam Date Due to the situation of the pandemic in India, BPSC has re-scheduled the 67th exam and now has scheduled it for 23rd January 2022. Highlighted dates are mentioned in the below table: Events Event Dates 2021 Notification Date 24 September 2021 2021 Online Application Start Date 30 September 2021 2021 Online Application End Date 19 November 2021 2021 Admit Card Issue Date January 2022 (mostly in the second week) 2021 Prelim Exam Date 23 January 2022 Prelim Result Date Yet to be announced 2021 Main Exam Date Yet to be announced 2021 Main Exam Result Yet to be announced Recommended Articles This is a guide to BPSC. Here we discuss the introduction, BPSC exam, full form, syllabus and exam date for better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – BPSC Exam Pattern BPSC Exam Date SSC Exam Paper SSC Exam Pattern

read more

MPSC Eligibility

Introduction To MPSC Eligibility The administrative commission of Maharashtra state-level civil service exams has released a notification that will be an official information resource for referring to MPSC Eligibility. The commission will be responsible for deciding the criteria. What Is MPSC? Maharashtra Public Service Commission is the most awaited civil service exam in the state of Maharashtra as it opens the doors for recruiting the Group A and B level officers. The nature of the exam is as follows: Prelim Exam Main Exam Interview Key Takeaways MPSC is the popular civil service exam that selects officers for the posts like Sales Tax Inspector, Assistant Section Officer, Police Sub Inspector, Excise Sub Inspector, Clerk-typist Examination. Candidates should check the eligibility criteria for all aspects including age, educational qualification, nationality, experience, physical criteria before applying for the application form. The details specified on the application form are final and cannot be changed later so candidates should verify the details thoroughly. Required documents and filled details need to be cross-checked. Candidates should start preparing early to avoid last minutes hassles. Eligibility Of MPSC Basic eligibility for the MPSC Exam is Indian Nationality. As the exam is conducted in Maharashtra, the residents of Maharashtra may get some relaxation in the eligibility criteria. A fluency level in knowledge of the Marathi language in both spoken and written form is necessary to apply for the MPSC exam. MPSC Education Qualification MPSC Commission strictly checks the eligibility criteria for all candidates and the document submitted are cross-verified. Candidate must be fluent in spoken and written Marathi language. Candidates having citizenship of Maharashtra state or having domicile certificate of Maharashtra can apply for MPSC Exam. Candidates must be a bachelor’s degree from any of the recognized universities in any stream. Final year students who are waiting for the exam are eligible for the exam. They have to submit the certificate of passing at the time of joining or document submission. The qualification criteria for different posts are listed below: Post Educational Qualification Assistant Director, Maharashtra Finance and Accounts Services Graduate degree in Commerce/CA/Accounting by ICWA/outlaw accounting/PG in Commerce/MBA in Finance Assistant Regional Transport Officer Degree in Science or Engineering with Physics and mathematics Deputy Director of Industry (Technical) Degree in Engineering in fields Civil, Town planning, Architecture/ Degree in Science MPSC Age Limit The detailed minimum and maximum age limit for MPSC 2021 is mentioned below: Criteria Details Minimum Age (as of 01 March 2020) 19 years Maximum Age (as of 01 March 2020) 38 years There is age relaxation for candidates from the reservation category. Category Maximum Age Limit (In Years) General 38 Reserved/Orphans 43 Ex-Servicemen 43 Disabled People 45 Qualified Player 43 MPSC 2022 Notification Given below table shows MPSC 2022 Notification: Event Dates (Tentative) Registration Open Date Yet to be announced Registration Last Date Yet to be announced Actual Exam Date Yet to be announced Admit Card Issue Yet to be announced State Service Exam Result Yet to be announced Conclusion - MPSC Eligibility Thus in the following article we saw MPSC Eligibility in detail. Recommended Articles This is a guide to MPSC Eligibility. Here we discuss the introduction, MPSC education qualification, age limit and notification respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – BPSC Exam Pattern BPSC Exam Date SSC Exam Paper SSC Exam Pattern

read more

MPSC Exam Pattern

Introduction To MPSC The following article provides an outline for MPSC Exam Pattern. Many of us dream of having a government job that has both pride and command. Becoming Group A or B officer is the best option to fulfill this dream. MPSC candidates who qualify through the exam get immense authority and fame along with responsibilities. This year, the conducting authority has released notifications for 290 posts and the prelim exam will be conducted on 2nd January 2022. What Is MPSC? The Maharashtra Public Service Commission is a constitutional body that has the core responsibility of arranging and conducting the civil service exams for recruiting candidates for government organizations within Maharashtra. MPSC Exam is conducted in three stages: MPSC Prelim Exam MPSC Main Exam MPSC Interview Key Takeaways There is job uncertainty in the other sectors except for government sector jobs. So, more candidates prefer to work in this sector and try hard for the same. Millions of candidates apply and check their luck for the MPSC exam every year. This year the exam is going to be conducted on 2nd January 2022. Preparation starts with knowing the exam pattern so that the right strategies can be made. The prelim exam consists of 2 objective-type papers and main exam will contain 6 mandatory papers including 2 language papers. Scores of Prelim papers will decide the call for MPSC Main exams so focus on studies and tray to get optimum accuracy with minimum time. MPSC Exam Pattern As candidates need to appear for the prelim papers first, here is the prelim exam pattern: 1. MPSC Prelim Exam Pattern Given below table shows MPSC Prelim Exam Pattern: Specification Prelim Paper-1 Prelim Paper-2 Name General Studies Civil Services Aptitude Test Number of Marks 200 200 No. of Questions 100 80 Duration 120 Minutes 120 Minutes Nature of Paper Objective Objective 2. MPSC Main Exam Pattern Given below table shows MPSC Main Exam pattern: Paper Name Subject Nature of the Paper Marks Time Duration (In Minutes) Paper-1 Marathi/English Descriptive 100 180 Paper-2 English/Marathi Objective 100 60 Paper-3 General Studies:1- History, Geography, agriculture Objective 150 120 Paper-4 General studies:2- Indian Constitution and Indian Politics Objective 150 120 Paper-5 General Studies:3- Human rights and Human resource development Objective 150 120 Paper-6 General studies:4- Economy and planning, Science and technology development, economics of development and agriculture Objective 150 120 MPSC Interview Candidates who are qualified from the MPSC Main exam are called for the MPSC interview round. A panel of competent and unbiased members heads the interview and knowledge of current affairs, communication skills, mental ability, thorough knowledge is tested in this round. MPSC Exam Updates Here are the important updates regarding MPSC Exam: Name Specification Name of the Exam MPSC Exam Recruitment for the Posts of Assistant Section Officer, Police Sub Inspector, Tax Inspector Vacancies 200 Official Website mpsc.gov.in Job Location Maharashtra Exam Dates Prelim Exam 02 January 2021 Main Exam Dates 07, 08, 09 May 2021 MPSC Exam Syllabus Given below table shows MPSC Exam syllabus in detail: 1. MPSC Prelim Syllabus Given below table shows MPSC Prelim syllabus: Subject Subject Details General Studies History of India (Accordance with Maharashtra) Indian National Movement Maharashtra, Indian, and world Geography Social, Economic, Geography of Maharashtra Current Events General Issues on Environmental Ecology General Science Bio-diversity and Climate Change Polity and Governance of Maharashtra and India Political System, Panchayat Raj Public Policies Economic and Social Development Urban Governance Rights Issues CSAT Logical Reasoning and Analytical Ability General Mental Ability Basic Quantitive Aptitude Interpersonal and Communication Skills Comprehension Decision Making and Problem Solving 2. MPSC Main Exam Syllabus Given below table shows MPSC Main Exam syllabus: Subject Subject Details General Studies-1 History and Geography Establishment of British Rule in India History of Modern India and Maharashtra Socio-cultural Changes Social and Economic Awakening National Movement in Gandhi Era Emergence and Growth of Indian Nationalism India after Independence Selected Social reformers of Maharashtra Cultural Heritage of Maharashtra Economic, Physical Geography of Maharashtra Environmental Geography Remote Sensing Population Geography in Accordance with Maharashtra General Studies-2 Indian Constitution and Indian Politics Constitution of India State Government and Administration (in Accordance with Maharashtra) The Political System Rural and Urban Development District Administration Parties and Pressure Groups Public Services Educational System Social Welfare and Social Legislation General Studies-3 Human Resource Development and Human Rights Human Resource Development in India Health and Rural Development Education and Vocational Education Child Development Women Development Youth Development Welfare of Disabled Persons International and Regional Organizations Universal Declaration of Human Rights General studies-4 Economy and Planning, Science and Technology Indian Economy, Economy of Maharashtra Urban and Rural Infrastructure Development Cop-operation and Economic Reforms International Trades and Capital Movements Measurement and Estimate of Poverty Macro Economics Public, Financial Institution Indian Agriculture Rural Development and Cooperation Conventional and Non-conventional Energy Space Technology Computer and IT Nuclear Policy of India MPSC Exam Date 2022 Dates for MPSC Exam have already announced by the MPSC body and are as follows: Event Event Dates MPSC Notification Release Date 04 October 2021 MPSC State Services Prelim Exam Date 02 January 2022 MPSC Prelim Result Date Not yet announced MPSC Main Exam Date 07, 08, 09 May 2022 (Tentative) MPSC Main Exam Date Not yet announced Recommended Articles This is a guide to MPSC Exam Pattern. Here we discuss the introduction, pattern of MPSC exam, interview, exam updates, exam syllabus and exam date 2022. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – BPSC Exam Pattern BPSC Exam Date SSC Exam Paper SSC Exam Pattern

read more

MPSC Mains Syllabus

Introduction To MPSC Mains Syllabus The following article provides an outline for MPSC Mains Syllabus. Candidates need to buck their preparation as dates of prelims are round the corner. The exams that were halted due to Covid-19 pandemics are now being conducted and dates for the same are declared. The civil service exam for Maharashtra state is going to be conducted tentatively in May but the prelims will be conducted on 02 January 2021. Candidates who are passed with a qualifying score in Prelims are eligible for appearing for the MPSC Main exam. What Is MPSC? MPSC is the state-level exam conducted in Maharashtra to recruit capable candidates for various government authorized posts at levels Group A and B. This competitive exam is arranged in both the local language of Marathi and also in English. Nature of the prelim question paper is objective and contains 2 papers. But the difficulty level increases at the Main level, and candidates need to appear for 6 papers. Key Takeaways MPSC conducts the most reputable civil service exam for Maharashtra that is known as State services or translated in Marathi as Rajyaseva Exam. The syllabus of prelim is a little bit narrow but candidates need to go thoroughly for the MPSC Main exam. MPSC Main exam consists of 6 papers out of which two are of language and the rest are based on general studies. As there is no optional subject in this exam, candidates need to study all listed subjects wisely. Syllabus of MPSC Mains Given table shows MPSC Mains syllabus: Subject Subject Details Marathi and English Essay writing - essay writing on one of the given topics about 400 words. Translation - translation of English paragraph into Marathi Precis writing Marathi and English Grammar - idioms, synonyms, antonyms, correct formation of sentences, punctuation, phrases Comprehension General Studies I History and Geography Establishment of British rule in India History of modern India Indian economy under colonial rule Emergence and growth of Indian Nationalism Famous movements against the British government Constitutional development under the British government Selected social reformers of Maharashtra Cultural heritage of Maharashtra Geomorphology Climatology Human geography Population geography in accordance with Maharashtra Environmental geography Geography and Aero-space technology Fundamentals of remote sensing GIS and its application Agroecology Soil and water management General Studies II Indian Constitution and Indian Politics The constitution of India Indian federalism Evolution of Indian administration State government and administration in accordance with Maharashtra Rural and urban local government and administration District administration Political parties and pressure groups The electoral process Mass media Education system Social welfare and social legislation Financial administration Agricultural administration and rural economy Constitutional and statutory body Public policies General Studies III Human Resource Development and Human Rights Human resource development in India Education, vocational education Health and rural development Universal declaration of Human rights Child development, women development, youth development People’s rehabilitation Values, ethics, and norms International and regional organizations General Studies IV Economy Planning, Economics of Development and Agriculture, Science and Technology Development Macroeconomics Indian economy Agriculture Science and technology Biotechnology Computer and information technology MPSC Main Paper Pattern Given below table shows MPSC Main paper pattern: Paper Nature of Paper Marathi and English Descriptive Marathi and English Objective General Studies I Objective General Studies II Objective General Studies III Objective General Studies IV Objective MPSC Main Paper MPSC Main exam runs for multiple days as there are 6 papers. Candidates who obtain cut-off marks that are previously decided by the commission get the admit cards for the Main exam. Paper 1 and Paper 2 are language papers and are based on 12th First paper is descriptive in nature where candidates can showcase their comprehension and essay writing skills. Second paper of language is MCQ-based and questions are based on comprehension, grammar, and essay. Rest of the papers are MCQ-based and are based on syllabus covered up to graduate studies. Candidates should note that there is a negative marking of ¼ for each wrong answer. MPSC Main Exam Pattern Given below table shows MPSC Main Exam Pattern: Paper Name Language of Question Paper Marks Duration Marathi and English (Essay/Translation/Precis) English and Marathi 100 3 hours Marathi and English (Essay/Comprehension/Grammar) English and Marathi 100 1 hour GS Paper 1: History, Geography, and Agriculture English and Marathi 150 2 hours GS Paper 2: Indian Constitution and Indian Politics English and Marathi 150 2 hours GS Paper 3: Human Rights and Human Resource Development English and Marathi 150 2 hours GS Paper 4: Economics Development and Agriculture, Economy and Planning, Science and Technology Development English and Marathi 150 2 hours Conclusion - MPSC Mains Syllabus Thus in the following article we saw MPSC Mains syllabus in detail: Recommended Articles This is a guide to MPSC Mains Syllabus. Here we discuss the introduction, syllabus of MPSC mains, main paper pattern, main paper and main exam pattern. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – BPSC Exam Pattern BPSC Exam Date SSC Exam Paper SSC Exam Pattern

read more

MPSC Online Test

Introduction To MPSC The following article provides an outline for MPSC Online Test. Passing civil services is the only way to become a government officer. The fame, money, facilities offered to Group A or B level officers are luring. Many candidates stretch themselves to fulfill the qualifying scores and secure their future. For the state of Maharashtra, MPSC is considered to be one of the prime competitive exams that will look after the recruitment of Glass A and B officers. What Is MPSC? Maharashtra Public Service Commission is the state-level service exam that is responsible for the recruitment of class 1 and 2 level officers. The constitutional body will arrange, schedule, conduct the civil service exams. Key Takeaways When any candidate decides to give a try MPSC, the application process starts with registration. The authority has facilitated online registration provision. Candidates should provide valid and correct information to avoid further hassles. This information is further verified with documents. The MPSC Mock test and online test series fasten the preparation for the MPSC exam. These series improve the candidate’s performance such that they can make the best out of the opportunity. MPSC website provides various links for the mock test and online test series. MPSC Registration The registration process of MPSC exams is structured and easy to handle. After checking the qualifying criteria, candidates should proceed to fill out an application form. Here are the steps of application: Visit the portal of MPSC that is mpsconline.gov.in. Locate the ‘User registration’ and click on it. Complete the initial process of registration. Or click on MPSC State Service Exam 2021 link to redirect to the direct login section. Here you need to provide credentials for login. Proceed with the application form, upload the required documents, and pay the application fees using either of the online payment methods. Verify the details once again before submitting and take a printout of fees details for reference. MPSC Online Test Features of the MPSC Online Test attract the aspirants to take a shot at them. MPSC Online tests are crafted the same as exam papers so candidates can get an idea of the actual exam paper. Candidates can get time estimates, energy estimates to design or update the right strategy for the MPSC exam. The online tests are location-independent so candidates from any corner of the world can appear for the exam. MPSC Online tests are crafted in both English and Marathi to make it easy for candidates. MPSC Online Form The commission authority has released notification for 4th October 2021. Candidates can check more details about the application form on the official website. Visit https://mpsconline.gov.in/ which is the official website of MPSC. The first-time visitor should initiate the process by registering him/herself for ‘New registration’. Finish the registration process by submitting valid details and clicking ‘Create User’. Store these credentials for further login. A candidate requires scanned copies of recent passport-size photographs, and signature and they need to upload them. Preview the entire application form and click save. Candidates can select one of the preferred methods of payment from online or offline mode. Net banking, debit/credit card options are available through online mode and e-challan and Maha e-Seva Kendra options are available through offline mode. A Challan copy of the fee payment should be maintained for further transactions. Recommended Articles This is a guide to MPSC Online Test. Here we discuss the introduction, MPSC registration, online test and online form respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – BPSC Exam Pattern BPSC Exam Date SSC Exam Paper SSC Exam Pattern

read more

MPSC PSI Syllabus

Introduction To MPSC PSI The following article provides an outline for MPSC PSI Syllabus. Maharashtra Public Service Commission has revised the MPSC updates and dates for the exams are now coming closer. The prolonged exams for various posts are now being conducted and aspirants should give a finishing touch to their preparation. Amongst the stranded exams, the MPSC Police Sub Inspector exam is considered to be one of the most important civil service exams. The MPSC PSI 2021 is going to be conducted for 376 posts. What Is MPSC? MPSC or Maharashtra Public Service Commission is the administrative body that schedules and conducts all civil services exams for the state of Maharashtra. Candidates having citizenship of Maharashtra or domicile certificate of the same are eligible to apply for the exam provided they fulfill academic and age criteria. Key Takeaways Wearing uniforms of Police is a dream of many people. This can be either fulfill by appearing for state services or national level exams like UPSC. Appearing for MPSC PSI exams is a golden way to fulfill this dream. PSI exams focus on both mental and physical capabilities of candidates. So, candidates should work on both aspects equally. Though the syllabus for MPSC PSI Exam is basic as compared to other civil service exams, the competition in this field is tremendous. Hard work, practice, exercise, and dedication will help you to sustain yourself in this throat-cutting race era. MPSC PSI Syllabus Police Sub Inspector or PSI exam is conducted for recruitment of PSI posts. Prelim exam Main exam Physical test Both prelim and main exams are written exams and they carry 100 and 200 marks respectively. The syllabus structure for the MPSC PSI exam is mentioned below: 1. MPSC PSI Prelim Syllabus The prelim for MPSC PSI contains a single paper-based on general awareness and carries 100 marks for 100 questions. Candidates will get a 1-hour duration for solving the MPSC PSI Prelim paper. Paper Section Details General awareness Current events- both national and international General politics History of India Indian constitution Science and technology Social events related to India 2. MPSC PSI Main Syllabus After passing qualifying scores in prelims, candidates proceed to MPSC PSI Main exam. The main exam contains two papers of 100 marks each. Candidates get a 1-hour duration for each paper. Papers Paper Name Syllabus Details Paper-1 Marathi Grammar Vocabulary Word formation Theme detection Sentence completion Comprehension Sentence rearrangement Subject-verb agreement Passage completion Synonyms- antonyms Fill in the blanks Idioms and phrases English General knowledge Current events- both national and international General politics History of India Indian constitution Science and technology Social events related to India Paper-2 General knowledge, aptitude, mental ability Number series Clocks and calendars Decision making Alphabet series Cube and dice Number ranking Directions Analogy Mirror images Coding and decoding Ratio and proportion Boats and streams Number systems Simple interest Time, work, and distance Compound interest Percentages Simplifications Data interpretation Profit and loss H.C.F and L.C.M discounts MPSC PSI Age Limit MPSC PSI exam has age criteria and it differs as per the category. Category Name Upper Age Limit General 31 years Reserved 34 years Proficient players 36 years Proficient players (reserved) 39 years Ex-servicemen 36 years Ex-servicemen (reserved) 39 years Recommended Articles This is a guide to MPSC PSI Syllabus. Here we discuss the introduction, syllabus of MPSC PSI and age limit for better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – MPSC Eligibility MPSC Material MPSC Exam Dates MPSC Books

read more

BPSC Age Limit

Introduction To BPSC Age Limit The following article provides an outline for BPSC Age Limit. BPSC is the abbreviation of Bihar Public Service Commission. It is set up by the Indian Constitution to conduct entrance exams for selecting candidates for various state-level civil services for Bihar state. This is the most prestigious Bihar state level entrance exam as IAS (Indian Administrative Services) for the national level. The responsibility of the BPSC is to select the right candidates and recruit them for suitable posts and also departmental promotions for eligible civil servants. There will be 3 stages of selection criteria prelims, mains, and interview. Reading daily newspaper and monthly magazines and watching authenticated news along with some study materials will be useful in cracking this exam. Every year lakhs of candidates apply for BPSC who are willing to serve in different services of state administration like police, finance, education, rural and urban development, human welfare, law and order, revenue, etc. All these are the highest honored state government posts. Candidates must dedicate all their efforts to crack this exam. Key Takeaways BPSC (Bihar public service commission) is the government body responsible for the recruitment of class I, II, III officers and workers. They conduct exams every year and the age limit for the exam is 37 years. The age limit will have some relaxation for some categories/ reservations and the age limit can extend up to 42 years. Apart from the age limit, BPSC also checks for an educational qualification which should be a minimum degree and should be the citizen of India. BPSC Age Limit The minimum age limit for BPSC is 20/21 years for some posts, and 22 for most of the posts. The maximum age limit, in general, will be 37 years and with some consideration of reservation, it extends to 42 years. The detailed age limit for the BPSC is given below: Category Maximum Age Limit General - Male 37 years General - Female 40 years E-BC 40 years SC/ST 42 years 1. Minimum age limit for posts Given below table shows minimum age limit for posts: Post Minimum Age Limit Deputy Superintendent of Police 20 years Assistant Register 21 years District Master Administrative Officer Lower Election Officer District Minority Welfare Officer Planning Officer District Public Relation Officer Block Panchayat Officer Rural Development Officer 22 years Bihar Education Service District Executive Officer Supply Inspector Block SC / ST Welfare Officer Labor Enforcement Officer 2. Age relaxations Other than caste and gender reservations, there will be relaxations for some categories which are mentioned below. Category Relaxation People with Disabilities 10 years Ex-servicemen not more than 5 Years of Service 3 years service period Government Employees not more than 3 Years of Service 5 years Eligibility Criteria Given below is the eligibility criteria: 1. Age limit: Please refer to the above table for detailed information. 2. Educational qualifications: The candidate should have completed any degree or its equivalent from the recognized university. 3. Nationality: The candidate should be: Citizen of India Subject of neighboring countries like Nepal, Bhutan etc. Tibetan refugee The person who migrated from countries like Pakistan, Burma, Sri Lanka, etc. Candidates need to show the authenticated document during the time of admission/exam. Note: Official website for the BPSC exam is https://www.bpsc.bih.nic.in/ Recommended Articles This is a guide to BPSC Age Limit. Here we discuss the introduction, age limit of BPSC and eligibility criteria for better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – BPSC Prelims Syllabus BPSC BPSC Posts And Salary BPSC Mains Syllabus

read more

BPSC Syllabus

Introduction To BPSC The following article provides an outline for BPSC Syllabus. Passing Civil services and getting the commanding post is the dream of many parents and children. The posts obtained through these exams offer significant salary, fame, and dignity. Also, the basic eligibility of having a Graduation empowers several candidates to fill applications in several numbers. What Is BPSC? Bihar Public Service Commission is the state level constitutional body that is responsible for: Recruitment of civil service exams and interviews for the state government services. Offer advice to the state government for suitable officers on promotion or transfer cases. Advising the Bihar State government in different matters related to creating, amending recruitment rules. Advising the Bihar State government in disciplinary cases in accordance with civil services. Looking into the matters of extraordinary pensions, reimbursement of legal expenses, and advising the concerned authority. Key Takeaways Millions of candidates appear for the BPSC exams every year. These exams fill various government officers’ posts in Bihar ranging from Assistant Director to factory Inspector. The salary range for these posts varies as per the designation, experience, and rank. The syllabus for the BPSC Exams is based on class 8th to graduation level. So, candidates can refer to state board books and specially designed books for BPSC. Previous years’ question papers and mock tests are available both in offline and online form. Candidates can practice them and design the perfect preparation strategy. BPSC Prelim Exam Syllabus The prelim exam is the first level of the entire exam process and it acts as a first-level filter for scrutinizing deserving candidates. The nature of the exam is objective and the exam is carried out in offline mode. Candidates will get 2 hours duration for BPSC Prelim exam and carries 150 marks. BPSC Prelim Syllabus Given table shows BPSC Prelim Syllabus: Exam Name Exam Syllabus BPSC Prelim Exam General mental ability General aptitude General science Indian polity and economy (additionally in reference to Bihar) Geography (Indian and Bihar) Indian national movement and Bihar History of India and Bihar National and international events Changes in economy of Bihar post-independence BPSC Main Exam Syllabus The candidates who succeed to get qualifying marks in the Prelim papers are eligible for the BPSC Main exam. The exam consists of 1 qualifying paper of General Hindi and two papers based on General studies. Candidates need to select one optional paper from the given list of subjects. All these papers are for 3 hours and carry 300 marks except Hindi which carries 100 marks. Exam Name Subject Subject Syllabus BPSC Main Exam General Studies I Indian culture Modern history of India Statistical analysis, diagrams, and graphs Contemporary events at national and international level and their importance General Studies II Polity in accordance with India and Bihar Economy in accordance with India and Bihar Geography in accordance with India and Bihar Role and effect of science and technology development in India and Bihar BPSC Question Papers Candidates can get an idea about exam patterns and question papers while solving the sample papers. They can get the sample papers and also old years’ question papers online and offline. Practicing the papers will help the candidates to know the weightage of each section, the time required to solve a section, the preparation level. Candidates can also check the sample papers on the commission authorized website. BPSC Exam Pattern The exam pattern of the BPSC Prelim exam is: Name of the Exam Paper Name Mode of Exam Type of Questions Maximum Marks Duration Combined Competitive Exam General studies Offline MCQs 150 2 hours There is no negative marking scheme for the BPSC Prelim exam. The exam pattern of the BPSC Main Exam is: Paper Name Mode of Exam Type of Questions Maximum Marks Duration Hindi (Qualifying paper) Offline Subjective 100 3 hours General Studies paper I Offline Subjective 300 3 hours General Studies Paper II Offline Subjective 300 3 hours Optional Paper Offline Subjective 300 3 hours Conclusion - BPSC Syllabus Thus in the following article we saw BPSC Syllabus in detail. Recommended Articles This is a guide to BPSC Syllabus. Here we discuss the introduction, BPSC prelim & main exam syllabus, question papers and exam pattern. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – BPSC Prelims Syllabus BPSC BPSC Posts And Salary BPSC Mains Syllabus

read more

GPSC Age Limit

Introduction To GPSC The following article provides an outline for GPSC Age Limit. The abbreviated GPSC stands for Gujarat Public Service Commission. GPSC undertakes the Gujarat state-level entrance examination to select the right candidates for Gujarat administrative services. The responsibility of the GPSC is to select suitable candidates as asked by the Gujarat state government to fill the vacant posts in various government departments. GPSC conducts exams in 3 phases; prelims, mains, and interview. The candidates who are successful in prelims will be allowed to write mains and then qualified candidates are shortlisted for interview. The selected candidates are posted in the departments like Gujarat civil services, police, education, planning commission, rural and urban development, revenue, state government projects, etc. GPSC exam is the toughest recruitment state-level exam for Gujarat. More than 3 lakhs aspirants apply for prelims for around 1500-2000 vacant jobs. Degree holders from all streams will apply for GPSC. Passing the GPSC exam is not challenging if the candidates get proper knowledge about the syllabus, up to date with recent events including sports, political, entertainment, etc. of state, national and international, dedication to crack the exam, practicing mental ability test and previous question papers, etc., are followed. Key Takeaways GPSC exam has certain eligibility criteria for writing the exam out of which age limit is also one of them. In general age limit for GPSC is 20 to 35 years. But for some reservations/category relaxations will be provided. GPSC Age Limit The age limit for the GPSC exam is 20 years to 35 years in general. For the upper age limit, there will be relaxation for some reservations. Relaxation for different categories is shown below: Category/ Reservation Upper Age Limit Relaxation SC/ST 5 years (maximum 45 years age) Women of Reserved Category 10 years (maximum 45 years age) Women of General Category 5 years (maximum 45 years age) Ex-Serviceman 5 years (Provided at least 5 years of military service) Physically Handicapped 10 years (maximum 45 years age) Exam Fees 100 Rs should be paid by candidates through online payment or pay cash by a computerized post office. The exam fee is exempted for SC/ST, physically challenged, Ex-servicemen for class 3 posts. Eligibility Criteria Given below are the eligibility criteria: 1. Age limit: The age limit for GPSC will be generally 20 years to 35 years. With some reservations, the limit will extend to some more areas. 2. Educational qualifications: A candidate applying for any GPSC post should have completed any degree or equivalent from a recognized university and be approved by the government. 3. Nationality: The candidate should be: Citizen of India. Subject of neighboring countries like Nepal, Bhutan etc. Tibetan refugee. The person who migrated from countries like Pakistan, Burma, Sri Lanka, etc. GPSC Exam Details Exam fees: 100Rs The GPSC exam consists of 3 rounds i.e. 1. Prelims It consists of 2 general papers which is of screening type only. The score is not considered for the final merit list. The exam is objective type. Paper Name Time (Hours) Marks General Studies - 1 2 200 General Studies – 2 2 200 Total 400 2. Mains Exam Candidates qualifying for the prelims exam will be eligible to take the mains exam. The mains exam has total of 6 subjects. The exams will be written and subjective type. The subjects are given below: Gujarati English Essay General studies -1 General studies -2 General studies -3 Paper Name Time (Hours) Marks Gujarati 3 300 English 3 300 Essay 3 300 General Studies – 1 3 300 General Studies – 2 3 300 General Studies – 3 3 300 Total 900 3. Interview The candidates qualifying Mains exam will be eligible to take the final interview which is also known as a personality test. The scores of mains and interview will be added to get final scores and thus final merit list will be generated. Note: Official website for the GPSC exam is https://gpsc.gujarat.gov.in/ Recommended Articles This is a guide to GPSC Age Limit. Here we discuss the introduction, age limit of GPSC, exam fees, eligibility criteria and exam details. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – BPSC Prelims Syllabus BPSC BPSC Posts And Salary BPSC Mains Syllabus

read more

GPSC Books

Introduction To GPSC The following article provides an outline for GPSC Books. Gujarat Public Service Commission, GPSC is the state government body set up by the constitution of India to select the eligible candidates for Gujarat administrative services in the government departments like police, education, forest, human welfare, finance, civil administration, revenue, etc. GPSC exam is the highest honored state-level recruitment exam for the civil servant aspirants for Gujarat state. The GPSC follows some selection norms to choose suitable candidates, which includes a written exam and interview. Aspirants will write prelim exams first, then qualified candidates will appear for mains exam and after that shortlisted candidates will be called for interview. The applicants are required to well prepare for the GPSC exam as this is the toughest and high ranked state level exam for Gujarat. Candidates should revise all academic subjects, should have thorough knowledge about current affairs comprising state, national and international occurrences, general knowledge, aptitudes, etc. The firm aims to crack the exam and focused study will result in the successful passing of the GPSC exam. GPSC selects the candidates as needed by the state government of Gujarat. It calls for the exam by public notification. Nearly 3 lakhs graduates from all streams will apply for this for 1000-1500 vacant posts in various departments. Key Takeaways GPSC exam syllabus is very vast and subject topics are generic. So, a lot of books are available in the market. Candidates are advised to buy and refer to the books specifically designed for GPSC. The books which cover the basic knowledge and are designed as per the syllabus and recent question paper pattern is the best buy to make. GPSC Books Some of the important books to refer for GPSC exams are as follows: NCERT books of specific subjects Current affairs, popular magazines (Kurukshetra, Yojana, Gujarat pakshk), and daily newspapers Indian Polity by Lakshimkant Constitution of India by D.D Basu Indian Economy by Ramesh Singh Indian Economy by Mishra and Puri Quantitative aptitude, verbal and non-verbal reasoning by R. S. Aggarwal Indian’s ancient past by R S Sharma History of medieval India by Satish Chandra Modern History by Bipin Chandra Atlas (for maps) from Oxford World and Physical geography by D.R Khullar Geography of world and India by Majid Hussain Exam Pattern Exam pattern consists of 3 phases: Prelims Mains Interview 1. Prelims Exam Prelims exam is conducted for screening purposes only. The marks scored in this round are not considered for the final merit list. The exam is the objective-type question (multiple choice question) i.e., each question has multiple options out of which one will be the correct answer. The question paper will be in English and Gujarati Paper Name Time (Hours) Marks General Studies - 1 2 200 General Studies - 2 2 200 Total 400 2. Mains Exam Candidates qualifying prelims will be eligible to take the mains exam. Unlike prelims, the mains exam is descriptive-type questions. The marks scored will be considered for the final merit list. Paper Name Time (Hours) Marks Gujarati 3 300 English 3 300 Essay 3 300 General Studies - 1 3 300 General Studies - 2 3 300 General Studies - 3 3 300 Total 900 3. Interview Candidates qualifying the mains exam will have to give an interview. The interview will evaluate the candidate’s character, decision-making skills, basic attitude, etc. Based on the performance, marks will be provided. Personality test = 100 Marks Total marks, Mains Personality test = 1000 Marks The final merit list will be generated based on the marks scored by the candidates and will be recruited for their specific posts. Eligibility Criteria Given below is the eligibility criteria: 1. Age limit: The age limit for GPSC will be generally 20 years to 35 years. With some reservations, the limit will extend to some more areas. 2. Educational qualifications: A candidate applying for any GPSC post should have completed any degree or equivalent from a recognized university and be approved by the government. 3. Nationality: The candidate should be: Citizen of India The subject of Nepal/Bhutan Tibetan refugee The person from Indian origin migrated from other countries like Pakistan, Burma, Sri Lanka, etc. Recommended Articles This is a guide to GPSC Books. Here we discuss the introduction, books of GPSC, exam pattern along with eligibility criteria respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – BPSC Prelims Syllabus BPSC BPSC Posts And Salary BPSC Mains Syllabus

read more

GPSC Exam

Introduction To GPSC Exam GPSC (Gujarat Public Service Commission) is the Gujarat state government body formed by the Indian constitution, which organizes recruitment exams for the applicants who are interested in serving Gujarat state administration. The exam comprises 3 phases, written exams; prelims, and mains and interview. The successful candidates are recruited in various Gujarat state government departments such as civil services, police, revenue, education, engineering services, forest, urban and rural development, etc. GPSC appoints the candidates as demanded by the state government. It calls for the exam by giving public notification. GPSC receives nearly 2-3 lakhs applications from job seekers. Aspirants will first appear for the prelims exam, then qualified candidates will write the mains exam. The candidates who are successful in the written exam will be called for the interview. After selecting the right candidates, they are posted to the required departments. Preparation for the GPSC exam is quite similar to the UPSC exam. Candidates are required to be thorough with all academic subjects, current events of state, national and international things, general knowledge, aptitudes, etc. The GPSC exam is the toughest Gujarat state level exam and hence well prepared by revising academics, updating with authenticated news, revising previous question papers and aptitudes, etc., will help in cracking this exam. Key Takeaways GPSC exam consists of 3 phases, prelims, mains, and final interview. Prelims exam is for screening purposes only. The exam mainly consists of general studies which are generally related to the Indian constitution, history, geography, current affairs, and basic language knowledge. Candidates must have completed a degree, meet age limit criteria, and must be a citizen of India or equivalent. Maintaining discipline, referring to proper books, solving previous year question papers are some of the important tips for cracking the exam. GPSC Exam Pattern Given below shows GPSC Exam Pattern: 1. Prelims Prelims exam is conducted for screening purposes only. The marks scored in this round is not considered for the final merit list. The exam is an objective type question (multiple choice question) i.e., each question has multiple options out of which one will be the correct answer. The question paper will be in English and Gujarati Paper Name Time (Hours) Marks General Studies – 1 2 200 General Studies – 2 2 200 Total 400 2. Mains Exam Candidates qualifying prelims will be eligible to take the mains exam. Unlike prelims, the mains exam is descriptive-type questions. The marks scored will be considered for the final merit list. Paper Name Time (Hours) Marks Gujarati 3 300 English 3 300 Essay 3 300 General Studies – 1 3 300 General Studies – 2 3 300 General Studies – 3 3 300 Total 900 3. Interview Candidates qualifying for the mains exam will have to give an interview. The interview will evaluate the candidate’s character, decision-making skills, basic attitude, etc. Based on the performance, marks will be provided. Personality test = 100 Marks Total marks, Mains Personality test = 1000 Marks The final merit list will be generated based on the marks scored by the candidates and will be recruited for their specific posts. Eligibility Criteria Given below shows the eligibility criteria: 1. Age limit: The age limit for GPSC will be generally 20 years to 35 years. With some reservations, the limit will extend to some more areas. 2. Educational qualifications: A candidate applying for any GPSC post should have completed any degree or equivalent from a recognized university and be approved by the government. 3. Nationality: The candidate should be: Citizen of India The subject of Nepal/ Bhutan Tibetan refugee The person from Indian origin migrated from other countries like Pakistan, Burma, Sri Lanka, etc. Exam Preparation Know the subjects: The exam has a vast syllabus thus proper understanding of topics and syllabus is essential. Know the post you are applying to: The syllabus and subjects may vary based on the post candidate applying for. Refer proper books: Since many subjects are generic, lots of books will be available. But candidates need to refer which is required for the GPSC exam only. Know the exam: Candidates need to be aware of exam pattern, timings, and recent cut-off score. More the candidate studies this point and executes to counter their weaknesses, chances are high of cracking the exam. Solve previous year question papers: Solving papers will give confidence in giving the main exam and candidates will be acquainted with the question pattern and time required to solve the question. Recommended Articles This is a guide to GPSC Exam. Here we discuss the introduction, GPSC exam pattern, eligibility criteria and exam preparation. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – BPSC Prelims Syllabus BPSC BPSC Posts And Salary BPSC Mains Syllabus

read more

GPSC Exam Paper

Introduction To GPSC The following article provides an outline for GPSC Exam Paper. The abbreviated GPSC stands for Gujarat Public Service Commission. GPSC organizes the Gujarat state-level recruitment examination for the selection of eligible candidates for Gujarat administrative services. The responsibility of the GPSC is to select suitable candidates through an exam that consists of prelims, mains, and interview. The departments for which GPSC conducts exams include Gujarat civil services, education, revenue, police, planning commission, rural and urban development, public welfare, etc. GPSC exam is the toughest and top-ranked recruitment exam for Gujarat state. More than 3 lakhs aspirants appear for prelims, but after filtration through mains exam and interview, only approximately 1500-2000 applicants will be eligible for the available vacant posts. Posts are allotted as per their scores obtained in exams and interview. Clearing the GPSC exam is not difficult if the candidates get thorough knowledge about the syllabus, up to date with all current affairs of national, state, and international events including sports, entertainment, political and other events. So, candidates are required to study well all academics, should read daily newspapers, watch news channels, practice aptitude tests, and solve previous year question papers. Key Takeaways GPSC exam consists of 3 phases i.e., prelims, mains, and interview. Prelims exam is conducted for screening purposes only. Mains exam is descriptive and is considered for the final merit list. The interview phase evaluates the candidate’s soft skills, decision-making skills, and basic attitude. The total marks for the GPSC exam are 1000 marks which include the Mains exam and final interview. GPSC Exam Paper The exam consists of 3 rounds. Prelims Mains Interview 1. Prelims Prelims exam is conducted for screening purposes only. The marks scored in this round is not considered for the final merit list. The exam is the objective-type question (multiple choice question) i.e., each question has multiple options out of which one will be the correct answer. The question paper will be in English and Gujarati. Prelims Exam Pattern: Paper Name Time (Hours) Marks General Studies - 1 2 200 General Studies - 2 2 200 Total 400 2. Mains Candidates qualifying prelims will be eligible to take the mains exam. Unlike prelims, the mains exam is descriptive-type questions. The marks scored will be considered for the final merit list. Mains Exam Pattern: Paper Name Time (Hours) Marks Gujarati 3 300 English 3 300 Essay 3 300 General Studies – 1 3 300 General Studies – 2 3 300 General Studies – 3 3 300 Total 900 3. Interview Candidates qualifying for the mains exam will have to give an interview. The interview will evaluate the candidate’s character, decision-making skills, basic attitude, etc. Based on the performance, marks will be provided. Personality test = 100 Marks Total marks, Mains Personality test = 1000 Marks The final merit list will be generated based on the marks scored by the candidates and will be recruited for their specific post. Recommended Articles This is a guide to GPSC Exam Paper. Here we discuss the introduction and information about GPSC exam paper respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – BPSC Prelims Syllabus BPSC BPSC Posts And Salary BPSC Mains Syllabus

read more

GPSC Exam Pattern

Introduction To GPSC Exam Pattern The following article provides an outline for GPSC Exam Pattern. The full form of GPSC is Gujarat Public Service Commission, which is formed by the Indian constitution for Gujarat state. This is the Gujarat state’s prestigious organization that manages to appoint the eligible candidates for Gujarat state government posts through recruitment exams for government departments like police, education, revenue, finance, rural and urban development, human welfare, etc. The Governor of the Gujarat state orders GPSC to recruit suitable candidates for respective departments. Posts are allotted based on their performance in the written exam and interview. GPSC exam is a competitive and toughest state-level exam for Gujarat and hence requires a lot of preparation. Excellent academic knowledge, up to date with latest events in domestic as well as international matters, good mental ability in cracking aptitude will help pass out GPSC exam. Approximately 3 lakh aspirants apply for the GPSC exam for 1500-2000 Gujarat state government posts. Graduates from all streams apply for the GPSC exam as this is the highest honored exam at the state level. GPSC follows certain selection criteria which involve prelims, mains written exam, and interview. The candidates who get eligibility in the mains written exam are shortlisted for an interview. Key Takeaways GPSC exam consists of 3 phases, prelims, mains, and final interview. Prelims exam is for screening purposes only. The exam mainly consists of general studies which are generally related to the Indian constitution, history, geography, current affairs, and basic language knowledge. Candidates must have completed a degree, meet age limit criteria, and must be a citizen of India or equivalent. Maintaining discipline, referring to proper books, solving previous year question papers are some of the important tips for cracking the exam. GPSC Exam Pattern Given below shows GPSC Exam Pattern: 1. Prelims Prelims exam is conducted for screening purposes only. The marks scored in this round are not considered for the final merit list. The exam is the objective-type question (multiple choice question) i.e., each question has multiple options out of which one will be the correct answer. Paper Name Time (Hours) Marks General Studies - 1 2 200 General Studies - 2 2 200 Total 400 2. Mains Exam Candidates qualifying prelims will be eligible to take the mains exam. Unlike prelims, the mains exam is descriptive-type questions. The marks scored will be considered for the final merit list. Paper Name Time (Hours) Marks Gujarati 3 300 English 3 300 Essay 3 300 General Studies – 1 3 300 General Studies – 2 3 300 General Studies – 3 3 300 Total 900 3. Interview Candidates qualifying for the mains exam will have to give an interview. The interview will evaluate the candidate’s character, decision-making skills, basic attitude, etc. Based on the performance, marks will be provided. Personality test = 100 Marks Total marks, Mains Personality test = 1000 Marks The final merit list will be generated based on the marks scored by the candidates and will be recruited for their specific posts. Syllabus Of GPSC GPSC subjects: The subjects in the GPSC exam are as follows: 1.Prelims Exam Subjects Given below are the prelims exam subjects: a. Prelims – General Paper 1 History Mental ability test Culture heritage Constitution Social justice and international relation Policy b. Prelims – General Paper 2 Indian economy Geography National and international affairs Science and technology Regional current events 2. Mains Exam Subjects Given below are the mains exam subjects: a. English Essay Communication skills Grammar and vocabulary Letter writing Report writing Formal speech Translation Precis writing Writing on visual information b. Gujarati Grammar and vocabulary Comprehension Fill in the blanks Antonyms and synonyms Phases and plural forms Translation c. Essay Current affairs Socio-economic problems Socio-political problems Civic problems Reflective topics d. General studies-1 Geography History of India Cultural heritage e. General studies -2 Constitution and politics Governance and public administration Ethics in public service f. General studies -3 Science and technology Indian economy Current affairs Candidates need to note that the syllabus for the GPSC exam varies with posts. The syllabus mentioned here is only for general studies, but for specific posts like Engineer – mech/civil, accountant, etc., the syllabus and exam pattern for them will change. The reader should visit the official website to get the detailed syllabus for the posts they are applying to. Recommended Articles This is a guide to GPSC Exam Pattern. Here we discuss the introduction, exam pattern of GPSC along with syllabus respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – BPSC Prelims Syllabus BPSC BPSC Posts And Salary BPSC Mains Syllabus

read more

GPSC Full Form

Introduction To GPSC Full Form The following article provides an outline for GPSC Full Form. The abbreviated GPSC means Gujarat Public Service Commission. GPSC is the Gujarat state government organization set up by the Indian constitution, which conducts exams for the aspirants who are willing to serve in Gujarat state administration. The exam is conducted in 3 levels; prelims and mains written exams and interview. The eligible candidates are appointed in various government departments for vacant posts such as Gujarat civil services, forest, education, engineering services, urban and rural development, etc. GPSC exam is the highest reputed exam for Gujarat state. More than 3 lakhs aspirants apply for prelims for 1000-2000 posts. GPSC exam is the toughest exam for the Gujarat state level. The syllabus includes all academic subjects, current events including political, sports, and entertainment, aptitude, etc. Focused revision of academic subjects, daily watching news and reading newspaper and magazines, practicing previous question papers, etc. will help in cracking the GPSC exam. When the posts are vacant in the government departments, the Governor of the Gujarat state insists the GPSC recruit the candidates for respective departments, then GPSC calls for application for GPSC prelims exam. The qualified candidates will write the mains exam and successful candidates will be called for the final interview. Key Takeaways GPSC refers to Gujarat Public Service Commission which conducts state-level exams for Gujarat state. It is administrated to recruit officers in different departments of state government. The exam pattern consists of 3 phases i.e., prelims, mains, and interview. The exam is conducted to evaluate the candidate’s knowledge of Indian history, economy, current affairs, basic english, and hindi language. GPSC Subjects Subjects in the GPSC exam are as follows: 1. Prelims Exam Subjects Given below are the prelims exam subject: a. Prelims – General Paper 1 History Mental ability test Culture heritage Constitution Social justice and international relation Policy b. Prelims – General Paper 2 Indian economy Geography National and international affairs Science and technology Regional current events 2. Mains Exam Subjects Given below are the mains exam subjects: a. English Essay Communication skills Grammar and vocabulary Letter writing Report writing Formal speech Translation Precis writing Writing on visual information b. Gujarati Grammar and vocabulary Comprehension Fill in the blanks Antonyms and synonyms Phases and plural forms Translation c. Essay Current affairs Socio-economic problems Socio-political problems Civic problems Reflective topics d. General Studies-1 Geography History of India Cultural heritage e. General Studies-2 Constitution and politics Governance and public administration Ethics in public service f. General Studies-3  Science and technology Indian economy Current affairs GPSC Exam GPSC exam consists of 3 rounds. 1. Prelims It consists of 2 general papers which are of screening type only. The score is not considered for the final merit list. The exam is objective type. 2. Mains Exam Candidates qualifying for the prelims exam will be eligible to take the mains exam. The mains exam has a total of 6 subjects. The exams will be written and subjective type. The subjects are given below: Gujarati English Essay General studies -1 General studies -2 General studies -3 3. Interview The candidates qualifying for the Mains exam will be eligible to take the final interview which is also known as a personality test. The scores of mains and interview will be added to get final scores and thus final merit list will be generated. GPSC Exam Dates Given below are the GPSC exam dates: Prelims Posts Tentative Date November Tutor, General Anatomy, Class-II (Dental) 13-11-21 Tutor, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Class-II (Dental) 14-11-21 Assistant Professor, Emergency Medicine, Class-I 11-11-21 Assistant Professor, Infectious Disease, Class-I 16-11-21 Deputy Director (E.S.I.S), Class-1 23-11-21 Radiologist (E.S.I.S), Class-1 23-11-21 Pediatrician (E.S.I.S), Class-1 23-11-21 Tutor, Prosthodontics & Crown and Bridge, Class-2 (Dental) 25-11-21 Assistant Engineer (Civil), Class-II 27-11-21 Tutor, General Physiology, Class-II 27-11-21 Assistant Engineer (Civil), Class-II 28-11-21 Executive Engineer, (Mechanical), Class-I 28-11-21 Tutor, Pedodontics (Pediatric) & Preventive Dentistry 28-11-21 December Assistant Engineer (Mechanical), Class-II 5-12-21 Accounts Officer, Class-II 5-12-21 Assistant Engineer (Civil), Class-II (GMB) 5-12-21 Professor, Emergency Medicine, Class-I 7-12-21 Assistant Professor, Nephrology, Class-I 7-12-21 Associate Professor, Emergency Medicine, Class-I 9-12-21 Associate Professor, Family Medicine, Class-I 1 11-12-21 Associate Professor, T.B. & Chest, Class-I 14-12-21 Assistant Professor, T.B.& Chest, Class-I 1 16-12-21 Gujarat Administrative Service, 19-12-21 Junior Town Planner, Class-2 26-12-21 Assistant Manager/Assistant Director, Class-2 26-12-21 Deputy Director, Gujarat Statistical Service 26-12-21 January Planning Assistant, Class-3 (GMC) 2-1-22 Principal, Ideal Government School, Class-2 2-1-22 Senior Drug Inspector, Class-2 (Special Drive) 2-1-22 Administrative Officer/Assistant Planning Officer 9-1-22 Mains Exam Posts Tentative Date Gujarat Engineering Service, Class-I and Class-II 16, 18, 20 November 2021 Deputy Executive Engineer, (Mechanical), Class-II 16, 18, 20 November 2021 Deputy Section Officer, Class III 27, 28 November 2021 Executive Engineer, (Mechanical), Class-I 6, 12, 13 March 2022 Accounts Officer, Class-II 6, 12, 13 March 2022 Recommended Articles This is a guide to GPSC Full Form. Here we discuss the introduction, GPSC subjects, exam and exam dates for better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – BPSC Prelims Syllabus BPSC BPSC Posts And Salary BPSC Mains Syllabus

read more

GPSC Mains Paper

Introduction To GPSC The following article provides an outline for GPSC Mains Paper. Gujarat Public Service Commission (GPSC) is the Gujarat state’s high-ranked organization that organizes state-level entrance exams for selecting the administrative servants for Gujarat state. GPSC is established by the constitution of India to recruit appropriate candidates for Gujarat administrative services in the government departments like the education department, human welfare, law and order, finance, civil administration, revenue, etc. GPSC follows a specific selection process that includes 2 written exams and interviews. Candidates write the prelim exam before appearing for the main exam. The candidates who successfully clear the mains written exam are called for an interview. GPSC selects the aspirants as needed by the state government and notifies them regarding exams by giving public advertisements. More than 2-3 lakhs aspirants apply for this. Selected candidates are given posts as per their performance in written exams and interviews. GPSC exam is the toughest state-level exam and needs thorough preparation before attempting. The candidates are required to study all academic subjects well, acquire general knowledge, be updated regarding current events happening around the world, and strong mental ability to crack aptitudes. Key Takeaways GPSC conducts state-level exams for Gujarat every year. The exam pattern is mainly 3 phases i.e., prelims, mains, and interview. In that, only the mains exam is considered for final merit list generation. Finally, the Mains exam will be added with the interview score to get the final merit list. Mains exam syllabus will be general studies, Hindi, and English languages, and essay writing. The GPSC Mains Paper exam carries maximum marks for the GPSC exam. GPSC Mains Paper Candidates qualifying for the prelims exam are eligible to take the mains exam. The mains exam has a total of 6 subjects. The exams will be written and descriptive type. The subjects are given below: Gujarati English Essay General studies -1 General studies -2 General studies -3 Mains Exam Subjects Given below are the GPSC Mains Paper subjects: 1. English Essay Communication skills Grammar and vocabulary Letter writing Report writing Formal speech Translation Precis writing Writing on visual information 2. Gujarati Grammar and vocabulary Comprehension Fill in the blanks Antonyms and Synonyms Phases and plural forms Translation 3. Essay Current affairs Socio-economic problems Socio-political problems Civic problems Reflective topics 4. General Studies-1 Geography History of India Cultural heritage 5. General Studies-2 Constitution and politics Governance and public administration Ethics in public service 6. General Studies-3 Science and technology Indian economy Current affairs Candidates need to note that the syllabus for the GPSC exam varies with posts. The syllabus mentioned here is only for general studies, but for specific posts like Engineer – mech/civil, accountant, etc., the syllabus and exam pattern for changes. The reader should visit the official website to get the detailed syllabus for the posts they are applying to. GPSC Mains Paper - Exam Pattern Given below table shows mains exam pattern: Paper Name Time (Hours) Marks Gujarati 3 300 English 3 300 Essay 3 300 General Studies–1 3 300 General Studies–2 3 300 General Studies–3 3 300 Total 900 Mains Exam Dates Given below are the mains exam dates: Mains Exam Posts Tentative Date Gujarat Engineering Service, Class-I and Class-II 16, 18, 20 November 2021 Deputy Executive Engineer, (Mechanical), Class-II 16, 18, 20 November 2021 Deputy Section Officer, Class III 27, 28 November 2021 Executive Engineer, (Mechanical), Class-I 6, 12, 13 March 2022 Accounts Officer, Class-II 6, 12, 13 March 2022 Conclusion - GPSC Mains Paper Thus in the following article we saw GPSC mains paper, exam subjects, exam paper and exam dates in detail for better understanding. Recommended Articles This is a guide to GPSC Mains Paper. Here we discuss the introduction, mains exam subjects, exam pattern and exam dates respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – BPSC Prelims Syllabus BPSC BPSC Posts And Salary BPSC Mains Syllabus

read more

GPSC Preparation

Introduction To GPSC Preparation This article delves deep into the GPSC preparation tips. GPSC stands for Gujarat Public Service Commission, which is a reputed organization of the Gujarat state, established by the Indian constitution. The main function of the GPSC is to select the proper aspirants for Gujarat administrative services in the government departments like the forest, human welfare, education, finance, rural and urban development, revenue, etc. GPSC exam is the state-level highest honored recruitment exam for Gujarat state. It follows a specific selection process to choose the suitable candidates, which includes a written exam and interview. Applicants are supposed to write prelim exams first, then the qualified candidates appear for mains exam. After this, the candidate is shortlisted for an interview. Before attempting the GPSC exam, aspirants need to be thoroughly prepared as this exam is the toughest and high-ranked state level exam. Aspirants are required to go through all academic subjects, get proper knowledge about current affairs of state, national and international, should get good general knowledge, aptitudes, etc. GPSC conducts recruitment exams when the Gujarat state government demands human resources for its administration. Then GPSC calls for the exam by public notification. More than 3 lakhs graduates from every stream will apply for this for 1500-2000 vacant posts in various departments. Key Takeaways GPSC exam is one of the toughest exams in Gujarat state. Thus, a proper preparation strategy is essential for clearing the exam. Understanding the syllabus, maintaining the discipline, preparation with good books and sources, question papers solving are some of the important tips for clearing the exam. Subjects in GPSC are generic, thus lots of books and sources will be available. Candidates need to refer to the sources/books which is close to the syllabus of the GPSC exam. GPSC Exam Preparation Let us understand some of the tips and tricks that candidates should follow for GPSC exam preparation. Know the subjects: The exam has a vast syllabus, thus proper understanding of topics and syllabus is essential. It is to be noted that the exam syllabus changes as per the posts candidates applying for. Follow discipline: Studying every day, periodic revision, and execution of well-prepared timetable is essential for cracking this exam. Know the post you are applying for: The syllabus and subjects may vary based on the post that the candidate is applying for. Refer proper books: Since many subjects are generic, lots of books are available for GPSC exam preparation. But candidates need to refer to the book required for the GPSC exam only. Know the exam: Candidates need to be aware of exam patterns, timings, and recent cut-off scores. The more the candidate analyzes this point and executes to counter their weaknesses, the more the chances of cracking the exam. Solve previous year question papers: Solving papers will give confidence in giving the main exam and candidates will be acquainted with the question pattern and time required to solve the question. GPSC Books Some of the important books to refer to for GPSC exams are as follows: NCERT books of specific subjects Current affairs, popular magazines (Kurukshetra, Yojana, Gujarat pakshk), and daily newspapers Indian Polity by Lakshimkant Constitution of India by D.D Basu Indian Economy by Ramesh Singh Indian Economy by Mishra and Puri Quantitative aptitude, verbal and non-verbal reasoning by R. S. Aggarwal Indian’s ancient past by R S Sharma History of medieval India by Satish Chandra Modern History by Bipin Chandra Atlas (for maps) from Oxford World and Physical geography by D.R Khullar Geography of world and India by Majid Hussain Recommended Articles This is a guide to GPSC Preparation. Here we discuss the introduction, GPSC exam preparation along with books respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – BPSC Prelims Syllabus BPSC BPSC Posts And Salary BPSC Mains Syllabus

read more

GPSC Syllabus

Introduction To GPSC Syllabus This is a detailed guide o the GPSC syllabus. Gujarat Public Service Commission, i.e., GPSC is the prestigious state government organization initiated by the Indian constitution. It manages to recruit suitable candidates for the vacant posts in various departments of Gujarat state administration. The selection process involves 3 phases, prelims, mains, and interview. The qualified candidates are appointed as required by the Gujarat state government departments such as police, revenue, engineering services, forest, urban and rural development, civil services, education, etc. When the Gujarat state government needs human resources for its administration, the Gujarat Governor orders GPSC to recruit the candidates. GPSC invites applicants through public notification. Nearly more than 4 lakhs aspirants apply for the GPSC exam for approximately 1000-2000 vacant posts (Source: TOI). Candidates who wished to be successful in the GPSC exam should go through all the GPSC syllabus, its subjects, and get good knowledge about the current state, national and international affairs, aptitudes, and general knowledge. So, studying the syllabus as prescribed by the GPSC, reading newspapers, watching reliable news every day, and practicing previous year's question papers, etc., are some of the useful tips to crack the GPSC exam. Key Takeaways The major subjects of the GPSC syllabus include general studies, essays, and language knowledge. General studies include the Indian constitution, history, geography, current affairs, economics. Candidates are advised to be thorough with the syllabus topics and study accordingly. Eligibility Criteria Given below shows eligibility criteria: 1. Age limit: The age limit for GPSC is generally 20 to 35 years. With some reservations, the limit is extended to some more areas. 2. Educational qualifications: A candidate applying for any GPSC post should have completed any degree or equivalent from a recognized university and be approved by the government. 3. Nationality: The candidate should be: Citizen of India The subject of Nepal/ Bhutan Tibetan refugee The person from Indian origin migrated from other countries like Pakistan, Burma, Sri Lanka, etc. GPSC Exam The GPSC exam consists of 3 rounds. 1. Prelims: It consists of 2 general papers which are of screening type only. The score is not considered for the final merit list. The exam is objective type. 2. Mains exam: Candidates qualifying for the prelims exam become eligible to take the mains exam. The mains exam has a total of 6 subjects and is a written and subjective type exam. The subjects are as given below: Gujarati English Essay General studies -1 General studies -2 General studies -3 3. Interview: The candidates qualifying for the Mains exam become eligible to take the final interview which is also known as a personality test. The scores of mains and interviews are added to get final scores and thus final merit list is generated. GPSC Syllabus in Detail GPSC subjects: The subjects in the GPSC exam are as follows: 1. Prelims Exam Subject Given below are the prelims exam subject: a. Prelims – General Paper 1 History Mental ability test Culture heritage Constitution Social justice and international relation Policy b. Prelims – General Paper 2 Indian economy Geography National and international affairs Science and technology Regional current events 2. Mains Exam Subjects Given below are the mains exam subjects: a. English Essay Communication skills Grammar and vocabulary Letter writing Report writing Formal speech Translation Precis writing Writing on visual information b. Gujarati Grammar and vocabulary Comprehension Fill in the blanks Antonyms and synonyms Phases and plural forms Translation c. Essay Current affairs Socio-economic problems Socio-political problems Civic problems Reflective topics d. General Studies-1 Geography History of India Cultural heritage e. General Studies-2 Constitution and politics Governance and public administration Ethics in public service f. General Studies-3 Science and technology Indian economy Current affairs Candidates need to note that the GPSC syllabus varies with posts. The syllabus mentioned here is only for general studies, but for specific posts like Engineer – mech/civil, accountant, etc., the syllabus and exam pattern changes. The reader should visit the official website to get the detailed syllabus for the posts they are applying for. Recommended Articles This is a guide to GPSC Syllabus. Here we discuss the introduction, eligibility criteria, and GPSC syllabus for better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – BPSC Prelims Syllabus BPSC BPSC Posts And Salary BPSC Mains Syllabus

read more

R Data Types

Introduction To R Data Types For any programming language, data type plays an important role. The programming language also contains variables that store different data types. And each data type can perform different tasks. R also contains data types and variables. In the R programming language, you don't have to declare variables with any particular data type. We can also change the type even after it has been set. Table of contentsIntroduction To R Data TypesTypes of R Programming LanguageWhat Is Vector?What Do You Understand By Factor Datatype?What Is List Data Type?ConclusionRecommended Articles Types of R Programming Language R programming language consists of five basic data types: Character Numeric (real or decimal) Integer Logical Complex 1. Character data type: It stores characters as their values or strings. In the R programming language, strings have an alphabet, numbers, and symbols. 2. Numerical data type: It stores numeric values. It is a default data type in the R programming language. Example: 2, 65.9, 89 0.0001 3. Integer data type: This data type stores integer values. You will have to specify a number as an integer to store. It is only used for values like unique ids. You can store and convert a value into an integer using the below for format: Example: as.integer()function 4. Logical data type: This type of data type stores Boolean or logical values. It stores values of True or False. 5. Complex data type: It stores numbers with an imaginary component. Example: 2 6i, -14 3i What Is Vector? In the R programming language, it is the most basic data structures. It is of two types: Atomic vectors Lists Types of vector modes: Character Logical Integer Numeric With the help of Vector, you can also create an empty vector like vector(). What Do You Understand By Factor Datatype? In the R programming language, factors are considered as variables that take a limited number of different values. The most crucial use of factors is in statistical modeling. It is because categorical variables have a different take on in statistical models than continuous variables. It is stored as a vector integer values. You can make use of the factor function to create a factor. You can make numeric and character variables into factors. And the factor's level will always have character values. In factors, character values are stored efficiently. It is because each unique character value is stored only once. What Is List Data Type? The list data type has a countable number of values in which the same value can appear for more than once. The list is used for different data structures. It will help in implementing abstract lists like arrays and linked lists. There are several programming languages that support the feature of list data types. It has different syntax and semantics for lists and list of operations. Listed below are the three types of list data type: List - string: It can store text values till 255 characters. List - numbers: It can store numeric values till 15 digits. List - date: It can store date and time values. In each List data type, till 1,000 values can be defined and can be stored. In List data type, duplicate and blank values are automatically deleted whenever you save table design. If you are changing the values of lists, it will not affect the values in existing records. Know about Matrix: In the R programming language, Matrix is considered as a data type that has the dimension - the rows and the columns. It consists of elements that have the same class type. You can declare an integer, character and also complex elements. You cannot declare modes/class elements such as integer and character in the same matrix. Conclusion In this article,we have seen about different R data types that are supported by the R programming language. In the R programming language, data types play a crucial role as this is basic building blocks. Recommended Articles This is a guide to R Data Types. Here we discuss the introduction, different types in R programming language and types of vector modes. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Career in R Programming How to Install R? Careers in Python Careers in HTML

read more

What is R Programming Language?

Introduction To R Programming Language R programming, primarily arriving in the early 1990s amidst the beginning of the digitization of the computer age, it is a programming language for introduction sake. It is generally a software base for statistical computing and data mining. It is run by the R Foundation for Statistical Computing. It was developed by Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman. R programming language is a platform used commonly by statistician and data miner; it is used as a base to develop advanced and sophisticated statistical and data mining & analysis software for various purposes like in surveys, research-based software, polls and etc. R programming is mostly used to develop software’s to handle large & huge quantity of data and organize them into a more presentable & user-friendly manner. Table of contentsIntroduction To R Programming LanguageDefinition of R Programming LanguageSteps to Install R Programming LanguageFeatures of R ProgrammingAdvantages of R ProgrammingConclusionRecommended Articles Definition of R Programming Language As previously mentioned in the introduction, R is a programming language for statistical computing, data mining and data analysis. It is a GNU project which was developed at Bell Laboratories. Furthermore, R has a wide variety of advanced techniques such as machine learning algorithms, time-series analysis, linear regression, time series, linear and nonlinear modeling, classical statistical tests and clustering. R uses these advanced and sophisticated techniques to analyze, investigate, inspect and survey data to produce more refined, well-designed and best quality products and results for data sciences. The approach of R is through a series of steps like programming, discovering, transforming, modeling and communicating using the advanced techniques mentioned previously. R follows these specific rules and regulations to produce itself as a fully planned and coherent and methodical system to produce the state-of-the-art data manipulation, mining, analysis and graphical display software for various requirements. Steps to Install R Programming Language R Programming Language can be installed in any platforms like Windows 10 or Mac OS. Now installing R is not the only step to use R programming language, we also need to learn the installation process for RStudio, which is an IDE or Integrated Development Environment to use R fluently and also installing of R packages is needed to experience the overall and complete performance of R Programming Language. Steps of Installing R in Windows 10 and Mac OS is similar, so explaining one installation step will automatically explain the other one’s rules of installation also which are as follows: Steps 1: Firstly, the easiest ways to install R is through CRAN (Comprehensive R Archive Network) and then we have to visit the CRAN download page and find the download link in the page and click download, after download finishes, an executable file namely “.exe” depending on the version type is obtained and then runt this ‘.exe’ file to complete the process. Then you can find desktop shortcuts also during the installation process only. Steps 2: Now after the installation of R, we need to install RStudio. RStudio IDE is installed mainly to have upgraded and refined conditions to work on the R scripts. The process for installation is quite easy and straightforward, we can simply go RStudio download page and similarly find the download link and click download, after downloading completes we will find another ‘.exe’ file which we need to run for the installation process to be completed just like before but we need to keep in mind that R must be installed beforehand mandatorily to have a successful installation. Steps 3: Finally, we need to install the R packages like dplyr or ggplot2 to run R smoothly and efficiently as without R packages R programming is only limited to a certain number of works. This is why the R packages like ‘dplyr’ is used for data-wrangling capabilities and ‘ggplot2’ is used for data visualizations are used to improve R’s capabilities. There are mainly two ways to install R Packages generally. Features of R Programming Few features of R programming are as follows: It is an open-sourced software-based platform and comprehensive programming language. Provides a wide array of packages. In possession of a number of graphical libraries. Having an IDE platform can run code without a compiler. Being an open-source it is free of cost and requires no license. It can run on any OS in any software background or hardware configuration. Performs fast calculations on a variety of complex operations using various advanced techniques. Being flexible in nature it can be integrated with other programming languages like C, C , Java, FORTRAN. It is now being used in various types of industries besides the normal academic arenas, which requires data mining and analysis of huge data. Advantages of R Programming Given below are the advantages of R programming: It is an open-source language so we do not require any purchase of a license to use it as it is completely free. It can run on all platforms being platform-independent in nature. It performs a wide variety of operations like data manipulation, graphical surveys and statistical modeling. The most important usage of R is for statistics and various statistical methods and data sciences. It has a huge, vast, vigorous community and resource bank consisting of various works, projects and ideas. It uses very sophisticated and advanced techniques following certain specific steps to obtain high-quality results for data sciences and statistics. Conclusion In a nutshell, we can say that R programming is an open-sourced and free platform that can be integrated with any other programming languages to perform high velocity and high performing tasks using complicated techniques but producing easily understandable and best outcomes to ease, better and enhance performance capabilities of a number of industries by helping them increase their outputs profit ratio. Thus, we can say that the R Programming Language is a far advanced yet user-friendly and adaptable language for the future and upcoming generations of various digital platforms. Recommended Articles This is a guide to What is R Programming Language? Here we discuss the concepts, definition, features, steps and advantages of R programming language. You can also go through our other related articles to learn more – Is MySQL a Programming Language? Career in R Programming R Data Types How to Install R?

read more

Applications of Artificial Intelligence

Introduction To Artificial Intelligence The following article provides an outline for Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Artificial intelligence [AI] is an extensive branch of computer science concerned with creating smart machines talented at performing tasks that normally need human intelligence. Artificial Intelligence is an interdisciplinary science with numerous approaches, but advancements in deep learning are creating a pattern shift in practically every part of the tech industry. Applications Of Artificial Intelligence AI is dominating the world, retail, transport, or business. No one can refuse its significance as large companies like Amazon, and Microsoft, Google, Facebook, are investing greatly. Artificial Intelligence is must be fundamental in the future according to business leaders. Given below are the best applications and tools in Artificial Intelligence: Nudge AI: Nudge AI is one of the tools is used in Artificial Intelligence to recommend a stream of motivating commitment opportunities on customers, and also allows you to grab the sales opportunities. Troops AI: The sales team is continuously under the burden of driving sales to the potential shoppers and deliver the goods to their targets. it's tasking to drive sales while not the utilization of the right knowledge and forecast. The tool collects the information from Salesforce and sends it to the Slack channel. Moreover, it may produce dashboards; generate reports, and alert completely different departments within the loop to allow them to apprehend what's happening in real-time. Hubspot Content Strategy Tool: The HubSpot content strategy tool uses AI to produce blog ideas in a jiff. The tool analyzes diverse competitors based on keywords and creates ideas to build up successful marketing campaigns. The tool is useful in developing content that is created for humans but optimized for search engines. Tetra: Tetra uses AI to obtain notes on phone calls to facilitate you stay focused and remember the details. Tools Of Artificial Intelligence Given below are the tools of artificial intelligence mentioned: TensorFlow: Currently, TensorFlow is the most required after deep learning library. This machine learning framework is a Python friendly open source library by Google. It is one of the best AI development tools that facilitate numerical computation building future predictions much easier and accurate. In this, developers can focus on the logic part of the application, instead of getting entangled in the nitty-gritty of algorithms. The tool allows developers to make neural networks and generate graphical visualization using Tensorboard. TensorFlow applications can be run on your local machine, cloud, Android, and iOS devices, it runs on CPU AND GPU. PyTorch: PyTorch is similar to TensorFlow in terms of nature, but for faster development, PyTorch is the better choice. Caffe: Caffe has a Python interface and is the best application in academic research projects and industrial disposition. This is certified to its processing power that exceeds 60 million images per day. OpenNN: Open Neural Networks library is another open-source library, that is used to simulate neural networks and this library is written in C language. This allows developers to upgrade to advanced analytics. AutoML: This is one of the most popular Artificial Intelligence tools, it automates the processes concerned in articulating a real-world problem using machine learning techniques. Various Sectors Where AI Can Grow? Here we see various sectors that can be benefited from AI applications. 1. Retail and Ecommerce: Most of the users are used Artificial Intelligence in Ecommerce, and Retail Industries. AI is used to get a better customer experience. 2. Logistics and Transportation: AI is plays important role in this field. In many warehouses, robots of Artificial Intelligence used to classified and wrapping the transportation material. 3. Healthcare: In the Healthcare Industry Artificial intelligence is used widely, as follows: Discovering patterns Accurate diagnosis Medication Management Robotic Surgery Ex: IBM Watson Drug discovery 4. Banking and Financial Services: Artificial Intelligence gives lots of benefits to the Banking and Financial Industries with the help of AI-based application which is useful to replace the human workers to process many work areas of banking and financial services. Facts of AI Some interesting facts about AI as follows: AI will become smarter than humans. AI can replace human workforce. AI can repair itself. AI recognizes emotions. AI pets exist. AI has nationalities and passports. AI can write. AI will recognize people by voice. Conclusion Artificial Intelligence has established enormous recognition in the past years, especially in the covid-19 situation. The internet has played a vital role in the development of AI-enabled services. Hope this article helps to understand the Tools and Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Here we discuss the introduction, applications, tools and facts of artificial intelligence. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – What are the Uses of Artificial Intelligence? Career in Artificial Intelligence What is Artificial Intelligence? Benefits of Artificial Intelligence

read more

Benefits of AWS

Introduction To AWS The following article provides an outline for Benefits of AWS. Today’s businesses, whether large conglomerates or individual entrepreneurs are starting to heavily rely on Cloud-based and web-based services due to their cost-effective, reliable, and unlimited capacity limits. Cloud Computing is slowly but steadily changing the face of technology with its applications and the implications of those applications. Here, we are talking about the various types of products and services provided by Cloud-based platforms. The leading cloud-based platforms are Amazon Web Services or AWS, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud. These platforms are offering state of the art facilities which are not only revolutionizing the digital age but also changing the perspective of the industrial workspace. We have transformed from a strictly paper-based industrial world into a completely virtual workspace in a very short span of time thanks to this latest cloud computing technological interface. Uses Of AWS AWS or Amazon Web services is a cloud-based and web-based platform, currently the best in its service category controlling the biggest market in the world. With its, at least a few hundred service types covering a wide range of facilities AWS is omnipresent in the digital market space. Some of the uses of AWS are: AWS is being heavily used for office environments as an interface nowadays acting as a virtual workspace due to its cost-effective and better connectivity approach. Instead of having spent a ton on actual logistics and infrastructures, AWS enables the same facilities and even better ones sometimes with way less spending and also paying for exactly how much and how long we use it. With AWS, employees in a virtual workspace, can communicate with each other, hold conference calls, meetings, share certain data and files and sometimes even entire file systems, arrange live projects, seminars, share workloads, and several other transactions. AWS is also used for application services where we can have access to cloud-based apps anywhere anytime without the hassle of having the need of PCs or laptops, we can easily access them from any mobile device platforms. AWS is used as an interface for database management and maintenances also. AWS provides service tools for prediction and analysis-based jobs to forecast and decipher upcoming events and possibilities. It also acts as a host/ main server to several mini or sub-servers through a series of networking lines virtually for dumping large amounts of data and information to be used for future purposes. So, AWS acts as a one-stop-shop for all the internet of things. Benefits Of AWS Although there several hundred benefits of Amazon Web Services but below mentioned are the few but an important one: It’s cost-saving and pays as you go basis nature. Provides a better plan and resources for financial and IT services. With these better plans and cost-effective facilities, AWS also has increased the speed and agility of services by improving performances. Increased the mobility of work environments enabling access anywhere and anytime without any hassle. Has reduced business risks through its several full-proof on-demand service platforms managing such risks and problems. Provides better security for its service users. Its fully automated and fast-paced capabilities incentivize better innovations and development for the future. The benefits of Amazon Web Services are definitely limitless and countless. Understanding all the benefits in detail: AWS provides services that are comparatively are very low costing and we can pay for the services as we go along, which means we pay only for exactly how much we have used and how long. AWS with its enormous wealth and assets provided by Amazon’s trillion-dollar industry is able to furnish the best guidance financially and advisory to several big and small industrial firms and entrepreneurs. With its almost unlimited resources, AWS has at its disposal the best minds from all branches to produce a state-of-the-art service platform for all different kind of category-wise requirements thus improving everyday work structures and lives by increasing work productivity and standard of living. AWS has the best security services when it comes to asset protection and safety in the digital and virtual cloud environment, with its complicated, complex, and full-proof encryption systems and protocols. AWS has developed several different kinds of futuristic cloud-based software and applications which are benefitting humankind in more ways than imagined. Conclusion - Benefits Of AWS AWS has not only been a benefit but rather a boon for the modern world and probably the best gift of the information technology universe. Amazon Web Services or AWS is easily the best product developed by the E-commerce giant Amazon, has not only transformed but has reshaped the perception of humankind towards technology and its blessings. There is no turning back now, rather accelerate with full speed and enjoy the full compliments of technology simultaneously along the way. Recommended Articles This is a guide to the Benefits of AWS. Here we discuss a brief overview on the benefits of amazon web services and its different uses. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more– What is AWS EC2? What is AWS CloudFront? Career in AWS What is AWS Services?

read more

What is AWS?

Introduction To AWS AWS or Amazon Web Services can be referred to as the creme de la creme or one of the premium technological platforms in this digital era. It is one of the most advanced and premier services available in the marketplace offering assistance to several companies, government institutions, and also start-ups. AWS is one of the most shining and revolutionizing examples of Cloud computing services, another feather in today’s digital technological developments, and a successful one at the least. Now, before we move ahead with AWS, we better understand what “Cloud Computing” is supposed to mean, as AWS is one of the most fruitful apples from the ‘Cloud Computing Technology’ tree. What Is Cloud Computing? It is another feather of today’s digital technological developments, a leap so advanced that today almost every person are becoming slowly but steadily dependent on it one way or another but are also benefitting from what it got to offer. Cloud computing helps people to access vital accessories from wherever they are and anytime they want. It is like a virtual storage space for personal information, data, and other important things as well. Cloud computing service platforms store data, documents, applications, songs, pictures, videos, and several other types of information that individuals and also companies can use store and access as per their requirements. As everything around us is becoming digitized more and more and virtual modes of communication are increasing Cloud Computing platform demands are also accelerating upwards. Its unique feature of delivering on-demand computer services to companies and individuals are benefitting them enormously. It’s cost-effective as it saves a whole lot of spending on tangible infrastructures and also timely being available when and where and as needed It is the forefront of technology and there are only a few pioneers of it now, companies offering such services with the best of facilities available. We have Amazon with the lion share offering Amazon Web Services, followed by Microsoft’s Azure and Google Cloud services. In short, we can say that Cloud Computing follows the minimum effort but maximum result policy, in a way. Services Of AWS Given below are the services of AWS: Amazon Web Services, firstly it is an ancillary service provided by E-commerce mega-giant Amazon. It provides the highly requested services in today’s digital market, i.e. Cloud Computing services in the form of AWS or Amazon Web Services. It was developed during the mid-2000s and has been active in providing pay as you go cloud & web services to its customers. AWS of Amazon is now the ‘Numero Uno’ of all cloud and web services platforms as it is leading the market with the biggest percentage of businesses. It provides several types of services and products to support those services and it is being used by over a thousand companies, institutions (Government and Private), and also upcoming companies and entrepreneurs. Some of the basic services are online data and application storage, database maintenance, security services, and management tools Some products of AWS are Amazon Connect and Amazon S3 (Simple Storage Service). It has a presence in over 150 countries and few examples of the famous organization that are using AWS are Netflix, Twitter, and also Facebook. Advantages Of AWS Given below are the advantages mentioned: User friendly and easily understandable for amateurs and beginners. It endorses a wide variety of services over 170 services through various platforms making our lives a little easier and comfortable. It provides unlimited and also on urgent and immediate basis storage capacities. Provides easily accessible and Storage facilities. It allows us to store a wide array of different types of facts and information and applications. Provides trustworthy security and protective encryption systems to ensure data and information safety. Its pay as you go services makes it flexible and affordable in nature. These are a few of the many advantages provided by Amazon Web Services to thousands of its partners. Companies That Use AWS As mentioned above, it has a presence in over 190 countries around the world providing services directly and partially in over 1000 institutions and organizations including Government entities overtly and also sometimes covertly. These below-mentioned Organizations render Amazon Web Services directly in partnership (as in percentage share or investment) or logistically or also in advisory capacities: Netflix Facebook BBC ESPN LinkedIn Twitter Adobe These are some of the few of many around the world, some are global and some are local accordingly as per their requirements and capacities. Uses Of AWS The basic needs and uses of AWS are as follows: It offers numerous and different types of storage capacities based on requirements. It is used by multi-national Conglomerates to local businesses to singular entrepreneurs. It can be used to save large files and file systems and serve them according to your necessity. It can be used to distribute data from a singular central server to multiple servers at different places through a CDN service or web services. AWS can store several types of application also and can be used with AWS being the host service provider. For virtual and online office environments, AWS also plays host for communications, file-sharing, business transactions, and several other official & corporate services among all the employees in a particular company. AWS acts as a virtual workspace like an office. Conclusion AWS or Amazon Web Services is the ultimate go-to cloud and web services platform for almost every type of service available today which can be fitted digitally. As we have discussed already we are surrounding ourselves slowly but steadily with web & cloud services platforms and AWS is at the forefront of this kind of service with its promotions and endorsements almost everywhere in the world qualitatively and quantitatively. Recommended Articles This is a guide to What is AWS? Here we discuss the introduction to AWS, its uses, advantages, services and the companies that use AWS. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more– Benefits of AWS AWS Architecture What is AWS Services? Career in AWS

read more

What is AWS Services?

Introduction To AWS Services Amazon Web Services are generally known as AWS which is providing Cloud-based computing services all over the world. AWS has become more popular and having lakh of customers in hands because of its flexibility, cost-effective, very liable service. Cloud computing services are useful to store the larger size data online and the data also can be access over the internet. In the Modern world, Cloud computing service is one of the demanding services compared to others. This is the reason AWS is leading in the market in providing web services. What Is AWS Service? Amazon Web Services is a platform or infrastructure for cloud computing services that are provided budget-friendly cloud applications which is helpful to save time and money in delivering the product in IT. AWS allows you to select the desired service that you need and pay only what you use exactly. Many startups and growing techno companies use partially or wholly to boost up their businesses. AWS provides nearly 100 services in the cloud field. Various services offered by AWS: Amazon Web Services is a subsidiary of Amazon that creates cloud computing services online. The most used domains of AWS such as Database, Content delivery, Compute, Storage, Migration and Network, Management tools, Security, etc. AWS has 175 products and services in 2020. Features Some important features of AWS are as follows: Amazon EC2: Amazon EC2 – Elastic Compute Cloud allows us to develop and deploy applications effectively with a short period in the AWS Cloud. Amazon S3: Amazon S3 is one of the topmost services provided by AWS. Amazon S3 is a short form of Amazon Simple Storage Service. Amazon S3 allows the store, upload the data, and retrieve the data as large as up to 5 TB from the cloud. It also has unique security features like private and public accessibility. Amazon Glacier: Amazon Glacier Service is also used to store the data online. But it has unique that we can store the data for many more years even decades as well. AWS Lambda: AWS Lambda is allowed the user to run the code without any server. In AWS Lambda, Users can pay for computing time; they need not pay if the code is not running. It supports the language such as Python, Java, and Node.js, etc. Amazon CloudFront: Amazon CloudFront increases your website speed and delivers your content on the website with high speed gives used friendly as well as a developer-friendly environment. Amazon SNS: In Amazon SNS, SNS is a short form of Small Notification Service. Amazon SNS push notifications or messages to clients or users from the cloud. Amazon VPC: If you want to access the data only by authorized people then AMAZON VPC [Virtual Private Network] is a good choice. The data stored in Amazon VPC is not exposed to public networks. Amazon SQS: Amazon SQS [Simple Queue Service] is the first service offered by AWS. It helps in distributing the messages in queue until they can move for the process. Amazon Elastic Beanstalk: Amazon Elastic Beanstalk is used for deploying applications without any infrastructure. Here we can simply upload the data of code and then easily configure properties as well. Amazon Kinesis: If you have trouble handling a large volume of data, then Amazon Kinesis is the best option for you. It allows the users to take any large volume of data from any source. Conclusion AWS is leading in the market because it offers numerous services with cost-effective. Here we saw only the topmost services provided by AWS. Recommended Articles This is a guide to What is AWS Services? Here we discuss the introduction, and how it works along with some important services offered by AWS. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Benefits of AWS AWS Architecture What is AWS? AWS Features

read more

AWS Architecture

Introduction To AWS Architecture In the modern world of Web Technology AWS [Amazon Web Servers] playing a big role and also it can be leading in the market to provide Cloud Compute Solutions from startup to big organization and Govt. Institutions as well.AWS provides services with flexibility, scalability, and cost-effectiveness that are the main things is determined the popularity of AWS in web services. AWS EC2 [Elastic Compute Cloud] is a basic structure of AWS Architecture. AWS EC2 allows the users to select different configurations in their project based on the project requirement. If you want to grow in your career, holding an AWS certification is a big asset for you. What Is AWS Architecture? AWS Architecture is used in Cloud Computing Architecture. It has mainly four components such as front-end platform, back-end platform, cloud-based delivery, and network. The four components are responsible for delivering the technical requirement of the particular project into the architecture that will guide the final product. Several factors played an important role in this Architecture, as follows: Load Balancing Elastic Load Balancer Security Management Elastic Caches Amazon RDS Amazon Cloudfront Storage and Backups Hosting RDMs on EC2 Instances Autoscaling What Is AWS Service Delivery? The AWS Service delivery is designed to validate the AWS partners, which are useful to understand the AWS services. For example, AWS Cloudfront is used to deliver the content to the websites. Amazon Cloudfront consists of the edge locations using a global network. No monthly contracts are not in the Amazon Web Services. AWS Service delivery pays only a handful amount for the content. With the help of Elastic Load Balancer, we can improve the performance and boost the traffic in the websites as well. Advantages Of AWS Architecture AWS is leading in the global market because it having so many advantages as follows: Cost-effectiveness: The first main advantage of AWS Architecture is Cost-effective which is helpful to reduce the cost of business and increase the revenue. Here the organizations pay only for what they subscribed and also even they pay for only consumed time for that which is called a pay-as-you-go pricing model. Flexibility: In Amazon Web Services gives the freedom to select a programming language, developing the platform, or servers based on your business needs which is helpful that your employees need not take any new skill and also it will increase your employee productivity. Enhanced security: Customer security is the most important factor for AWS which enhances the popularity of web services. Amazon Web Services having data centers, various layers of physical and operational security which is helpful to ensure your safety and integrity of your data. It has also given documentation on how to use the AWS Security features which is helpful to give end-to-end privacy and security. Recently they launched AWS Detective in AWS security features that help in data investigation in an efficient and faster way. Storage: AWS Architecture provides maximum storage to the large organization as well as an individual also. The high storage service in AWS is AWS is EC2 which is helpful to those who are using input/ output applications such as Hadoop, Data warehousing, etc. Scalability: It determines by the cost of usage, For example, if the user usage is low automatically scalability becomes low which helps to reduce the cost. Conclusion In the present scenario, AWS architecture playing important role in web services. AWS architecture certification is useful to increase growth in your career. Recommended Articles This is a guide to AWS Architecture. Here we discuss the introduction to AWS architecture, its definition and uses along with various advantages. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Benefits of AWS What is AWS? What is AWS Services? What is AWS CloudFront?

read more

AWS Features

Introduction To AWS Features In the Modern world, AWS [Amazon Web Services] doesn’t require any introduction because it's having the most popular in web services. Any way AWS is the famous and leading cloud provider in the market. AWS services are spread all over the world and also it’s having customers including government organizations and private sectors such as Adobe, Twitter, Netflix, Facebook, ESPN using Amazon Web Services. This company provides multi-tetra byte operating environments to its clients by using Amazon Web Services. This is the reason Amazon Web Services get more popularity in the web world. Let us discuss the AWS Features. What Is Amazon Web Service? AWS [Amazon Web Service] is providing cloud computing services online with cost-effective and flexible to use. In that area, everyone has a question What is Cloud Computing? Nowadays Many IT companies working in various sectors and they generate many data. But all the data are stored on a personal computer is not possible. But Cloud computing is helping to provide the space to store and access the data over the internet. AWS services were launched in 2002 and in 2006 AWS launched cloud products and now it provides more than 100 cloud services. Features Of AWS AWS has become more popular because of its having more features. Here we can see the most important feature of AWS: Flexibility Scalable and Elasticity Secure Cost-Effective Experienced 1. Flexibility Compared to traditional IT models AWS has more flexibility. Here we can choose a programming language, models, and OS (operating system) that are suited for our project. We can move our data to the cloud is easy and cost-effective. Most of the organizations run their many applications in the cloud which is helping to deliver the product within a time and also increases their productivity. 2. Scalable and Elastic In AWS Services, Scalability refers to the ability to increase the computing services and decrease the computing services depends on the business needs. Elasticity is defined as share the incoming application traffic to multiple sources like Amazon EC2 instances, IP addresses, Lambda functions, etc. Simply, Elasticity balances the load, and Scalability balances the cloud computing services. 3. Cost-Effective Cost is the main factor in delivering the project in IT. Here AWS gives no upfront investment, minimal spend or long-term commitment. According to your demand, you can scale up or scale down respectively which is helps to reduce the cost and increasing the revenue in the business. AWS cloud is also useful to short-term jobs or jobs that are repeated at regular intervals. 4. Secure Secure the data in AWS one of the important features. It provides services to customers with continuous security and continuous privacy. AWS incorporates security into its services and also provides documents, it tells about how to use the security features. AWS has many years of experience in constructing and operating large-scale data centers. An AWS infrastructure is incorporated in AWS-controlled data centers which are helpful to secure the data physically and prevent the data from unauthorized access. 5. Experienced An AWS service is one of the leading and also experienced in providing computing services on the web. AWS built an infrastructure according to their customer needs. AWS has become more popular as well as having thousand to lakhs of customers within a short period. Conclusion AWS is predominant in providing cloud computing services because of its high-quality service and documentation of each service, 24/7 support and lower price, and so on. This article tells about AWS, its Features, and its uses. Hope this article helpful who want to know about AWS and AWS Features. Recommended Articles This is a guide to AWS Features. Here we discuss the introduction to AWS features, what is AWS? along with various features. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – What is AWS Services? What is AWS? AWS Architecture Benefits of AWS

read more

Career in AWS

Introduction To Career in AWS The following article provides an outline for Career in AWS. Amazon, the name itself certifies success making its founder the richest man in the world, we are talking about Jeff Bezos here. Although we are not here to discuss Jeff Bezos and his success story but his creation i.e. Amazon and most importantly one of its biggest subsidiary product services, AWS or Amazon Web Services and the minds behind its success. The best minds in business but surely through utmost perseverance and grit, they became what they are and creating one the greatest success stories of the digital age. The success story of AWS being the best in its category, cloud computing platform and web-based services itself ensures a certain percentage of success of AWS being an outstanding career path. We are heading to a future that will be solely based on web service platforms, making us wholly dependent on cloud-based products, applications and systems thus taking us from a tangible based living into a virtual based living and the professional who is ensuring such guarantee are the stars and making this a dream job and a sterling career opportunity and with time the demand for such professional will increase by the tenfold in the upcoming future by making this also a secure career path. Education For Making A Career In AWS Basic education requirement for making a career in AWS: First of all, one of the basic requirements for any career path should be the quota of 10 2 3/4, that is having a proper Secondary and Higher Secondary Education with a basic computer-based background is expected. But the most important one being the college degree, a graduation or a bachelor’s degree relating to computer science or technology or computer applications based topics is essential which acts as a stepping stone for further advanced learning related to this topic. One should also be proficient in certain prerequisites like Windows Operating Systems, Linux based OS, having visualization capabilities, networking skills, a basic understanding of coding and basic knowledge about Cloud Computing, all relating to AWS or most likely any cloud-based service platform job opportunities. Besides the above requirements, there are also certain specialization courses and advanced certifications that provide industry-based training through live projects and simulated work-based scenarios training giving us firsthand knowledge of having such a career path and the experience of it. Courses & Certifications In AWS Some of the above-mentioned specialization courses and certifications are: AWS Certified SysOps Administrator: Associate AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner AWS Certified Advanced Networking: Specialty AWS Certified Alexa Skill Builder: Specialty AWS Certified Big Data: Specialty AWS Certified Solutions Architect: Associate AWS Certified Solutions Architect: Professional AWS Certified Security: Specialty AWS Certified Machine Learning: Specialty From these courses there are certain courses which are the most demanded certifications for having a guaranteed career path opportunity in cloud-based service jobs and most likely in AWS platform also. AWS Certified Security: Specialty AWS Certified Solutions Architect: Associate AWS Certified Solutions Architect: Professional AWS Certified SysOps Administrator: Associate AWS Certified Developer: Associate So, now we get a proper picture of how to have a career path in Amazon Web Service platforms, a systematic breakdown of the paths to be followed right from school life till pursuing advanced certified courses. Career Paths In AWS Having a career opportunity in AWS is probably one of the best paths currently due to the ongoing and increasing demand for cloud computing-based and web-based services by several big MNCs and also smaller companies and start-ups. Due to its dynamic, cost-effective and flexible nature and better security and availability of several different types of services tools and applications AWS are being used in over 190 countries where it is providing services to over 1000 organizations, institutions and digital platforms. Thus, there is a huge demand for AWS certified professional to develop and deliver AWS-based products to all these companies. So, a person having such qualifications, degrees and certifications like the ones mentioned above in the ‘Basic Education requirement’ part. Such educational capability along with proper motivation & tenacity ensures a long and successful career path in AWS. Job Positions For AWS There are a wide range of career opportunities currently available for AWS certified professionals, some of which are: Cloud Software Engineer Cloud Developer System Integrator AWS Solutions Architect AWS SysOps Administrator Key Accounts Manager, Cloud AWS Networking Specialist AWS Big Data Specialist How much would you earn? The salary range is strictly based on experiences and personal capabilities i.e. your educational qualifications. The more years of experience you have higher the remunerations would be, an AWS Professional would always have a much higher package than an AWS Associate, from here also an Associate who has better or more qualifications like having several advanced certifications guarantees a better salary than an Associate with lesser qualification. Having said these, the expected salary packages are generally very satisfactory and premium grade compared to other job packages for the same positions (Associate level or Professional level). Generally, salary packages range from 4.5 lakh p.a. to 12-14 lakh p.a. Conclusion Thus we can very much ascertain that AWS career paths are the career path for the future with its ever-growing and constantly innovating and evolving domain, always a new path to work on is arising and will continue because of the digitization of the world around us offering several high paying job opportunities, thus making a career in AWS exclusively beneficial for all Amazon Web Services Job Aspirants. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Career in AWS. Here we discuss the introduction, courses, certifications in AWS along with various career paths and job positions. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – What is AWS Services? What is AWS? AWS Architecture Benefits of AWS

read more

PostgreSQL Versions

Introduction To PostgreSQL Versions The following article provides an outline for PostgreSQL Versions. PostgreSQL is a well-known, popular RDBMS [Relational Database Management System] which is useful to store the data with security and also it recovers the data whenever is needed. Initially, in 1996 PostgreSQL was introduced at the University of California that uses C Programming language and it also supports various platforms such as Unix, Microsoft Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, Solaris, etc. PostgreSQL allows the facility to add custom functions, different coding languages, data types, which is useful to increase the reliability of the particular organization. One of the best objectives of PostgreSQL is to handle a variety of jobs in web service with several users. Versions Of PostgreSQL Version is a process of classification of particular software according to the advanced feature with updates. Several versions are released from Postgre 95 to PostgreSQL 1. Features of PostgreSQL Versions Specific features of each version is as follows: Postgre 95: Initial version of PostgreSQL. It has the tools like pgperl, pg_dump, and Change ACL syntax replaced by Revoke or Grant. PostgreSQL 1.0: It has USING DELIMITER specification, SQL LIKE syntax, IRIX 5.3 port, Cast AS syntax added. PostgreSQL 6.0: It has the feature of UNIQUE INDEX which is used to fetch the data from the database more quickly compared to others. PG_Dumpall feature is used to take a dump of all databases and later it can be used to restore the data. PostgreSQL 6.1: Sequence feature used to generate identifiers in the database, Money Data Type feature used to store money in a database. PostgreSQL 6.2: It has a JDBC interface which is useful for JAVA programmers. Triggers is the feature used for DB administrator. PostgreSQL 6.3: It has the feature SQL Sub-select can be used to fetch the data from more than one table. PL/pgTCL can be used to procedure the database. PostgreSQL 6.4: Views feature is used to represent the particular table from the cluster of SQL Statements. PostgreSQL 6.5: MVCC [Multi Version Concurrency Control] used to implement the transactions and also keep multiple transactions. PostgreSQL 7.0: Foreign keys are used to maintain the relationship between more than one table, SQL Joins used to fetch the data from more than one table. PostgreSQL 7.1: WAL is used in the write-ahead log which is useful for the real-time database application. PostgreSQL 7.2: PL/Python feature is used to write the code in python language. Localizations are supporting different texts. PostgreSQL 7.3: Shema feature as a name table contains tables, views, etc. PostgreSQL 7.4: It contains the features like Optimized joins and warehouse functions. PostgreSQL 8.0: Savepoints is a kind of special mark that is useful in the transaction. Tablespaces is a location where database store objects. PostgreSQL 8.1: Two-phase Commit feature is used in a transaction that can be done in two phases. Table Partitioning is used to split the large table into two. PostgreSQL 8.2: Advisory Locks is used in a transaction for Concurrency Control. PostgreSQL 8.3: It has the features like Full-Text search, Enum, UUID types. PostgreSQL 8.4: Column Level Permission is used to deny the users from column alteration. Parallel Database Restore is used to restore the large database. PostgreSQL 9.0: Binary Replication is a kind of full database replication system between master and slave includes. PostgreSQL 9.1: Foreign tables is used to fetch the data from outside. Unlogged tables are used to increase the performance of the write operation. PostgreSQL 9.2: JSON used to support native JSON. Cascading Replication is used to replicate the standby database from another standby database. PostgreSQL 9.3: It has the feature like Lateral joins, Materialized view. PostgreSQL 9.4: JSONB database used to JSON Document. Database Cache is used to increase the performance in a select query. PostgreSQL 9.5: Row Level Security used to deny the users in row alteration. PostgreSQL 9.6: Parallel Query Support allows us to make use of multi-core CPU to finish queries faster. Faster Vacuuming used in garbage collection of databases. PostgreSQL 10: It has the features like Improved Query Parallelism, Logical Replication. PostgreSQL 11: Transaction Support in PL/SQL can perform the transaction in stored procedures and it has JIT Compilation. PostgreSQL 12: It has the feature like Improvement of Query, Space Performance, etc. Why We Use PostgreSQL? PostgreSQL can be used to build applications and also helps in managing your database from small to large with supported features. PostgreSQL is freely available under an open-source license which is useful to reduce the cost. PostgreSQL supports a wide array of extensions. PostgreSQL has many enhanced security features that are useful to maintain data integrity. Conclusion Hope this article helps to know about the multiple versions of PostgreSQL versions and their features. Recommended Articles This is a guide to PostgreSQL Versions. Here we discuss the introduction to PostgreSQL versions and why we use PostgreSQL along with its features of each version. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – How to Install PostgreSQL? PostgreSQL Architecture PostgreSQL Administration PostgreSQL Features

read more

How to Install PostgreSQL?

Introduction To PostgreSQL The following article provides an outline for How to Install PostgreSQL? We already have ascertained that PostgreSQL is a very easily understandable and freely available product in the market. So it’s an open-source and low-cost product in the database management system world. So we don’t have to worry about any sort of buying licenses, renewal of licenses, and unnecessary added expenditures like several other software products. It was created keeping in mind the needs of the users and an ever-changing and quickly developing internet world which survives on constant innovations and upgradations. It was developed by a community of experienced professionals and developers through a series of trials and tests perfecting the imperfections over the years. Through these constant developments and upgradations the world has achieved a cutting edge, capable of running complex operations and data-handling applications which is reliable, stable and a secure platform in nature thus we can easily download and install and run them making it a user-friendly and user-focused platform. Prerequisite For Installing PostgreSQL The basic but important requirements for installing PostgreSQL, the basic hardware and software required before-hand for the installation process. First, let’s get on with the hardware part because without the hardware part there is no software to be installed. The minimum hardware requirements we need to select as the default options for running the installation process for PostgreSQL are: 2 GB of RAM 512 MB of HDD (Hard Disk Drive) 1 GHz processor Along with these basics we also need additional disk space for storing data and several other facilities it provides. Basic software requirements which are needed for the installation process are as follows: We need a 64-bit Windows Operating System like: Windows 2012R2 Windows 2016 Windows 2019 For MAC OS we need: OS X Server 10.12 OS X Server 10.13 OS X Server 10.14 So, these are the basic default operational requirements for us to install PostgreSQL in our PCs and laptops, which we can find anywhere on the internet. How To Install PostgreSQL? Step by step directions for the installation of PostgreSQL: Download the PostgreSQL installer from the Postgres website. Preferably download the latest version (PostgreSQL 12). Download the Installer ‘.exe’ file and run the Installer. Firstly, select the language option that comes (Preferably the default option only). Now specify the storage directory for PostgreSQL installation. Specify the PostgreSQL server port (Preferably the default option only). Now specify the storage directory for PostgreSQL database installation. The next step is, create a PostgreSQL user password. Then create a database super-user password. Now click next to begin installation and click finish to end it. Each step in detail about Installation: For understanding we are going to see step by step processes in details, to install and use PostgreSQL in your systems: First of all, we have to check whether PostgreSQL is already installed or not because sometimes these are pre-installed by default with the operating systems or by the system administrator because of its open-sourced and free availability in the market, and if so then we need to get the permission from the system administrator how to access the PostgreSQL. Now, if the PostgreSQL is not pre-installed then we need to install it from the Postgres websites download section. The versions available are PostgreSQL 9.5, 9.6, 10, 11, and 12(beta). Then after finding the download options, download one of the above-mentioned versions, after the download completes, we get an executable file to run the installer. The first step is selecting the language, as soon as we hit run on the installer, recommended and default chosen language is English. We need to specify the directory where you want to install it, preferably the C drive. Then comes the PostgreSQL server port which is generally left at the default mode only due to the lack of knowledge of what to enter. Then again we also need to specify data directory to initialize PostgreSQL database, preferably C drive as always recommended. Then we need to create a PostgreSQL user password. After the PostgreSQL user password, we also need to create a database Super-user password. The next step is the final step where we click on the next button to start the PostgreSQL installation process and after the installation process ends we finish it by clicking on the finish button. Now the installation process has completed we can now run the PostgreSQL database system as intended and as per our requirements. Conclusion - How to Install PostgreSQL? It is a very simple, uncomplicated, and easy installation process for anyone to try. In a nutshell, we can see that PostgreSQL being so advanced, cutting-edge technological software capable of running so many complex and state of the art applications but also at the same time is very easily accessible and a free, reliable, dependable, stable, and secure software system for anyone to use it. Recommended Articles This is a guide to How to Install PostgreSQL? Here we discuss the introduction to PostgreSQL and its step-by-step processes of installation in detail. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – PostgreSQL Versions PostgreSQL Administration PostgreSQL Variables PostgreSQL Architecture

read more

What is AWS CloudFront?

Introduction To AWS CloudFront Distributing & Retrieving the data from a source to different places and back is a challenging task and these tasks are performed by content delivery networks (CDN). It is also a CDN, which retrieves the data from AWS S3 buckets and then distributes this data to multiple locations of the datacenters. The network delivers the data to datacenters also known as edge locations. AWS CloudFront routes to the nearest edge location when requested for data which results in low network traffic, low latency, and quick access. What Is AWS CloudFront? It is nothing but a CDN and is critical for every modern web application. CDN reduces a load of applications on the server by delivering content and copy from a nearby point of presence (POP). CDN delivers static as well as dynamic content with scale and security, which makes it unique and the need of the hour. In a nutshell, AWS Cloud front is a global, large scale and feature-rich CDN that provide scalable, secure, and intelligent application delivery. Advantages Of AWS CloudFront Some of the advantages of Amazon CloudFront are as below: Simple: It is super easy to use. Elastic: It relieves you from the headache of maintaining the CDN. The service responds automatically to any request and acts accordingly. Takes care of cases where there is an increase or decrease in demand. Speed: When comes to speed AWS CloudFront chooses the nearest edge locations automatically and creates cache copies which lower the latency and increase the data transfer rate with low network traffic. All these together make the AWS CloudFront super-fast. Flexible: It is designed keeping in mind other AWS services as well which makes it flexible to be integrated with other AWS services like AWS EC2, AWS S3 bucket, etc. Reliable: It is reliable as it is built on AWS’s highly reliable infrastructure. Edge locations of CloudFront are automatically re-routed to the nearest location of the end-user. Global: It uses the global network. Cost-Effective: The cost is only for the content and it comes with no up-front fee and without any hidden charges. How To Configure CloudFront? One can easily configure Amazon CloudFront by below steps: Sign in to the Amazon management console. Upload the AWS S3 bucket and select all permissions public. Build a CloudFront web distribution from console.aws.amazon.com and follow along. Case Studies on AWS CloudFront There are a number of case studies done on CloudFront for example “Hulu” is a Video streaming and provides on-demand service, by using Amazon’s secure and reliable infrastructure for providing a great viewing experience to its user without any latency and according to region. Another client of AWS CloudFront is “Dow Jones” which provides intelligence, data-driven media solutions to numerous enterprises, and needs a secure threat-free infrastructure and controls it fully as well. They saw tremendous help in security as well as performance. For then every millisecond counts and It helps significantly in achieving it. The music audio streaming application "JioSaavn" uses Amazon's CloudFront for streaming audio and videos to its millions of Indian users. With AWS CloudFront can deliver 15 petabytes of streaming data every day which is secure and fast as well. Conclusion AWS CloudFront is a CDN that provides a reliable, secure, fast, and cost-effective solution to content delivery systems. In this article, we have seen its advantages, how to configure it, and use cases from some of its global users like Hulu, Dow Jones, and JioSaavn. Recommended Articles This is a guide to What is AWS CloudFront? Here we discuss the introduction, its definition and its advantages along with case studies on AWS CloudFront. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Career in AWS AWS Features What is AWS Services? AWS Architecture

read more

What is PostgreSQL?

Introduction To PostgreSQL PostgreSQL generally referred to as Postgres is a relational database management system or RDBMS. It is an enterprise-class that familiarizes itself as an open-source and free database management system that is SQL compliant. Primarily it was referred to as POSTGRES, pertaining to its predecessor, the original one, INGRES database system which was developed at first. It was originally developed in 1996 at the University of California, Berkeley by a group of skilled and expert developers who had made massive and immense contributions to make it a trustworthy database management system. Its name PostgreSQL signifies its immense support for SQL. What Is PostgreSQL? 1. It is an open-source and free database system, thus it is not controlled by a specific corporation or an entity and it is freely available to be attained by anyone in the open market. 2. When originally developed back in 1996, its initial release was only supported in UNIX and LINUX type platforms. 3. Eventually after several evolutions through time, PostgreSQL now can run in all major operating systems like Windows, MAC, Solaris, and obviously in UNIX and LINUX platforms also. 4. It has been developed by a group of professional who has years of experience in developing database management type platforms. 5. PostgreSQL, being open-sourced and an enterprise version, supports a wide range of operations, from small to big services, like handling of a singular database to database warehousing. 6. It also supports texts, images, videos, audios and also supports a wide range of programming languages like: Java C# C C JavaScript Python Perl Tcl Ruby What Is The Architecture Of PostgreSQL? PostgreSQL features a very simple physical architecture. It possesses a shared memory and some background process types. Shared Memory generally refers to the memory which is used for database caching and transaction log caching. Two of the significant segments of shared memory are: Shared Buffer WAL Buffer Shared Buffer are mainly used to minimize disk I/O by following certain rules, which are: Minimizing friction among user accesses happening at the same time. Access to larger buffers is a requirement to maintain its proper functionality. WAL buffers are used to store any type of changes that are temporary in the databases. WAL buffers play a vital role in the case of backup and recovery role types. Secondly, as we mentioned PostgreSQL also consists of a few process types: Postmaster Process: when starting the PostgreSQL, it is the very first step and at the beginning, it performs recovery, initializes the shared memory, and also runs background processes. The Background Process is the second type which consists of several processes like logger, writer, wal writer, checkpointer, archiver, and stats collector to conduct PostgreSQL operations. Backend Process: This is the third one which is used for the user processes to perform query requests and then communicate the results of it. Client Process: The final one being the Client process or usually referred to as the background process are allotted generally for all the backend user connections. Features of PostgreSQL This enterprise-class database management system has different modern features in its inventory which includes: Complicated SQL Queries Sub-Queries Foreign Keys Triggers Views Table Inheritance Advanced Locking Mechanism Nested Transactions Asynchronous Replication Multi-Version Concurrency Control With new updates and more recent versions, several more features have been added: Tablespaces A Point in Time Recovery User-Defined Data Types User-Defined Index and Functional Types PostgreSQL due to its flexibility is extensible. Uses Of PostgreSQL Below are the uses: Due to its flexible nature, as mentioned it is used as a powerful back-end database in LAPP (Linux, Apache, PostgreSQL, and PHP) stack which runs many websites and web applications effectively. It is highly used in geospatial databases for geographic information systems or GIS using its PostGIS extensions. Many big or small organizations use PostgreSQL as their primary database to back-up their applications and software. It is also used for analytics, business intelligence. It is also used in many financial industries and manufacturing industries. So these are a few of the many use cases where PostgreSQL plays a vital background role. Some of the famous companies that have products and applications based on PostgreSQL are Apple, Red Hat, Cisco, Instagram, etc. Conclusion PostgreSQL is a modern, updated, and multi-featured relational database management system that performs a wide range of operations or more likely plays a pivotal backend role for many modern-day applications, web applications, and internal and external software products. It acts as the most reliable background storage support for all these apps and products for various private and government institutions. Recommended Articles This is a guide to What is PostgreSQL? Here we discuss the introduction, definition, features, uses and what is architecture of PostgreSQL. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – How to Install PostgreSQL? PostgreSQL Versions PostgreSQL Variables PostgreSQL Features

read more

PostgreSQL Variables

Introduction To PostgreSQL Variables The PostgreSQL variable is a name of a memory location that is used to store the data temporarily at the time of function execution. They have a particular data type give to the following such as text, char, date, time, Boolean, etc. The PostgreSQL variables are not defined with the default value, it can be initialized to the NULL value. By using a function or code block, we can alter the value stored in the PostgreSQL variable. Uses Of Variables The uses of variables in PostgreSQL are listed as follows: They are used to implement the particular function it can be defined within the function under the DECLARE keyword. When the time of function execution, we can store the data temporarily in the PostgreSQL variable. It allows that to modify the data that can be stored within the variable. It does not allow that to change the value of data when it is defined as CONSTANT. PostgreSQL is not defined as the CONSTANT, then we can declare with a default value and we can modify it later. How To Initialize The Variables? We can initialize a variable by giving an initial value while creating the variable. Example: Code: DECLARE num_of_students integer := 200; The above example is used to declare the PostgreSQL variable. The initial value of the variable is 200. The name of the variable is the number of students and the datatype is an integer. We can initialize the variable only after the declaration of the variable. Code: DECLARE num_of_students integer; The statement is used to declare the PostgreSQL variable only. From the above example: Code: num_of_students:=200 The statement is used to initialize a PostgreSQL variable of the name. How To Declare Variables? Declaration of Variable is can be understood by the following statement. Code: variable_name data_type [:= expression]; The first step is to give the specific name to a variable like an index or counter. The second step is to define the data type of variables like INTEGER, NUMERIC, VARCHAR, and CHAR. The third step is giving the default value to the variable. If you don’t know the value then the value is initialized in NULL. Examples of PostgreSQL Variables Given below are the examples mentioned: Example #1 Code for without DEFAULT Keyword. Code: /*"Initial_val_without_default_keyword"()*/ -- FUNCTION: public."Initial_val_without_default_keyword"() -- DROP FUNCTION public."Initial_val_without_default_keyword"(); CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public."Initial_val_without_default_keyword"() RETURNS integer LANGUAGE 'plpgsql' COST 100 VOLATILE AS $BODY$DECLARE def_var integer := 100; BEGIN RETURN def_var; END; $BODY$; SQL Statement: Code: SELECT public."Initial_val_without_default_keyword"() Output: Example #2 Codes for with default keyword. Code: "Initial_val_with_default_keyword"() -- FUNCTION: public."Initial_val_with_default_keyword"() -- DROP FUNCTION public."Initial_val_with_default_keyword"(); CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public."Initial_val_with_default_keyword"() RETURNS integer LANGUAGE 'plpgsql' COST 100 VOLATILE AS $BODY$DECLARE def_var integer default 200; BEGIN RETURN def_var; END; $BODY$; SQL Statement: Code: SELECT public."Initial_val_with_default_keyword"() Output: Example #3 Code for constant variable without DEFAULT Keyword. Code: -- FUNCTION: public."Initial_val_constant_without_default_keyword"() -- DROP FUNCTION public."Initial_val_constant_without_default_keyword"(); CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public."Initial_val_constant_without_default_keyword"( ) RETURNS integer LANGUAGE 'plpgsql' COST 100 VOLATILE AS $BODY$ DECLARE def_var CONSTANT integer := 200; BEGIN RETURN def_var; END; $BODY$; SQL Statement: Code: SELECT public."Initial_val_constant_without_default_keyword"() Output: Example #4 Code for constant variable with the default keyword. Code: -- FUNCTION: public."Initial_val_constant_with_default_keyword"() -- DROP FUNCTION public."Initial_val_constant_with_default_keyword"(); CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public."Initial_val_constant_with_default_keyword"() RETURNS integer LANGUAGE 'plpgsql' COST 100 VOLATILE AS $BODY$DECLARE def_var CONSTANT integer default 300; BEGIN RETURN def_var; END; $BODY$; SQL Statement: Code: SELECT public."Initial_val_constant_with_default_keyword"() Output: Example #5 Code which is gives the value to a variable after the declaration. Code: -- FUNCTION: public."Initial_val_later"() -- DROP FUNCTION public."Initial_val_later"(); CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public."Initial_val_later"( ) RETURNS integer LANGUAGE 'plpgsql' COST 100 VOLATILE AS $BODY$Declare def_var integer ; BEGIN def_var:=500; RETURN def_var; END; $BODY$; SQL Statement: Code: SELECT public."Initial_val_later"() Output: Conclusion This article explains the PostgreSQL variables, initialize and declaration of variables and its uses. Recommended Articles This is a guide to PostgreSQL Variables. Here we discuss the introduction, how to declare and initialize variables along with its example with code implementation. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – What is PostgreSQL? How to Install PostgreSQL? PostgreSQL Versions PostgreSQL Features

read more

PostgreSQL Features

Introduction To PostgreSQL Features The following article provides an outline for PostgreSQL Features. As we can derive from the name PostgreSQL, a platform related to SQL or a system that revolves around SQL operations or database operations. PostgreSQL thus is a relational database management system that has been developed solely to handle a large amount of data for various kinds of software and applications which are being used to perform different types of tasks for several organizations and companies which may include government entities also. It is being used by a lot of different companies due to its uncomplicated nature and it being freely available in the open market. Most importantly, its flexibility for supporting a lot of different programming languages like Java, C#, C, C , JavaScript, etc, as all of these types of programming languages are only being used to create almost all of the applications and software currently available in the market or being used by many companies and institutions. So basically the entire operation is interrelated to each other, PostgreSQL supports all the languages which create theses app and while using these apps the companies also automatically uses PostgreSQL to support their backend processes. Features of PostgreSQL Given below are the features of PostgreSQL: 1. The most important feature of PostgreSQL is it is open-sourced and thus freely available to be downloaded from the official website of PostgreSQL. 2. Postgres flexibility makes it highly compatible thus it can be used on several operating systems like Windows, MAC OS, UNIX, and Solaris. 3. Its compatibility also provides data integrity for the primary keys, foreign keys, unique keys, and locks. 4. Its flexibility also provides many important features like Multi-Version Concurrency Control which give access to multiple or parallel access to several databases at the same time. 5. It can handle complex queries and sub-queries. 6. It supports table partitioning. 7. It supports multiple data types like Structured, Primitive, Geometric, and Document types. Parameters Data Types Structured Array, Date and Time, Range Primitive Integer, Numeric, String, Boolean Geometric Polygon, Point, Line, Circle Document XML, JSON/JSONB, Key-value 8. It also assists in procedural Languages such as Perl, PLSQL, and Python, etc. 9. It has a robust access control system, where it has created different types and levels of encryptions and security protocols to grant access to databases. 10. Its high reliability makes it support different types of Replications like Synchronous, Asynchronous, and Logical replications. 11. It supports table inheritance, where a child table can inherit certain characteristics from its parent table. 12. It also supports nested transactions. So these are some of the various types of features, stressing on ‘some’ as there are several more from where these came from PostgreSQL possesses. Advantages Of PostgreSQL Due to its extensive and flexible nature, PostgreSQL has been deemed one of the most or probably the most professional database systems in the current market. It has been awarded as the “Database System of the Year” several times. Its stability, reliability, and security make it a major performer in the technological arena and mainly in the database system world. Some of the important advantages of PostgreSQL are as follows: It is very easy to use and is quickly learnable. Data management also can be handled very smoothly and effortlessly. As it is an open-source product, costs for its usage and maintenance is free. Its several different parameters make it enable to handle and execute complex and dynamic web applications and software. Its scalable nature makes it highly extensible as it can handle bigger and larger backend processes easily. It possess enhanced and reliable security measures which also increases its durability. Uses Of PostgreSQL PostgreSQL is used by many organizations and companies from big to small to even singular entrepreneurs for various purposes and requirements. It’s all because of its nature. Some basic uses of PostgreSQL are: It is used in cloud computing platforms for backend server processes to store and dump large quantities of data. It is also used by Government Institutions to perform several crucial and complex tasks like analysis and intelligence works. It is also used for business intelligence purposes to handle business analytics and risks. It can handle also large and secure online financial transactions by many financial and manufacturing industries. PostgreSQL has PostGIS extensions that handle geospatial databases for geographic information systems. Conclusion After a thorough discussion in all these above-mentioned points, we can ascertain the importance and significance of PostgreSQL. There is a reason why it has been awarded “The Database System of the Year” so many times. It can challenge the big DBMS players like Oracle and IBM thus making it probably the best and highly profitable software platform carefully developed through the years for the sole intention of providing the best of services for the modern & tech-savvy netizens of this world. Recommended Articles This is a guide to PostgreSQL Features. Here we discuss the introduction to PostgreSQL, its features, and its uses along with its different advantages. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – PostgreSQL Variables What is PostgreSQL? How to Install PostgreSQL? PostgreSQL Versions

read more

PostgreSQL Administration

Introduction To PostgreSQL Administration The following article provides an outline for PostgreSQL Administration. PostgreSQL is a relational database management system. It is an open-source software tool, used for managing database systems. It has the capability to recover quickly from difficulties and has good uprightness. Be it on web or analytics applications, or mobile applications, with PostgreSQL, it became very easy for a database administrator, to store data and maintaining databases and data warehouses. Activities Of PostgreSQL Administration PostgreSQL Administration does most of the activities as an administrator while working on the database server. Starting from managing database, managing schemas, managing tablespaces, setting up roles & privileges, and backup & restore databases. Apart from that, there are various activities involved while working on a database. 1. Managing Databases This section is mainly focused on creating a database, making some modifications to an existing database, and deleting the database. Create a Database: We need to use CREATE DATABASE command to create a new database. Alter Database: By using ALTER DATABASE command, we can easily make some modifications to an existing database. Rename Database: We will require this if we want to change the name of a database. Drop Database: By using the DROP DATABASE command, we can permanently remove a database. Copy a Database: We can use this if we want to copy a database from a server to another, or within a database server. Get Database Object Sizes: There are various functions, with which we can easily access the size of a table, indexes, or database. 2. Managing Schemas In a relational database, if we implement some logical configuration, then schemas makes the representation of that. It has some search paths which work in PostgreSQL. Create Schema: With the help of this, we can create a new schema in a database. Alter Schema: If we want to change the owner of a schema or if we want to rename a schema, then we will use this. Drop schema: In a database, if we want to delete one or more than one schemas along with their objects, then we will use this. 3. Managing Tablespaces While working with large tables, if we want to improve the performance of the database, then we will use tablespaces. It gives control, that how the data doing to be stored in the database. Creating Tablespaces: With the help of CREATE TABLESPACE command, we can create tablespaces. Changing Tablespaces: We will use ALTER TABLESPACE command if we want to set the parameter for a specific tablespace. It can also be used to change the owner or to rename tablespace. Delete Tablespaces: By using the DROP TABLESPACE command, a tablespace can be deleted. 4. Roles & Privileges If we want a setup, where we can grant or reject a user from login, we can use roles that represent accounts in PostgreSQL. There are group roles, like roles that contain other roles. Create Role: With the help of creating role commands, we can create roles or groups. Grant: For a database object, if we want to grant privileges, then we use this. Revoke: We use this for a database object if we want to revoke privileges that have been granted already. Alter Role: Within a role, if we want to make some modification to the attributes then we use this. It makes it easy to set configuration parameters. Drop Role: If we want to drop a role that has dependent objects, then we use the drop role. Role Membership: If we want to revoke or grant privileges to multiple roles, and if we want to manage all of them, instead of managing them individually, it’s better to have a group and apply changes to the group as a whole. List User Roles: In a PostgreSQL server, if we want a list of all roles, then we need this. 5. Backup & Restore Databases There are some tools, with which we can backup and restore databases. Backup: With the use of ‘pg_dumpall’ & ‘pg_dump’ commands, we can have a backup of a PostgreSQL database. Restore: With the use of the ‘pg_restore’ & ‘psql’ command the restoration can be done in PostgreSQL databases. Conclusion PostgreSQL is highly scalable, reliable, stable, and secure, thus makes this database most impactful while comparing to other databases. Administrators of PostgreSQL can protect and manage data integrity in a better way. Developers can build object-relational databases that are more robust. For a PostgreSQL Administrator, it becomes easy to create, retrieve or store complex data structure. Because of its most powerful and advanced SQL compliant, it’s going to stay longer in the database technology. Recommended Articles This is a guide to PostgreSQL Administration. Here we discuss the introduction to PostgreSQL administration, its various activities involved while working on a database. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – What is PostgreSQL? PostgreSQL Variables How to Install PostgreSQL? PostgreSQL Versions

read more

PostgreSQL Architecture

Introduction to PostgreSQL Architecture PostgreSQL is a Relational Database Management System available freely and is not controlled by any corporation and the source code is available for free. PostgreSQL is developed by a team of volunteers worldwide. PostgreSQL has many features that are useful to store the data from large to small and also keep the data most securely with advanced security features. PostgreSQL versions are released from time to time. Many PostgreSQL versions are available from PostgreSQL95 to PostgreSQL 12. Let's see in detail about PostgreSQL Architecture. Architecture of PostgreSQL PostgreSQL Architecture has two models called Client, Sever. The client sends the proposal to PostgreSQL, and then PostgreSQL gives a response to the client through a TCP/IP network connection. PostgreSQL has its background processes which are useful to maintain the PostgreSQL Server. The PostgreSQL had the following components Shared Memory Background Processes Data Directory Structure / Data files What is Share Memory? Share Memory is a Memory used to reserve the memory for log caching in the transaction and caching database. It contains the following elements Shared Buffer: This was mainly to help to reduce the DISK IO which can be useful in accessing the large files most quickly. WAL Buffer: It is used to storing the data temporarily in the database as a WAL file which can be used in the time of recovery. Work Buffer: Work Buffer is used to set the specific memory to each client connection and is used by internal sort of operations to write the data and store it in temporary disk files. Maintenance Work Memory: It was used to specify a large amount of memory for database maintenance like VACUUM, ALTER TABLE, ADD FOREIGN KEY, etc. What are Background Processes? PostgreSQL operation has a list of background processes is given below: Logger: It can be used in writing error information in the project file. Checkpointer: The write up was started is called dirty buffer when the checkpointer occurs. Writer: It can be used to write a dirty buffer periodically. WAL writer: It can be used in the WAL file to write the WAL Buffer. Auto vacuum Launcher: It can be responsible for carrying out the specified operations called vacuum on blown up tables on need. Archiver: Archiver can be used in copying the data from the file named WAL to the particular listing as a directory when in Archive.log mode. Stats Collector: In this Statistics information like pg_stat_activity and pg_stat_database is collected. Data files/Data Directory Structure Database: PostgreSQL contains numerous databases which are called database clusters. When we create the template files like template0, Postgres databases, initdb() execution was started. System catalog tables are the type of databases that are useful for the users to develop the database. The template0, template1 have the same category of tables which is immediately after the initdb(), but template1 can create the objects according to the user demand. The database worn by the user was created by clone the database of template1. Tablespace: When table creation, if you did not mention the tablespace it can be stored in [pg_default.]. Tables are maintained in a database cluster, it can be stored in [pg_global.] are generated immediately after initdb (). Multiple databases are used only one tablespace. Table: Each table has three files. The first file is used for storing the data of a table named OID. The second file is used to manage the table containing a free space called OID_fsm. The third file is used to maintaining the blocks of a table named OID_vm. Conclusion - PostgreSQL Architecture PostgreSQL is a Relational database management system and freely available which is useful to store and maintain the data and keep the data integrity as well. Hope this article explains the architecture of PostgreSQL and PostgreSQL Architecture functions respectively. Recommended Articles This is a guide to PostgreSQL Architecture. Here we discuss the introduction to PostgreSQL Architecture, Share Memory, and its background processes. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – What is PostgreSQL? PostgreSQL Variables How to Install PostgreSQL? PostgreSQL Versions

read more

PostgreSQL Data Types

Introduction To PostgreSQL Data Types PostgreSQL is a relational database management system. It is an open-source software tool, used for managing database systems. It has the capability to recover quickly from difficulties and has good uprightness. Be it on web or analytics applications, or mobile applications, with PostgreSQL, it became very easy to store data and maintaining databases and data warehouses. Below we discuss the PostgreSQL Data Types. Some of the data types are Numeric Types, Monetary Types, Character Types, Binary Types, Boolean Type, Enumerated Types, Date/Time Types, Geometric Types, Network Address Types, Bit String Types, Text Search Types, UUID Type, Pseudo-Types, Object Identifier Types, pg_lsn Type, Range Types, Composite Types, JSON Types, Arrays, and XML Type. There are some deprecated types; those are for internal use, like UUID, tsquery, polygon, pg_lsn, macaddr, interval [fields] [(p)], bit varying [(n)], bigint, etc. Numeric Data Types There are four parts to this. Those are Serial Types, Floating-Point Types, Arbitrary Precision Numbers, and Integer Types. 1. Serial Types Whenever a new row is getting inserted into the database, we need to have a default sequence type value for every column. With the use of serial data types, we can start the value from 1. This is very useful while creating or altering a table. 2. Floating-Point Types It’s a part of a binary point or decimal point. There can be single or double floating-point numbers. To represent floating-point, if we use 32 bits, then it would be called a single precision. Wherein if we use 64 bits, then it will be double precision. Respective to the significant digits, it can be placed anywhere, thus it is called a ‘float’. 3. Arbitrary Precision Numbers In the available memory of the host system, some precisions are holding limited digits. Now if we want to implement those particular numbers, we can do so by deploying Arbitrary Precision. 4. Integer Types If we want to set a range, to store an integer type of value, then we can implement it with this data type. Like for ‘smallint’ with the storage of 2 bytes, we can have a value between -32768 to 32767. Similarly, for bigint, we can have a range between -9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807. 5. Monetary Data Types If we want to store currency amount, a kind of fractional precision that is fixed, then we use this data type. Within a database, with the help of the lc_monetary setting, fractional precision can be determined. Like a currency format such as ‘$5,000.00'. 6. Character Data Types When we need to store numerical digits, symbols, upper and lower case letters, or common punctuation marks, then we need to use this data type. We will use character varying(n), varchar(n) if we want to limit the variable length, we can also use the character(n), char(n) if we want to blank padded or need to have a fixed length. In case if we want unlimited length for the variable then we can use ‘text’. 7. Binary Data Types If we want to represent some opposed data, like ‘yes’ or ‘no’ then we use this data type. There are two formats in this data type, one is bytea Hexa and another is bytea Escape. bytea Escape: If we want to represent a binary string like a sequence of ASCII characters then we need this data type. bytea Hexa: If we have binary data, which we need to encode as 2 hexadecimal digits for every single byte then we need to use this data type. To make a difference from the escape format, the string is lead up to by the sequence ‘x’. 8. Boolean Data Type If we want to set a value as ‘yes’ or ‘no’ or ‘not known’ then we use this data type. When we use some combination of comparison operators, like ‘>=’, ‘=’, ‘<’, ’<>’ or logical operators then we need this data type. 9. Data/Time Data Types It stores the date format of a calendar and timestamp. There are five parts, Time Zones, Interval Input, Interval Output, Date/Time Input, and Date/Time Output. Time Zones: In the real world, time zones have too small meaning, till it is associated with the date as well as with time, because the offset can differ through the year, for time boundaries in daylight-saving. For a session, if we use the SET TIME ZONE command in SQL it will set the time zone for that. While connecting to the server, an environment variable PGTZ is also used, if we want to send a SET TIME ZONE command to the server. Interval Input: When we want to represent millennium, year, century, decade, month, day, week, hour, minute, microsecond, second, millisecond, or abbreviations or it can be plurals of these units, then we need to use this data type. Interval Output: In this, the interval type can be set to one of the four styles, iso_8601, postgres_verbose, Postgres, or sql_standard. We need to use the ‘SET interval-style’ command for the same. Date/Time Input: This input is accepted in nearly any reasonable format, traditional POSTGRES, SQL-compatible, ISO 8601, and others. Date/Time Output: This type can be set into four styles, it should be anyone of them. It can be German, Unix date format, ISO 8601, or SQL Ingres. 10. Enumerated Data Types Also known as enum, is a kind of ordered set of values or rather comprises a static value. They are equivalent to the enum data types. There are four parts in this data type; those are Implementation Details, Type Safety, Ordering, and Declaration of Enumerated. Implementation Details: Levels of enum are case sensitive. So the ‘true’ is not the same as ‘TRUE’. Enum types are conscious of static sets of value. Type Safety: The enum data type cannot be compared with other enum types; it is separate from each other. Ordering: After type was created, if we want the value to be listed in a specific order, and then we need this. Declaration of Enumerated Types: To create enum type, we need to use the command CREATE TYPE. After creating, it can also be used in function definitions. Conclusion Apart from this, there are many more data types used in PostgreSQL. Each data types are important in their segments. It is very important to understand the relations between various data types because many of them are correlated with each other. The best way would be to implement data types by using syntax. Recommended Articles This is a guide to PostgreSQL Data Types. Here we discuss the introduction and numeric data types for better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – PostgreSQL Administration PostgreSQL Architecture PostgreSQL Features What is PostgreSQL?

read more

What is AWS EC2?

Introduction To AWS EC2 AWS EC2 is interpreted as Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud. It is nothing but web services that provides resizable capacity computer and secure compute instances in the cloud. Its main purpose is to build scalable computing instance which can be easily available to developers. With minimum friction, one can configure it and have complete control of its computing resources. Users have a choice of networking, storage, processor, purchase model, and operating system. Use Of AWS EC2 AWS EC2 is used to solve the problem of scalable infrastructure for computing instances. EC2 enables the user to build the applications to scale automatically as per the need. In scenarios of high traffic or peak periods, the instance can be scaled up accordingly. It is easy to manage and deploy over the virtual server rather than building it locally or investing in hardware installation. One can deploy as many instances as he needs for his application. According to need you can scale down as well to full fill the requirement and save whenever it is possible. How To Start With AWS EC2? As Amazon EC2 is Elastic Block Store backed instance, you can choose your availability zone or you can let EC2 do it automatically. After launching it, it is needed to secure the instance and is done by specifying a secure group and a key pair. Whenever launching the instance you would need to specify the key pair and private key. Below are the steps: Launch your Instance: Open EC2 instance from console.aws.amazon.com. Launch the instance from the dashboard. Choose an AMI (Amazon Machine Image) configuration. Select Micro or Macro instance as per your need. Review and launch the instance. Edit security groups, select an existing key pair. (you would get key pair when setting up the instance). Connect to your launched Instance: Once you have launched your instance then connect to it whenever you are going to use it. Clean up your connected Instance: It is advised to clean up and terminate the instance when its work is done. Features Of AWS EC2 Amazon EC2 has features that make it lucrative for every developer who is looking for scalable computing instances. It provides a wide range of choices with the highest security and performance. Some of the features are as below: With AWS nitro gets increased security and faster innovation: It is the underlying platform for all the AWS EC2 instances which makes it better than other traditional systems, it has the highest security and high performance. Choose processor of your choice: It provides the latest AMD EPYC, Intel Xeon, and AWS Graviton CPUs, a user has a choice to trade between price and performance for the workload. Storage with high performance: AWS - EBS (Amazon Elastic Block Store) provides high performance and easy to use block storages for EC2.user has a choice of a range of volume to optimize the cost of the workload and storage performance. Enhanced networking: AWS introduced 400 GBPS Ethernet Networking highest in the segment.  Model choices for purchasing: AWS has several choices for choosing a saving plan and spot instances. Benefits Of AWS EC2 Most importantly one gets rid of the headache of installation and, maintenance of the hardware components. It takes less time to boot the new servers. According to load, the computing needs can be scaled up or down. A user would have complete control over servers. User can select the operating system of their choice. Amazon EC2 comes up with a Built-in security system. Conclusion In this article, we have gone through the basics of AWS EC2 and have seen ins and outs of AWS EC2 instances. We have seen its usages, features, benefits, and how to start with EC2. Recommended Articles This is a guide to What is AWS EC2? Here we discuss the introduction, and how to start with AWS EC2 along with its uses and benefits. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – What is AWS CloudFront? AWS Features What is AWS Services? What is AWS?

read more

Uses of Machine Learning

Introduction To Machine Learning The following article provides an outline for the Uses of Machine Learning. Machine learning is an evolving and fast-growing field of science and technology. ML and AI are part of our daily life, whether we are using them knowingly or unknowingly. One of the best examples of ML use cases is Gmail putting different emails in different buckets like primary, promotions, updates, social media, and spam. What Is Machine Learning? In a nutshell, Machine Learning can be understood as: “Machine learning (ML) in the field of Science Technology, which leverages the knowledge of statistics & mathematics for algorithms to go through data and learn about features by assigning coefficients to each feature without coding any explicit instructions. Machine Learning algorithms find the patterns available in data and, based on that predict the outcome.” Uses Of Machine Learning There are numerous use cases of Machine learning, some of them are as below: Fraud Detection: It is used in many organizations where transactions are taking place. Banking sector where it becomes crucial to identify Fraud transaction and limit it as much as they can. Spam detection: Nowadays, there are lots of viruses are sent over email, and fake emails do come across. For any organization or individual, it is very important to keep their data safe and stay away from fake news. Otherwise, it can cost the loss of information, time, and money. Image Recognition: Ever noticed Facebook suggesting tagging a person in a photo you just posted on your Facebook profile? How does Facebook knows this person if there are 5 people and all of them are on Facebook, you would get the option to tag all? Well, this is what image recognition is. A machine can identify the person by name in an image. How cool is that? Voice Recognition: Heard about Alexa and Siri. Yeah, they understand your instructions as you say and then work accordingly. If you give the command to play a song, “they shall be done,” and music will be played, of course, the song shall be available somewhere online. Sentimental Analysis: Humans are emotional. They are driven by sentiments, say 10 bad things about a good product, and no one would buy that, and say 10 good things about a bad product, people would still buy it. because of their sentiment, they would choose the first product. ML is applied for sentimental analysis on Amazon, Flipkart & Twitter. Recommendation Engine: Buy an electric appliance on Amazon, and it will recommend buying similar products, or watch a video on youtube you will get a recommended video. All job is done by recommendation engines. Importance Of Machine Learning In Today's World In today’s fast and evolving era, the competition is tough, and to keep up with the need of users, one ought to have the best user experience. User experience is something of an emotional thing, and it cannot be hardcoded. But Machine learning is setting up the bar high by learning from the existing information to provide a better experience to users, which is something awesome. Conclusion We are surrounded by technology that uses ML, and we are making use of it knowingly or unknowingly. If you are on any social media platform or just using Google to search for anything or you are making use of Google Maps, everything is tracked with your unique ID in the case of Google; it’s your Gmail Id, etc. This information is then used to provide better recommendations to the user according to their geography, age, and interests. Recommended Articles This is a guide to the Uses of Machine Learning. Here we discuss the introduction to machine learning with importance in today's world and its uses. You can also go through our other related articles to learn more – Machine Learning Tools Machine Learning System Machine Learning Models Applications of Machine Learning

read more

Introduction to Machine Learning

Introduction To Machine Learning The following article provides an outline for Introduction to Machine Learning. The name suggests a machine is learning as humans learn. The traditional problem solving with software involves hard coding the logic which is not possible in many real-life cases. In machine learning, the idea is to show the machine the problem statement and some possible solutions so that it can learn from it and provide answers for similar ideas without giving any explicit instructions or logic. Machine learning is the breakthrough technology of this era where machines are getting intelligence that can ease our lives, and the best thing is they are expanding their knowledge every day or to say every second. What Is Machine Learning? To learn anything the crucial thing is information or you can say it data. A machine is fed with this information and learns out of it based on the problem statement. Once the machine has gone through enough information and learned the key aspects of the problem, we can check its knowledge or intelligence or learning by performing tests on it. The test data (also known as validation set) is fed to the machine to check the machines’ understanding and its performance for the given problem statement. To check machine’s intelligence their different evaluation metrics, this further depends on the problem statement. Once the results are satisfactory you can put this machine learning model into production. This is just a high-level overview of ML but underneath there’s much more. Advantages & Disadvantages Of Machine Learning Given below are the advantages and disadvantages mentioned: Advantages: No hardcoding logic is needed here to solve any problem. The machine itself can identify the pattern and come up with logic. Better experience for users with aid of machine learning for example take recommendation system of youtube, every user gets recommendation according to his test, geography, and age. Machine learning is continuously evolving, so in near future, we will see more accurate predictions. It has wide applications from healthcare, education, retailer business, other days to day activities and many more fields are making use of ML. More sophisticated tools and technologies are coming up with ML for example take Tesla’s Autonomous car. Disadvantages: Like Grass on the other side of the road looks greener, same is with ML too. From a high level, it seems cool but it comes with some challenges as well as disadvantages which shall not be overlooked. Machine learning is not easy to interpret always. For some algorithms, the results are interpretable but not for all algorithms. High chances of errors, ML is susceptible to errors, it’s not consistent all the time. ML is dependent on data that you are training it on. if the quality of data is not good the results out of ML will not be good as well. ML needs more resources as it needs a huge amount of data for machines to learn. Components Of Machine Learning Below is the high-level view on various components of machine learning: Data acquisition. Domain knowledge and feature extraction. Feature selection, feature engineering, and train test split of data. Choosing the right algorithm. Training the model and fine-tune it. Define performance criteria & evaluate the model performance. Deploy the model to leverage ML capabilities. Conclusion Machine learning is surely the technology of the new age and is changing the way we solve real-life problems. In this article, we have seen the overview of ML, the advantages & disadvantages of ML, and various components of ML. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Introduction to Machine Learning. Here we discuss the introduction, components along with advantages & disadvantages respectively. You can also go through our other related articles to learn more – What is Machine Learning? Uses of Machine Learning Machine Learning Tools Machine Learning System

read more

What is Machine Learning?

Introduction To Machine Learning Machine learning is an evolving field of science and technology, and as the name suggests, a machine is learning as humans do. The classical way of problem-solving with software involves explicitly coding the logic, which generally is not possible in many real-life cases. Because many real-life problems are not easily explainable, so it is hard/ impossible (in some cases) to code logic for such complex problems. The idea is to show the problem statement to the machine and some possible solutions so that it can learn from itself and predict answers for similar problems without coding any explicit instructions or logic. It is the new and evolving technology of this era where machines are getting more intelligent every minute of the day to ease our lives. (ML) in the field of Science and Technology, which leverages the knowledge of statistics & mathematics for algorithms to go through data and learn about features by assigning coefficients to each feature without coding any explicit instructions. The algorithms find the patterns available in data and, based on that, predict the outcome.” What Do You Understand About Machine Learning? The focus is on improving & automating the learning process of models based on their input data experience. Learning is based on information and facts and the data which is fed to the model. The cleaner the data is fed, the more accurate predictions from the model will be. Data quality and data sources play a very important role. Based on data and problem statements, we can categorize them into supervised, semi-supervised & unsupervised learning. Based on the problem statement, the right type of machine learning technique is used to make predictions. Techniques of Machine Learning Below is an overview of techniques: Supervised: The machine is fed labeled data. Consider line equation (y = mx c ), in a supervised learning machine, is given a set of independent variables (x) and the corresponding set of output variables y. from this data machine will learn and, after being trained on, it will be able to predict y for a new set of independent variables(x). Semi-supervised: It falls between Supervised and Unsupervised. It combines two approaches to have a trade-off and get the best out of both. Unsupervised: The machine is not fed structured data. The machine tries to find the patterns available in the data and then classifies them accordingly. Components Of Machine Learning Below is the high-level view of various components: Data acquisition. Domain knowledge and feature extraction. Feature selection, feature engineering, and train test split of data. Choosing the right algorithm. Training the model and fine-tuning it. Define performance criteria & evaluate the model performance. Deploy the model to leverage ML capabilities. How Does It Work? Below is a high-level walkthrough of ML working: It starts with data collection and cleaning it. The data needs to be further refined with domain knowledge and extracting important features from it. Once we are done with the data, we split the data into 3 sets, train set, validation set, and test set. We chose the set of algorithms for experimentation as per our problem statement. We train our model on train data and validate it with validation data. We chose the model per the acceptance criteria and tested it with the test dataset. Deploy the model to production. Conclusion We have seen a high-level overview of its definition, various components, and how it works in the industry. Recommended Articles This is a guide to what machine learning. We discuss the introduction, how it works, along with components & techniques, respectively. You can also go through our other related articles to learn more – Uses of Machine Learning Introduction to Machine Learning Machine Learning Models Applications of Machine Learning

read more

PostgreSQL Operators

Introduction To PostgreSQL Operators PostgreSQL is a relational database management system. It is an open-source software tool, used for managing database systems. It has the capabilities to recover quickly from difficulties and has good uprightness. Be it on web or analytics applications, or mobile applications, with PostgreSQL, it became very easy for a database administrator, to store data and maintaining databases and data warehouses. Let us discuss PostgreSQL Operators. There are substantial numbers of built-in operators available in PostgresSQL. There is a system catalog called pg operator, where all these operators are declared. The pg operator encompasses mainly two things, first, it includes class OIDs of the output and input types, and secondly, it includes the procedure name, which implements the operator. In Kubernetes or K8s, it allows running easily highly-available PostgreSQL clusters. There are indeed very few developers available for hardcore kernels in the world, so the demand is very high. Before jumping into operators hack, one should be familiar with the term, service enumeration, and port scanning, to understand the existence and accessibility of PostgresSQL databases for hacking. Port scanning allows you to determine that, in a network which ports are open and can be sending and receiving data, is also called a port scan attack, wherein service enumeration collects information from a network. SNMP enumeration and DNS enumeration are used to implement it. Types Of PostgreSQL Operators If we want to manipulate different data items and get an output then we require operators, which are represented by keywords or by special characters. There are many operators used in PostgreSQL. Logical Operators: If we want to manipulate Boolean values such as ‘yes’ or ‘no’, ‘true’ or ‘false’ then we need this operator. It is a way to connect two or more than two expressions, in such a way that would return only one value, which controls the program flow. Mathematical Operators: As the term indicates, this operator is used for calculations. It can be for addition ’ ’, subtraction ‘-‘, multiplication ‘*’, division ‘/’, modulo or remainder ‘amper12xxrsquo;, exponentiation ‘^’, square root ‘|/’, cube root ‘||/’, factorial ‘!’, factorial or prefix operator ‘!!’, absolute value ‘@’ etc. For example, if we use the addition operator for these two values, 2249 and 7948, it will return the result as 10197. Comparison Operators: It is used to make a comparison between two values and return a result. There is six comparison operator available in PostgreSQL. Those are, less than ‘<’, greater than ‘>’, less than or equal to ‘<=’, greater than or equal to ‘>=’, equal ‘=’ and not equal ‘<> or !=’. Bitwise Operators: It is used to manipulate bit strings. It differs from the comparison operator. There is a seven-bit string operator in PostgreSQL. Those are concatenation ‘||’ bitwise AND ‘&’, bitwise OR ‘|’, bitwise XOR ‘#’, bitwise NOT ‘~’, bitwise shift left ‘<<’ and bitwise shift right ‘>>’. For example, if we apply a bitwise OR operator with two values like this, B'1001' | B'1101', it will return a result as ‘1101’. Examples of PostgreSQL Operators There are multiple ways to hack a PostgreSQL database but with specific conditions. 1. Default Passwords: There are some common passwords used in PostgreSQL databases. Some of them are like ‘Postgres’, ‘password’, ‘admin’ etc. 2. Postgres & Metasploit: In Metasploit, there are several exploitation modules and enumeration available, which makes hacking the PostgresSQL database much easier. Code: xyz > auxiliary/scanner/postgres/postgres_login xyz auxiliary(postgres_login) > set RHOST 129.0.0.2 RHOST => 127.0.0.1 msf auxiliary(postgres_login) > run [-]129.0.0.2:6452 - LOGIN FAILED: @template7 (Incorrect... [-]129.0.0.2:6452 - LOGIN FAILED: postgres@template7 (Incorrect... [-]129.0.0.2:6452 - LOGIN FAILED: password@template7 (Incorrect... [ ]129.0.0.2:6452 - LOGIN SUCCESSFUL: postgres:postgres@template7 It is called ‘brute force attack’, which is possible with the help of the Metasploit module. 3. Postgres_readfile: We can display and read files stored in the PostgreSQl database by using this module. But we should have valid account credentials before proceeding. Code: xyz > use auxiliary/admin/postgres/postgres_readfile xyz auxiliary(postgres_readfile) > show options Module options (auxiliary/admin/postgres/postgres_readfile): We need to set the RHOST values and the PASSWORD, for configuring the module and we need to set RFILE for the file we want to read. 4. Postgres_sql: To perform a query we choose and get back the result from the PostgreSQL database, we need this module, but it requires valid credentials to complete the operation. We can use the below-mentioned command to access details. Code: XYZ > use auxiliary/admin/postgres/postgres_sql xyz auxiliary(postgres_sql) > show options Module options (auxiliary/admin/postgres/postgres_sql): The configuration required for this module is less, as we just need to have RHOST and PASSWORD values. 5. Database Access: If we already know the username and the password of the target PostgreSQL database, we can a utility called PSQL, to access details. We need to run the following command for the same. Code: # psql -h 198.162.99.22 -U Postgres Retrieving Password Hashes: Once you have the database admin privilege, all user hashes we can dump in Metasploit. We need to use the following command. Code: xyz > auxiliary/scanner/postgres/postgres_hashdump 6. Dumping the Database: We can take the help of a command which belongs to Kali Linux, if we want to download the complete database, within that network. We need to use the following command to do so. Code: #pg_dump--host=198.162.99.22--username=postgres--password--dbname=template7 --table='user'-f output_pgdump Now you have a basic knowledge about PostgreSQL hacks. The main purpose of this is to deploy and develop a much secure PostgreSQL database so that it can be saved from outsider hacks in the network. Remember, you should only try to implement PostgreSQL attacks in a system or database, which you legally owned. It is illegal to try to access a system for which you are not authorized. Recommended Articles This is a guide to PostgreSQL Operators. Here we discuss the introduction, its types along with examples with code implementation. You can also go through our other related articles to learn more – PostgreSQL Data Types PostgreSQL Architecture PostgreSQL Administration PostgreSQL Features

read more

AWS Commands

Introduction To AWS Commands AWS commands are the CLI commands which are used in the Amazon web service command-line interface to perform certain operations. With CLI commands one can manage the amazon services to configure and control it. One can write a script to automate certain operations to avoid repetitive tasks. AWS CLI is very simple and well laid which makes it easy to use over time, it provides better speed and there are several good functionalities. AWS CLI is an open-source interface with which you can interact with any AWS service using your local command shell. According to the choice of your operating system, there would be slight variances in the commands to be used in CLI. You can use remote terminals such as SSH or PuTTY or AWS System Manager. What Are Basic AWS Commands? Below are some basic commands which can be used to perform basic operations: 1. Install Amazon CLI. Code: sudo apt-get install –y python-dev python-pip sudo pip install awscli aws configure 2. The command for checking the output from the file. Code: cat <file> 3. In case you want to print a specific column per line, the command for printing the 3rd column is. Code: cut –f 3 4. The command for sorting the data. Code: sort 5. Use the below commands to print the first few lines and last few lines [let’s say 3] respectively. Code: head –n 3 & tail –n 3 6. The command for listing all trails. Code: aws cloudtrail describe –trails 7. The command for listing the names of all trails. Code: aws cloudtrail describe –trails –output text | cut –f 8 8. Command to delete the trail is. Code: aws cloudtrail delete –trail What Are The Intermediate AWS Commands? Below are some of the intermediate commands: 1. A command to add a tag to the trail. Code: awscliaws cloudtrail add–tags --resource-id awslog --tags-list “key=log-type, value = all” 2. Command to list all tags from trail associated to specific resource. Code: aws cloudtrail list–tags --resource-id-list 3. Command to remove the tag. Code: awscliaws cloudtrail remove–tags --resource-id awslog --tags-list “key=log-type, value = all” 4. The command to list info of all users and to create a new user. Code: aws iam list-users new user: aws iam create-user --user-name aws-admin1 5. Command to create multiple users from a file. Code: allUsers=$ (cat ./user-names.txt) for username in $allUsers; do aws iam create-user --user-name $userName Done 6. Command to delete multiple users from a file. Code: allUsers=$ (cat ./user-names.txt) for username in $allUsers; do aws iam delete-user --user-name $userName Done 7. Command to list the password policy. Code: aws iam get-account-password-policy 8. Command to delete the password policy. Code: aws iam delete-account-password-policy What Are Advanced AWS Commands? Below are some advanced commands. 1. Command to get the list of last access time for the access key. Code: aws iam get-access-key-last-used --access-key-id ASDKLFJ654EXAMPLE 2. Command to deactivate access key. Code: aws iam update-access-key --access-key-id ASDKLFJ654EXAMPLE --status Inactive --user-name aws-admin1 3. Command to delete access key. Code: aws iam delete-access-key --access-key-id ASDKLFJ654EXAMPLE --status Inactive --user-name aws-admin1 4. Command to create an instance. Code: aws ec2 run-instances --image-id ami-f0e7d19a --instance-type t2.micro --security-group-ids sg-00000000 --dry-run 5. Command to create log stream. Code: aws logs create-log-stream --log-group-name “DefaultGroup” --log-stream-name “syslog” 6. Command to delete the log stream. Code: aws logs delete-log-stream --log-group-name “DefaultGroup” --log-stream-name “Default Stream” Conclusion The Amazon CLI is a tool to manage AWS services. With CLI the user can control multiple services by using some commands and also has the liberty to create a script to automate the repetitive tasks. In this article, we have seen some basic, intermediate and advanced commands. Recommended Articles This is a guide to AWS Commands. Here we discuss the introduction and what are basic AWS, intermediate and advanced command? along with examples. You can also go through our other related articles to learn more – What is AWS CloudFront? AWS Features AWS Architecture Career in AWS

read more

Machine Learning Life Cycle

Introduction To Machine Learning Life Cycle First of all, Machine Learning Life Cycle is an important processing part of the Machine Learning Concept. It is basically a cyclical process consisting of the various steps of Machine Learning model development. We all know that any computer system in the world has the capability to perform certain tasks automatically on its own without any human intervention. These automatic task performances are possible because of the presence of Machine Learning. Thus, these Machine Learning operations take place through certain steps of life cycles. These Life cycles are responsible for making Machine Learning a full-proof and sound concept. So, we can deduce that Machine Learning Life Cycles are indirectly responsible for the creation of state-of-the-art Machine Learning enabled projects. Definition Machine Learning is a branch of Artificial Intelligence that is being used to develop and create numerous types of software, desktop applications, web applications, cloud services platforms, and others. It works on a given set of data, sometimes in huge quantities, to interpret and analyze them and formulate feedback depending on those types of data. These operations and processes improve over time in accuracy and performance. The truth is we are surrounded by platforms based on Machine Learning. As a matter of fact, the everyday digital technologies and applications we use has been developed with the basic concepts of Machine Learning and Machine Learning Tools. Phases Of Machine Learning Life Cycle So now we know that the Machine Learning platform has been divided into major cyclical steps, each performing a very crucial & important set of tasks culminating into the overall significance and value of the Machine Learning Platform. So, there are mainly seven major steps, the names of these are given below: Gathering Data Data Preparation Data Wrangling Analyse Data Train the Model Test the Model Deployment These life cycle steps play a very vital role in the overall conduct of any operation or process from start to finish. These life cycles help us to understand and predict the various tasks and the purpose of these tasks. The power to contemplate and understand the need for such tasks is very crucial to achieve the best results and favorable feedback, and all of this is possible because of the Machine Learning Life Cycle steps. Functions Of Each Life Cycle Phase: Given below are the Machine Learning Life Cycle steps in detail: Life Cycle Steps Functions Gathering Data Identifying and gathering all the data-related problems. Data Preparation After collecting all the data, this step helps in categorizing the ordering of the data. Data Wrangling Selects, cleans, and modifies data into a much better form for further exploration. Analyse Data The function of this step is to analyze the data at hand to give it a more meaningful approach. Train the Model Training the data sets in the model to improve the performance of the model to produce better results. Test the Model This step includes the testing of the models to increase its accuracy. Deployment After passing all the tests in the previous life cycles, this last step helps in the deploying of these machine learning models. So now we know the functioning and features of all the seven steps. Importance Of Machine Learning The usage and practical applications of machine learning platforms are limitless due to the growing and ever-expanding need for industrial and corporate uses. Also, the mammoth increase in the availability of various types of data has also increased the size of the storage spaces for these data. Also, the constantly evolving and improving nature of Machine Learning makes it a potential and very reliable platform for many innovations and developments in the fields of digital technology and artificial intelligence. Machine Learning’s self-assessing and self-determining features of how to perform and when to perform a certain set of tasks make it a very important platform for the computer/digital technological world. Conclusion So now we know the importance of the Machine Learning Life Cycle and its significance in the overall performance of the Machine Learning platform. It plays a vital role in defining the overall functions and operations of the Machine Learning Platform and also its successes and achievements in this computer age. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Machine Learning Life Cycle. Here we discuss the introduction, importance, and phases, along with the functions of each life cycle phase. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more– What is Machine Learning? Uses of Machine Learning Introduction to Machine Learning Machine Learning Features

read more

Machine Learning Models

Introduction To Machine Learning Models Machine Learning Model is basically a sub-part of the overall Machine Learning platform, just like the Machine Learning tools also. As we all know, programs that are built on the ideas of Machine learning can automatically learn and adapt to perform tasks on its own without any pre-programming. Similarly, the Machine Learning models also possess the capabilities of the Machine learning concept. So, it can also predict and interpret complex patterns and computer algorithms to produce feedback and results on its own. So to explain in simple terms what Machine Learning Models does, first, they are given a set of data which they use to predict and interpret and then provide feedback as per its understanding. We all know that it has been divided into specific categories performing a set of required tasks: Supervised, Unsupervised, and Reinforcement learning, so the needed duties also vary for Machine Learning models. As for Supervised and Unsupervised Learning, the models decipher the signals and the patterns created by a set of data. For Reinforcement Learning, Machine Learning models determine the best direction or path to perform any specific tasks. The Open Neural Network Exchange format is also used for Machine Learning Models to perform deep neural network operations. What Is Machine Learning? Machine Learning is a concept of its own, although being an integral part of Artificial Intelligence. Machine Learning plays the deciding factor for all computers and digital devices, what tasks to perform, how to act, and when to perform those tasks. The self-assessing and the self-determination aspects of all digital devices to produce results come from the Machine learning aspect of Artificial Intelligence. People ask whether the computer has a brain. Well, technically, the answer is yes. It possesses an electrical and computational interface that decides its course of action, like the signal, the decisions, the predictions, and the interpretations. All these operations are possible due to the Machine Learning process, which plays a defining role in these actions. Types Of Models In Machine Learning Follow the below table as a reference to understand the types and descriptions: Model Types Descriptions Linear Regression This model type is mainly used to predict the outcomes from a set of data containing multiple types of data, i.e., one or more inputs give the total and final output. K-means Clustering This model uses geometric center points for their clustering, and the decision for the number of clustering is made by the person carrying out this operation. Principal Component Analysis This model is used to analyze a set of data in a way that we can have new types of variables to define its versatility. Classification and Regression Trees This model is used to differentiate between different feedbacks and categorize them into separate groups accordingly. K-nearest Neighbors This model either predicts or classifies depending on the variables in action. Which is the best model? So now, as we have come to know the different models and their functions and operational requirements, thus from this,s we can ascertain that each of the models performs separate tasks, all of which are equally important and has their requirements according to their operational need,s which is very frequent than expected. Thus we cannot portray any singular Machine Learning Model name specifically or separately. How To Build Machine Learning Model? We have to follow specific steps: Collect loads of data of various sizes and types. Describe the objectives and purpose of these data sets. We have to decide the methods and processes to achieve our results. Specify separate protocols for different operations accordingly. Correct any errors or mismatches in these data sets. Specify the overfitting and underfitting methods. Get an overall synopsis of the Machine Learning Model. Finally, choose any specific model and work on it to achieve its best performance. Conclusion So now we know how important it is in the overall performance of the Machine Learning platform. The model represents itself as one of the defining characteristics of a Machine Learning Platform. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Machine Learning Models. Here we discuss the introduction, types of models, and how to build machine learning models. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more– Machine Learning Life Cycle Uses of Machine Learning What is Machine Learning? Machine Learning System

read more

Machine Learning System

Introduction To Machine Learning System The machine learning system is an overall picture of the Machine learning use case for real-world problem scenarios. Machine learning is not only about building the prediction model but using them in real-life problems. To make use of the machine learning model it shall be deployed and can be accessed via client requesting via APIs. Model is trained on already existing historical data, but for inference, there could be several ways, it can be fed with the whole set of data or small chunks fed via API calls and show it to the user at the front end. What Is Machine Learning? “Machine learning (ML) is a field of Science & Technology, which makes use of mathematics & statistics for algorithms to understand the data and learn about features by assigning a value (Coefficient) to each independent variable without hard coding any explicit logic. Machine Learning algorithms find the available patterns in data and based on that predicts the outcome.” Machine Learning System In real-world machine learning needs to be incorporated with a large set of components of the application. ML code is just one of the components as can be seen from the below figure, which just contributes to more or less 5% of the overall system. Machine Learning System, Source: developers.google.com A large and considerable amount of time is spent in collecting the input data, performing sanity checks on the data, and extracting important and explainable features from it. A serving infrastructure must be built to place the model predictions to be used in the real world. Well building the whole system is not the job of a data scientist alone, it’s an end-to-end process and many developers are required to make it work. How To Build A Machine Learning System? The job of a Machine learning engineer or data scientist is to come up with a scalable solution and can produce good enough results. Let’s see how to build an ML system: Define the problem statement as clearly as possible and understand how it will benefit the company. Define success and criteria on which business can agree, it’s simple if the model does not help business, it will not be deployed to production and used. From the above diagram, you can see a significant amount of time is spent on data. The first step is collecting the data from different sources and the collection shall be in such a way that it can be done via an automated pipeline and shall be a scalable solution. Once data is collected next step would be checking and verifying the data through an automated pipeline itself on a set of methods. Understand how your model would be trained, does it needs to be trained in real-time? Based on the type of learning you want to incorporate for your model chose online or batch learning. Choosing the right model for your problem would be the next task. Finalize the model validate it with business criteria. Finally, deploy the model to production. Monitor its performance. Models Of Machine Learning Given below are the models of machine learning: Well ML is vast and has many models but it can be broadly classified in the below sections: 1. Supervised Learning Classification: Logistic Regression Support Vector Machine Naïve Bayes Decision Tree Random Forest Neural Network etc. Regression: Linear Regression Decision Tree Random Forest Neural Networks etc. 2. Unsupervised Learning Clustering: K- Means Clustering Hierarchical Clustering Dimensionality Reduction: PCA Conclusion In this article we have seen the ML system as a whole and what role does ML play in the whole system. We have also seen different components of the ML system and the steps involved in building it. We have also seen various models used in ML. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Machine Learning system. Here we discuss the introduction, how to build a machine learning system? and models respectively. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more– Machine Learning Life Cycle Machine Learning Models What is Machine Learning? Introduction to Machine Learning

read more

Machine Learning Features

Introduction To Machine Learning Features In a web world, machine learning plays an important role compared to other technology. From small to large companies are ready to adopt this technology which is helpful to reduce the time of work, and cost as well. It is a technology, that the machines are trained to learn things through algorithms and previously having data without any programming. For example, the most trending technology in machine learning is voice search in google. Here we will see the various features of machine learning and its advantages. What Is Machine Learning? As already said, Machine learning is a field, that machines can be adapted to doing the work automatically without human interference. Machine learning growth rapidly increases day by day because it has unique features in it which is helpful to various organizations to improve their businesses. Machine Learning can fully understand by probability and statistics and basic computer programming languages. Algorithms and Data structures, Calculus, Linear Algebra, Probability, and Statistic knowledge are essential to learning machine learning. Machine Learning technology can also be understood by knowing about the features [key characters] of machine learning. Features Of Machine Learning The most important features are listed as follows: The first and most important feature of machine learning is Automation. This feature helps automate the particular tasks which results to increase in productivity. From startups to large companies have the number of data is increased day by day. Machine learning has the special feature called data visualization that uses the data to analyze and its give result to improve the effort in productivity in business processes. Machine learning can know the customer's interest. Through this technology, the big organizations know the customer interest and increase their business productivity based on their customer's need. The productivity of the business can be increased to the next level when machine learning merged with IoT [Internet of Things] Machine learning can give accurate results in data analysis. The financial sector can use Machine learning technology, lenders can generate a new more complete consumer picture. Machine learning can give a high level of business intelligence when the features are merged with the big analytical data work. Advantages Of Machine Learning The advantages of machine learning are listed as follows: It can understand a large number of data and give results like trends and patterns. For example, the famous e-commerce website Amazon understands the user interest with the help of browsing history which is helpful to categorize the products and deals which is relevant to the users. Another advantage is that automates the machine without human interference. Machine algorithms gain experience day by day, which is helpful to improve data accuracy and efficiency. Machine learning can also able to handle multi-variety and multidimensional environments. Machine learning can deliver a good experience in the business process. Conclusion Machine learning is a new technology that is improving day by day by its unique feature. Most organizations decide to use machine learning to improve their growth. It also gives lots of career paths compared to other fields. It’s offering many more jobs like data analyst, data scientist, NLP scientist, etc. If you learn machine learning, it’s a big asset for your career growth. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Machine Learning Features. Here we discuss the introduction to machine learning features along with its advantages and various features. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more– Uses of Machine Learning Machine Learning Life Cycle What is Machine Learning? Machine Learning Models

read more

Machine Learning Tools

Introduction To Machine Learning Tools The following article provides an outline for Machine Learning Tools. Machine learning is a part of Artificial Intelligence, which can evolve and upgrade on its own with time and experience as we all know AI has a mind of its own, so Machine learning being a part of it plays the same role. One of the simple concepts of Machine Learning is that the programs which are built on the ideas of Machine learning can automatically learn and adapt to perform tasks on its own without any pre-programming. Machine learning has the capability to declassify and depreciate complex algorithms and codes. It also can decipher and recognize unknown data and perform tasks based on certain build predictions on its own. The concept of Machine learning is being used in several fields of work depending on their requirements, some of the important areas where machine learning are being used regularly are: Advertising Business Intelligence Data Mining and Data Warehousing Computational Statistics Analytics News Fraud Detection and many more, its applications are endless and will only increase by the day. As the need for Cloud computing or Web Service increase, so will the demand for Artificial Intelligence and in turn expanding the usages of Machine Learning concepts and tools. Machine learning has been principally divided into three categories: Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning Reinforcement Learning What Is Machine Learning? Machine Learning is first of all a concept that upgrades and adapts itself with time. This concept is a part of the computer/digital technology that we use every day in our life. This involves the computer’s built-in algorithms which constantly change and improves itself automatically with time and experience and also based on the current technological requirements. That is why Machine Learning is also regarded as a part of Artificial Intelligence due to their similarity in characteristics i.e., read, intuit and predict. Types Of Tools In Machine Learning There are various types of tools available for Machine Learning. So, the most used machine learning tools are as follows: PyTorch TensorFlow Scikit Learn KNIME Apache Mahout Weka Colab Shogun Rapid Miner Accor.Net Keras.io So, these are the most popular Machine Learning Tools currently being used around the world to serve various purposes and operational needs according to their algorithms and features. Tools With Features: Given below are the above-mentioned popular Machine Learning tools in detail: Tools Operating System, It Works On The programming Language Is Written In Features Pytorch Windows, MAC OS, LINUX C, Python, CUDA Autograd module Optim module TensorFlow Windows, MAC OS, LINUX C, Python, CUDA Dispense library routines for dataflow programming Scikit Learn Windows, MAC OS, LINUX C, C, Python, Cython Regression Clustering Pre-processing KNIME Windows, MAC OS, LINUX Java Works with a large amount of data to support data mining operations Apache Mahout Windows, MAC OS, LINUX Java Scala Regression Clustering Pre-processing Weka Windows, MAC OS, LINUX Java Regression Clustering Visualization Colab Cloud Service - Provides assistance of PyTorch, TensorFlow, Keras Shogun Windows, MAC OS, LINUX C Regression Clustering Classification Rapid Miner Windows, MAC OS, LINUX Java Data Loading Visualization Data Transformation Accor.Net Windows, MAC OS, LINUX C# Distribution Clustering Regression Keras.io Windows, MAC OS, LINUX Python Provides API for neural networks Uses Of Machine Learning There is a vast abundance of usage and applications of Machine Learning in the practical world, more than you or we can contemplate. Social Media Banking Transport Virtual Communications Business Analysis Market Risk Analysis Healthcare & Medical Services Transport Air Traffic Control Web Service Applications E-Commerce Agricultural Industry Wildlife Conservation Security Services Google Translate Conclusion The future of the world will be based on digital technology, and digital technology platforms will be completely dependent on various real-time applications of Artificial Intelligence and thus incurring the use of Machine Learning Tools, so this proves the importance and significance of Machine Learning. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Machine Learning Tools. Here we discuss the introduction, types of tools in machine learning, and uses, respectively. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more – Machine Learning System Machine Learning Features Machine Learning Life Cycle Uses of Machine Learning

read more

Applications of Machine Learning

Introduction To Applications of Machine Learning The following article provides an outline for Applications of Machine Learning. A computer is a machine that can be work by human instructions. Human beings can learn new things that they can learn new things from outside experience and improve their knowledge. Even Machine computer also can improve its knowledge by it previously having data? Is it possible? Yes, Machines also learn from the data which they previously had which is called training data which is helpful to give the result without programming. More momentarily, Machine Learning is defined as a machine that can be learned automatically from previously having data, and also it can improve its performance from its knowledge previously have and give results accordingly without any programming. In 1959, Arthur Samuel was the first person to introduce the Machine Learning concept. Currently, Machine Learning use was very huge because it has a wide range of applications. Importance Of Machine Learning In the technology world, Machine Learning is playing an important role, and also the necessity of Machine Learning also increases day by day. Machine Learning is a division of Artificial Intelligence that can be used in various fields which helps reduce time and effort as well as human force in many organizations. We definitely can’t know the importance of Machine Learning without knowing how Machine Learning can be used in various fields. For example, Machine Learning is used in health care which is helpful to generate lab reports like ECG report, breathing abnormality. Machine Learning is mostly used in retail which is useful to increase revenue. For Ex: Netflix, Amazon, etc. Machine Learning is also used in Voice and Image Recognition, Videos Surveillance, Social Media Platform, Customer Support, Search Engine, and so on. Machine Learning Applications In the real world, many applications of Machine Learning are used day by day. The most important applications of Machine Learning are listed as follows: Self-driving Cars Filtering Email Voice and Image Recognition Online Fraud Detection Medical Diagnosis Automatic Language Translation Product Recommendations The uses of the above application of Machine Learning in detail are as follows: Self-driving Cars: It is one and most important applications of Machine Learning. The famous car company Tesla is running on self-driving cars. This mechanism used in the car driving by the car itself without human interference, and also used in the detection of place and objects when driving. Filtering Email: Machine Learning can be used in filtering the email by important, spam, and normal. The algorithms are used for filtering the email such as the Decision tree, naive Bayes classifier, and those algorithms are also used in malware detection. Voice and Image Recognition: Recognition of image and voice is one of the best applications of Machine Learning. This application is useful to detect the face, image, and places. For Ex: Facebook detects the face and gives automatic friend tagging suggestions. In Voice Recognition Machine Learning can read the voice and convert the matter into text. For Ex: We search the things in google through voice search. Traffic Prediction in google maps is possible because of Machine Learning. Online Fraud Detection: Money Transactions in online make life so easier, but in some cases, some money laundering activities also happened. But Machine Learning helps in detecting online fraud through its algorithms. Medical Diagnosis: Machine Learning in medical diagnosis and also it can able to develop 3d models that help in identifying the correct position of lesions in the brain. Automatic Language Translation: Google Neural Machine Translation helps in the translation of the text into our known language. Product Recommendations: When we search some products in Flipkart or other e-commerce websites, the websites show the advertisement related to the product, it because of Machine Learning that Machine can understand the user interest and gives result accordingly. Conclusion Machine Learning development is increased day by day. This article gives information about the application of Machine Learning that is useful to those who want to know about Machine Learning and its applications. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Applications of Machine Learning. Here we discuss the introduction and top applications of machine learning along with its importance. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more – Machine Learning Tools Machine Learning Features Machine Learning Models Machine Learning Life Cycle

read more

Careers in Machine Learning

Introduction To Careers in Machine Learning The following article provides an outline for Careers in Machine Learning. Machine Learning is one of the best career choices compare to other career fields. Because Machine Learning is a part of artificial intelligence and its growth is increased day by day. Many jobs are opened in the Machine Learning field to increase the productivity of the organization and also it can reduce the expenditure of the organization as well. Machine Learning is a field that the machine learning knowledge without programming but through previously having data likes algorithms. Simply say, we automate the machine does do the work without human interference like programming but through algorithms and well-structured data. Requirements For Machine Learning If you want to study Machine Learning, the following skills are the basic requirement to become successful in machine learning. Fundamentals of Computer Science: To learn Machine learning, we have to know about the basics of computer science like data structure, algorithms, computability, complexity, and computer architecture. Statistics and Probability: Probability and its techniques are the backbones of Machine Learning algorithms such as conditional probability, Bayes rule, Hidden Markov models, Markov Decision Processes. Statistics is another important section in Machine Learning which is useful to build models and validate as well from the learned data. Data Modeling: Data Modeling is one of the main requirements in Machine Learning which is useful to estimate the given data to find the output pattern. Machine Learning Algorithms: A standard Machine Learning Algorithms like H2O, TensorFlow, Theano, etc. are freely available which are useful to learn about machine learning. System Design and Software Engineering: In Machine Learning, Machine Learning Engineers provide the output as software format, so that we have to know about software engineering, system design, version control, testing, and documentation, etc. Career Paths In Machine Learning Various career paths in machine learning are listed below: Machine Learning Engineer: In the Machine Learning field, one can start his carrier initial as a Machine Learning Engineer and he learns the machine learning technology by various programming languages like Python, Scala, Java, etc. with the matched Machine Learning Libraries. Data Scientist: Machine Learning work can be fulfilled by Machine Learning Engineers and Data Scientists. The Data Scientist's role is to create the data and other hands Machine Learning Engineers analyze the given data and generate different machine learning algorithms that help the machine do the work automatically without human help. Business Intelligence Developer: It’s another important career in Machine Learning, that the Business Intelligence Developer's role is to analyze the big amount of data and interpret the results and make the business decision accordingly. Human-Centered Machine Learning Developer: In this role, the man creates machine learning algorithms that can be related to human choice. For Ex, in YouTube, the advertisements are shown according to the user preference. The developer helps to learn the machine understand the human preferences without any programming. NLP Scientist: NLP is a short form of Natural language Processing. NLP Scientist's role is to train the machine to learn patterns of speech through Machine Learning technology. Job Designations For Machine Learning Many job roles are available in Machine Learning. The most important job roles are listed as follows: Machine Learning Engineer Senior Machine Learning Engineer Machine Learning Software Engineer Data Scientist Data Scientist IT Data Analyst Data Architect Senior Data Scientist Business Intelligence Developer NLP Scientist Human-Centered Machine Learning Developer How Much Will You Earn? Machine Learning Engineers will earn approximately one lack dollar per year, the information provided by the famous American website. In India also the payout is high compared to other careers, even you can verify through various websites like glassdoor, indeed, etc. Conclusion Hope this article provides all the needed information about the careers in Machine Learning and its details. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Careers in Machine Learning. Here we discuss the introduction to careers in machine learning, its requirements and various career paths along with job designations. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more– Machine Learning Tools Machine Learning Features Machine Learning System Machine Learning Life Cycle

read more

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Introduction To Artificial Intelligence According to Statistic, Professor John McCarthy was the first person who introduced the term 'Artificial Intelligence' in 1956. Earlier, Artificial Intelligence was limited to only films, but now its use has become common in every field. In today's world, technology has advanced so as in Artificial Intelligence. A few years back, even a small task has to perform by a human, but with the introduction of Artificial Intelligence Automobile industry has started using less human power. Artificial Intelligence can perform various tasks like driving automobiles, can adapt according to an environment, to play games, it helps in providing virtual assistance. According to data, it has projected that 97.9 billion U.S. dollars revenue will be generated from Artificial Intelligence by 2023. What Is Artificial Intelligence? Artificial Intelligence is a branch of Computer science. Machines are programmed and demonstrate different activities through their intelligence, or we can say that it is a study of a human brain: an ability to think, work, their decision power, and solving problems. 1. Various tools are used in artificial intelligence Below are the tools of artificial intelligence: Different versions of search and mathematical optimization Probability Economics Artificial neural networks Statistics 2. Intelligence can be defined as the ability to think, understand, and learn It is composed of: Perception Problem solving Linguistic intelligence Learning Reasoning 3. Different applications of artificial intelligence Below are the applications: Gaming Vision systems Automotive Natural language processing Speech recognition Healthcare, etc. 4. Objectives of artificial intelligence Below are the objectives: Reasoning Planning Ability to move and manipulate objects Natural language processing Knowledge representation Learning Realization 5. Approaches of artificial intelligence Below are the approaches: Statistical methods Traditional coding Computational intelligence 6. Different uses of artificial intelligence Approximately 31.7 billion U.S. dollars have been invested in Artificial Intelligence. Companies that are into software business and information technology service providers are investing an enormous amount in the Artificial Intelligence field. Where Artificial Intelligence is Used? Here are some sectors where Artificial Intelligence is being used: Healthcare: These days most people are spending their time scrolling on social media and deteriorating health. If we look at the data, half of the population compromises on their health. With an increase in population and pollution, demand for Artificial Intelligence enabled equipment for hospitals has increased. It is a one-time investment. It reduces the time, cost, enable workflow and helps the doctors to free up their schedules. Artificial Intelligence enabled equipment helps pathologists in analyzing tissues. Business: In this digital world, online businesses are dependent on Artificial Intelligence. For those who operate their business online, they need to have real-time data. For instance, when you visit any website, you must have seen a chat window. And if you ask any query in the chatbot, they respond it immediately. The chatbot works on Artificial Intelligence. Education: Jiffy can automatically check multiple-choice questions, fill-in-the-blank questions, and automated grading of candidates can be done. Other fields where artificial intelligence is used: Social media Tourism Big data research Aviation Self-driving automobiles Financial trading Online shopping Mobile use Types of Artificial Intelligence Below are the different types of artificial intelligence: Reactive machines: These types of Artificial Intelligence have limited capability and the oldest forms of Artificial Intelligence systems. It doesn't have memory-based functionality and cannot use past data or experiences to take present actions. IBM's Deep Blue is the most popular example of a reactive artificial intelligence machine. Limited memory: Limited memory machines can use past experiences to make decisions. Nearly, all present-day Artificial Intelligence system comes under this category of Artificial Intelligence. An image recognition Artificial Intelligence is the best example in this category. Theory of mind: For now, this type of Artificial Intelligence is a concept or work in progress. A theory of mind Artificial Intelligence will be able to under human emotions better. Self-aware: Self-aware is the final stage of Artificial Intelligence, and it is hypothetically present. Other types of artificial intelligence are: Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI) Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) Artificial Superintelligence (ASI) How AI Works? Placing Artificial Intelligence on an island with robots and self-driving cars, this approach fails because it didn't recognize a major practical application of Artificial Intelligence. While going through the data created by humans, Artificial Intelligence systems provide intelligent searches. They can interpret both images and texts to find patterns in complex data, and then they act accordingly. Conclusion In recent years many developments have been done in the Artificial Intelligence field. As it goes, artificial intelligence will perform better in terms of its decision-making. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Introduction to Artificial Intelligence. Here we discuss what is artificial intelligence? where it is used? types and how AI works? You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – What is Artificial Intelligence? Benefits of Artificial Intelligence Future of Artificial Intelligence Career in Artificial Intelligence

read more

Future of Artificial Intelligence

Introduction To Future Of Artificial Intelligence In the coming years, Artificial Intelligence is going to change the lifestyle of humans. Now, Artificial Intelligence is not an alien concept to anybody. It was in 1950, Alan Turing, a British mathematician was widely appreciated. He was one of the first people who came up with the idea of machines. The Future of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is evolving with each passing year. AI has emerged as a powerful tool. During the time of 1800s, Artificial Intelligence was just a myth, speculation, and fiction. The concept of Artificial Intelligence was founded at a workshop that was held at Dartmouth College in 1956. In the 1980s, the Artificial Intelligence program known as "expert systems" was taken by corporations around the world. In the same year, the Japanese government invested in Artificial Intelligence with its fifth-generation computer project. In the early 21st century, people started taking an interest and investing in Artificial Intelligence. Goals Of Artificial Intelligence Below are the six major designs goals for Artificial Intelligence: Algorithms were designed in such a way that it can perform mental tasks like solving mathematical theorems, playing chess, and many other tasks. For the second design Lisp, the programming language was developed. Machines were designed to interact with the world as humans do. Machines were expected to identify people, languages, and objects. In the third design, machines were programmed to plan and navigate. With the help of this machine could be able to navigate themselves. In the fourth design, machines are designed in such a way that they can understand natural language, the context of speech and conversation. Train the machines in such a way that they can perceive feelings like taste, feel, touch, sight, and hearing. General intelligence includes creativity, intuition, and emotional intelligence. All these designs were set to build the foundation of machines. Many companies are trying to apply Artificial Intelligence strategy in the organization. It all started with these six design goals and we can see them getting fulfilled day by day. Artificial Intelligence For Next 10 Years It can be assumed that in the coming years, scientists may be able to edit human DNA. In the coming next 10 years, speech recognition will improve and maybe it will reach to human level. The researcher assumed that AI-enabled robots will start communicating with humans using text or voice. Robots may start navigating by themselves in an unprepared environment. In the next coming years, two major and important projects are lined up i.e: Human Brain Simulation IBM Blue Brain and Cortex Robots will take over every job. Benefits Of Artificial Intelligence Below are the benefits of Artificial Intelligence: Automation: The automation industry is booming with the introduction of Artificial Intelligence technology. Artificial Technology has a very significant impact on the communications, consumer products, transportation, and service industries. This industry makes the best use of raw materials. Decision Making: Artificial Intelligence Technology is also known for taking the best and smart business decisions. AI is capable of analyzing the data, trends, and can provide forecasts. Better Customer Experience: Earlier, a customer used to face many problems whenever they visit any website. With AI-enabled Chabot, customer queries can be easily resolved. With the help of AI tools, stress can be reduced from the staff. Healthcare: These days most people are spending their time scrolling on social media and deteriorating health. If we look at the data, half of the population compromises on their health. With an increase in population and pollution, demand for Artificial Intelligence enabled equipment for hospitals has increased. It is a one-time investment. It reduces the time, cost, enables workflow, and help the doctors to free up their schedules. Artificial Intelligence enabled equipment helps pathologists in analyzing tissues. Business: In this digital world, online businesses are dependent on Artificial Intelligence. For those who operate their business online, it is essential for them to have real-time data. Education: Jiffy can automatically check multiple-choice questions, fill-in-the-blank questions, and automated grading of candidates can be done. Conclusion Every day researcher is experimenting with technology to make humans life better. Artificial Intelligence is an emerging technology. Artificial Intelligence technology is still in the development phase. In the coming years, we may face many challenges. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Future of Artificial Intelligence. Here we discuss the introduction and goals of artificial intelligence along with its benefits. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Benefits of Artificial Intelligence Applications of Artificial Intelligence What are the Uses of Artificial Intelligence? Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

read more

Benefits of Artificial Intelligence

Introduction To Artificial Intelligence The following article provides an outline for Benefits of Artificial Intelligence. Artificial Intelligence, as the name suggests is something that is created not natural intelligence. For example, a child learns from seeing and observing things like apple is fruit and dog is an animal and then applies this knowledge/Intelligence to identify other similar fruits and animal, in the same way, a machine learns from seeing and observing information and based on this knowledge applies this intelligence to identify similar things. Seems exciting isn’t it, but it’s just the starting of it, there’s a lot more to know about AI. Applications Of Artificial Intelligence Surely there’s a lot of stuff going on in AI, but we can breakdown understand with some simple and informative applications as below: 1. Communication Communication is something where AI is playing a very important role. For written communication, there’s NLP (Natural Language processing) and NLU (Natural Language Understanding). NLP and NLU help in processing written information such as getting relevant information from a text, suggesting the words in a sentence while writing it (email suggestion). NLP and NLU are now capable of translating text from one language to another without any supervision. 2. Transportation Autonomous cars or self-driving vehicles are possible because of Artificial Intelligence. The AI-assisted cars are not only able to transport from one place to another, they also have exceeded the accuracy of humans in terms of accidents which is phenomenal. Tesla is now building autonomous trucks so transportation of goods will be possible without any human assistance in the future. 3. Observation/ Recognition Facial recognition is where AI is breaking the ground. With deep learning, AI can detect people/ animals /objects in a picture or a video. For example, Our smartphones have this facial unlocking feature in the device through face detection. On Facebook, you can tag peoples by just moving curser on their faces and it shows their names. 4. Recommendations You open any purchasing website Amazon or Flipkart or BigBasket. You add items to your cart and you will see some recommended products which are nothing but the information that the AI engine has collected from the other users who have bought similar items. There are many more applications of AI but from above you can see the intelligence which we use to do things on daily basis now machines can also do with Artificial Intelligence. Key Benefits Of AI Below are some key benefits of AI: Get rid of many repetitive tasks, AI assists us in getting rid of repetitive task with its intelligent recommendation system. A better experience in using smart devices, nowadays smartphones have voice assistance which can generate texts on user’s command. Cameras have AI assistance to enhance modes according to the environment. Autonomous vehicles will reshape transportation, where there would not be any accidents and driving would be safe and efficient as well. Better healthcare. Various Problems Associated With AI One of the biggest fear we have with AI is, it will exceed human intelligence. But so far AI has proven itself better in individual tasks. And to do all the tasks simultaneously is still far for AI. The other concern is privacy, AI works on information and data. It proposes serious privacy concerns which yet to be addressed. Conclusion An artificially created intelligence, which can perform different tasks that humans do is AI. There are numerous applications of AI that can bring comfort in our lives. It can help in solving complex problems in healthcare. But it also can have some serious consequences related to privacy, which are yet to be addressed. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Benefits of Artificial Intelligence. Here we discuss a brief overview on artificial intelligence, various applications and its key benefits in detail. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – What is Artificial Intelligence? Applications of Artificial Intelligence | Top 5 Tools What are the Uses of Artificial Intelligence? Future of Artificial Intelligence

read more

Career in Artificial Intelligence

Introduction To Career in Artificial Intelligence The following article provides an outline for Career in Artificial Intelligence. According to Gartner, Artificial Intelligence will create 2.3 million jobs in the coming years. And due to the COVID-19 crisis, it has been seen that there is a sharp rise in job opportunities for Artificial Intelligence workers. Further, Gartner says that B2B companies will employ about 30 percent of Artificial Robots/ systems to boost their sale processes. According to Demandbase, Artificial Intelligence will revolutionize the industry in the coming years. So, if you are an Artificial Intelligence enthusiast, this field is for you. Enormous job opportunities are available in the Artificial Intelligence field. To enable Artificial Intelligence systems on company premises, employers will require Artificial Intelligence talent to fulfill the company’s requirements. How Anyone Can Start Their Career In Artificial Intelligence Field? Given below shows in detail how anyone can start their career in the Artificial Intelligence field: 1. Data Engineer If you are starting your career as a Big Data Engineer, you will have to create an ecosystem for the business so that they interact efficiently. You will have to build and administer the data of an organization. Additionally, obtain outcomes from big data. Working as a Big Data Engineer will give you a lucrative salary than other Artificial Intelligence roles. Big companies like Spark and Hadoop systems, where Big Data Engineers prepare, manage and establish a big data environment. Those who are good with technical skills and always to try tools, then this career is for you. Python, R, and Java, programming languages will play a crucial role in building a career in Artificial Intelligence as a big data engineer. Candidates who have done a Ph.D. in Computer Science or Mathematics are given more preferences. 2. Business Intelligence Developer Being a Business Intelligence Developer, your primary responsibility is to understand and judge things quickly and clearly. They will identify various business trends and helps to increase profits by analyzing complicated data. They also provide intelligence solutions. Business Intelligence Developer helps in optimizing various processes and make sure that the workflow of the organization is running efficiently. 3. Data Scientist As a Data Scientist, you will have to collect relevant data from different sources to gain constructive inferences. These inferences will help to tackle issues related to business. From various calculations and past, present information, data scientists make different predictions. To become a Data Scientist, you need to have good command over programming languages like Scala, Python, or SQL and hands-on experiences on modern tools like Hadoop, Spark, Hive, or Pig. 4. Machine Learning Engineer A candidate should have a master's degree in Mathematics or Computer Science. If you want to become a Machine Learning Engineer, knowledge of Python, R, Scala, and Java is a must. Comprehensive knowledge about machine learning algorithms, deep learning, and neural networks will be beneficial for you. Machine Learning Engineer helps in maintaining self-running software. They are highly in demand, and companies never stop their recruitment. 5. Research Scientist Research Scientists are involved in extensive research. They deal with applications of machine learning and intelligence. To become a research scientist, you need to have a Ph.D. or a master's degree in Mathematics-Computer Science. 6. Artificial Intelligence Data Analyst Artificial Intelligence Data Analyst performs tasks like data cleaning, data mining, and data interpretation. By taking the help of statistical tools, inferences are drawn by an Artificial Intelligence Data Analyst. A candidate should have a bachelor's degree in computer science or mathematics. 7. Product Manager The duties of a Product Manager involve solving problems by strategically collecting data and should be able to solve every obstacle that hinders business. A Product Manager is required to analyze business impacts from the outcomes of data interpretation. Companies For Artificial Intelligence Following are lists of companies that recruit Artificial Intelligence Professionals: Amazon Google Apple DJI Facebook Clarifai Anki Casetext Deepmind DataVisor Conclusion If you are planning to make a career in Artificial Intelligence, this is the right time to start. Artificial Intelligence has a very bright future. Enroll in courses and grab opportunities. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Career in Artificial Intelligence. Here we discuss a brief overview and how anyone can start their career in the artificial intelligence field. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – What is Artificial Intelligence? Applications of Artificial Intelligence What are the Uses of Artificial Intelligence? Benefits of Artificial Intelligence

read more

MySQL Server

Introduction To MySQL Server MySQL based is based on client/server architecture which means that application programs communicate with the database server (MySQL). Anyone can save changes, query data, and many more. It is scalable because it supports multi-threading. MySQL can handle any amount of data and is considered one of the fastest database languages. It supports many different libraries and client programs, backend, APIs (application programming interfaces), several different administrative tools. MySQL creates a database and then define the relationship of each table. When clients make requests by typing SQL statements on MySQL, the server application will respond according to the request made by a client. It is essential to have MySQL server and data files if anyone is working on a local machine. If you have a remote database, then it is not important to install these features. What Is MySQL Client? MySQL Client act as a browser for MySQL server. MySQL client accepts the input from the user and sends it to the server. After sending it to the server, the MySQL client accepts the returned response and display the output. Whenever anyone installs MySQL, by default MySQL client is also installed. It helps the client to send queries across the network and display output on the screen. It is not mandatory to use the MySQL client where a server is present. MySQL client software can be installed on the remote machine and can communicate with the MySQL server. Data Directory & Storage Engine Given below shows data directory and storage engine in MySQL Server: 1. Data Directory All information managed by MySQL is stored under the data directory. The data directory contains all the databases and tables. These are organized in a tree-like structure. Usually, we see that people run a single server to manage all the databases. But, it is also possible to run multiple servers. This is possible when each server manages its data directory, there will be no problem in the interaction. Generally, it is not recommended. If you ever try this make sure that systems provide better file locking otherwise, servers will not respond correctly. 2. Storage Engines Storage Engines is one of the MySQL components. It is capable of handling SQL operations for several table types to manage and store information in a database. For general-purpose, InnoDB is widely used. There are several different storage engines available in MySQL. InnoDB: This storage engine will provide you with transaction-safe tables. It supports FOREIGN KEY integrity constraints. To protect the data, it uses rollback, commit, and crash-recovery statements. It also has a row-level locking feature. It also has a "consistent nonlocking reads" feature which helps increasing performance it is used in a multiuser environment. Data is stored in clustered indexes. MyISAM: This storage engine is capable of managing non-transactional tables. It supports complete text searching and has high-speed storage and retrieval. MEMORY: This storage engine comes with an in-memory tables feature, earlier known as HEAP. All the data are stored in RAM for faster access. It can be helpful for quick looks up of reference and different identical data. EXAMPLE: This storage engine allows you to create tables, but you will not be able to store and fetch data. The only purpose of this storage engine is to teach developers how they can write a new storage engine. ARCHIVE: It doesn't support indexes and is capable of storing a large amount of data. CSV: With the help of this storage engine, a user can store data in comma-separated value. BLACKHOLE: You can store data, but this storage engine is doesn't return any value. FEDERATED: Data is stored in a remote database. Conclusion - MySQL Server MySQL is essential because it provides basic functionality to the website. You will require a MySQL server to host a website. You will require a MySQL server to store the data of a website. Recommended Articles This is guide to MySQL Server. Here we discuss the introduction, what is MySQL client, data directory, storage engine and its types available in MySQL. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more– What is MySQL? MySQL Operators MySQL Commands MySQL Constraints

read more

MySQL Commands

Introduction To MySQL Commands The first word “My” is taken from the name of the co-founder’s (Michael Widenius) daughter and SQL stands for Structured Query Language. MySQL is an open-source RDBMS (Abr: Relational Database Management System) and is widely used for scalable web-based and embedded database applications. To interact with the MySQL database, we use some commands which would be able to perform create, update and modify the tables. The basis for these commands is SQL, the execution of commands further depends on the privileges assigned to users. Database management comes with a lot of responsibility and while performing operations one must know what exactly he wants. Basic MySQL Commands To interact with the database we use some commands or you can say a language that the system understands. Below are some basic commands: 1. Show Database Command If you want to see available databases use the below query. Code: Show databases; 2. Create Database Command Below are the commands you can use to create databases. The second command checks if the database exists. Code: Create Database My_database; Create Database if not exists My_database; 3. Create Table Command In case you want to create a new table to store data, e.g., let’s say you want to store student information in a table. You can use the below format: Code: Create Table Students( Student_First_Name varchar(80), Student_Last_Name varchar(80), Student_ID varchar(10) Student_Class varchar(10) ); Execute this and our table will be created. You can use the below command and see available table names. Code: Show tables; 4. Use Database Command Once you see the available database or have created a database you can use the below commands. Code: Use database_name; You shall see a message: Database changed In case if you want to get the name of the currently connected database. Code: Select database(): 5. Show Table Command You can use this command to see the available tables in a database. Code: Show tables; How To Describe And Delete The Table? Once you have selected a database and now if you want to see the information of a particular table use the below commands. Code: Describe Table_name; In case if you want to delete a table: Code: Drop Table_name; Basic Select Command You can use basic select commands to access the database and tables. Also, you can apply certain conditions on table columns to get specific information. Below listed are some basic commands we can use for the same: 1. Select all the columns form a table. Code: Select * from Table_name; 2. Select specific columns from a table. Code: Select col_name1, col_name, Col_name3 from Table_name; 3. Using criteria with where clause: (for example consider col_name1 is a numeric value and we want to see the values where col_name1 has values greater than 1000). Code: Select * from Table_name where col_name1 > 1000 ; How To Perform Count In Select Command? Many a time you would need to find the number of records available in a table, sometimes it would be for all records, and other times it would with certain criteria. Below are the commands to do the same: Code: Select count(*) from Table_name; Using criteria with where clause: (considering the criteria mentioned earlier for the where clause). Code: Select count(*) from Table_name where col_name1 > 1000 ; You can count the records for a specific column also, in that case you have to use column name instead of ‘*’. Code: Select count(col_name1) from Table_name where col_name1 > 1000 ; Conclusion - MySQL Commands In this article, we have seen the basics of MySQL, how it got this name, and its uses. As it is an RDBMS, you need the knowledge of commands to interact with the database. We have covered basic commands that are used in MySQL to access the database and create it. Recommended Articles This is a guide to MySQL Commands. Here we discuss basic MySQL commands, how to describe & delete the table? how to perform count in select command? You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – What is MySQL? Introduction to MySQL MySQL Constraints MySQL Operators

read more

How to Install MySQL?

Introduction To MySQL The following article provides an outline for How to Install MySQL. MySQL is server software and an open-source relational database management system (RDBMS). MySQL is considered as one of the best RDMS that are used for developing web-based software and allows you to retrieve, modify, and store data in relational format. According to GNU General Public License, MySQL is free and open-source software that is available under different proprietary licenses. Users can directly interact with MySQL with the help of SQL as MySQL has stand-alone clients. MySQL works on various different system platforms for example BSDi, AIX, FreeBSD, macOS, HP-UX, i5/OS, eComStation, IRIX, ArcaOS, Linux, and Microsoft Windows. MySQL is based on client/server architecture which means that application programs communicate with the database server (MySQL). Anyone can save changes, query data, and many more. MySQL server is scalable because it supports multi-threading. MySQL can handle any amount of data and is considered one of the fastest database languages. MySQL server supports many different libraries and client programs, backend, APIs (application programming interfaces), several different administrative tools. MySQL creates a database and then define the relationship of each table. When clients make requests by typing SQL statements on MySQL, the server application will respond according to the request made by a client. It is essential to have MySQL server and data files if anyone is working on a local machine. If you have a remote database, then it is not important to install these features. How To Install MySQL? Given below shows how to install MySQL: 1. How we can Download MySQL? To download MySQL, you will have to visit their official website that is mysql.com. According to your requirement, you can download: MySQL Enterprise Edition: It comes with some advanced features, tech-support and several different management tools. MySQL Cluster CGE: It is a real-time transactional database. MySQL Cluster provides fast performance. 2. Installing MySQL on Windows a. For windows, MySQL is available only in 64-bit. MySQL installer is recommended for Microsoft Windows. b. You will have to visit the website to download MySQL https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/installer/. c. After executing, you will have to install the server and begin with server configuration. For server configuration, you will have to select one of the following: Standalone MySQL Server/ Classic MySQL Replication(default). InnoDB cluster. d. After selecting, complete the process of configuration. Now, MySQL is installed on our computer. If you have MySQL as a service, Microsoft windows will always start the MySQL server every time you restart the system. By this process, MySQL installer is installed on the localhost which can be upgraded and reconfigured. 3. How to Start MySQL? To start MySQL server on Microsoft Windows, you will have to use mysqld statement. You will have to open the run dialogue box by entering windows R command, then, you have to type cmd and press enter after it. Lastly, you will have to type mysqld and then press enter. If the bin folder is not present in the Windows path environment, you can navigate it. 4. Create Database in MySQL To create a database in MySQL, you have to follow the following steps: There should be SSH in your server. You will have to login as a root user into MySQL. After these two steps, you have to create a new database user. By typing q, you will have to log out of MySQL. After logging out from MySQL, log in with a new database user which you have created, then you will have to enter a password. Lastly, create a database. Conclusion - How To Install MySQL? MySQL is essential because it provides basic functionality to the website. You will require a MySQL server to host a website. You will require MySQL server to store the data of a website. If you are giving a thought or want to develop websites, MySQL is one of the best options. It has essential elements of the LAMP stack. If you are following correct steps while installing MySQL discussed above, you will not face any problem. Recommended Articles This is a guide to How to Install MySQL? Here we discuss the introduction to MySQL and installation of MySQL for better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – What is MySQL? MySQL Operators MySQL Constraints MySQL Commands

read more

Is MySQL a Programming Language?

Introduction To Programming Language The following article provides an outline for Is MySQL a Programming Language? A programming language is a set of instructions, commands, and different syntax are used to develop a software program. Programming languages help to implement algorithms. Computers use binary language i.e. strings of 1s and 0s. Programming language helps to translate the 1s and 0s into human-readable form. Programmers use high-level languages to write codes. This code can be converted into low-level languages that can be easily understood by computers. What Is High-Level Language And Low-Level Language? Given below shows what is High-Level and Low-Level Language: a. High-Level Language A high-level programming language has been designed for humans and can only be understood by them. This language use words like class, object, run, and many more that are common for humans. They write source code using logical words and symbols. Logical words like while, else, if and symbols like <, > and == are common operators used while writing a programming language. Examples: C++ , Java, Perl, and PHP. Perl and PHP are also known as interpreted languages. These programming languages can be translated easily by an interpreter. b. Low-Level Language A low-level programming language has been designed for a machine to understand. Assembly and Machine languages are known as low-level language. Their instructions are more difficult to read than high-level programming language. Is MySQL A Programming Language? Yes, MySQL is a Programming language. Till now you must have got a basic idea of programming languages. You must have heard about MySQL. Have you ever given a thought to whether MySQL is a programming language or not? MySQL is server software and an open-source relational database management system (RDBMS). MySQL is a combination of "My", co-founder Michael Widenius's daughter's name, and SQL stands for "Structured Query Language". MySQL is considered as one of the best RDMS that are used for developing web-based software and allows you to retrieve, modify, and store data in relational format. According to GNU General Public License, MySQL is free and open-source software that is available under different proprietary licenses. Users can directly interact with MySQL with the help of SQL as MySQL has stand-alone clients. MySQL works on various different system platforms for example BSDi, AIX, FreeBSD, macOS, HP-UX, i5/OS, eComStation, IRIX, ArcaOS, Linux, Microsoft Windows. History Of MySQL It was a Swedish company that created MySQL AB which was founded by Allan Larsson, David Axmark, and Michael "Monty" Widenius. But, the actual development of MySQL started in 1994 by Widenius and Axmark. On 23 May 1995 first version of MySQL came into the Market. Initially, it was created for personal use, mSQL, but later they developed a new SQL interface by keeping the same API, many developers were able to use MySQL. MySQL AB was taken over by Sun Microsystems in 2008. On 27 January 2010, Sun Microsystems was acquired by Oracle. In 2019, MySQL was declared as DBMS of the year by DB-Engines ranking. Features Of MySQL MySQL is very user- friendly and easy to use. You require only a little knowledge about MySQL to use. By using only simple SQL statements, you can build and interact with MySQL. MySQL has a very high data security layer that helps to protect data from hackers, and passwords are encrypted. MySQL based is based on client/server architecture which means that application programs communicate with the database server (MySQL). Anyone can save changes, query data, and many more. Without spending any single penny from your pocket, you can easily download it from the official website. MySQL is scalable because it supports multi-threading. MySQL can handle any amount of data and is considered one of the fastest database languages. Conclusion - Is MySQL a Programming Language? If you are giving a thought or want to develop websites, MySQL is one of the best options. It has essential elements of the LAMP stack. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Is MySQL a Programming Language? Here we discuss the introduction, what is high and low-level language? history and features. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – What is MySQL? MySQL Operators MySQL Server MySQL Commands

read more

MySQL Constraints

Introduction To MySQL Constraints The following article provides an outline for MySQL Constraints. MySQL constraint is mainly used to restrict or allow, the value or type of data, which is to be stored in the table of a database. It is the best way to maintain a database's uprightness. One can apply constraints in two levels, one is ‘table label’ and another is ‘column level’. Column level can be applied to only one column, unlike table level which can be applied to the entire table. Once the constraints applied in the table, while executing, if there are any mismatched data entered, it will not allow executing the operation. Different Constraints Used In MySQL Given below are the six constraints mostly used in MySQL: 'NOT NULL' 'UNIQUE' 'CHECK' 'DEFAULT' 'PRIMARY KEY' 'FOREIGN KEY' 1. 'NOT NULL' Constraint If we use this constraint in a column, then it will not accept any valueless entry. For example, we have created a table called 'Employee', wherein we are supposed to enter the employee's ‘first name’ and the name of the ‘hometown’ of that employee. Code: MySQL>CREATE TABLE Employee(Id INTEGER, Name TEXT NOT NULL, Hometown VARCHAR(40)); Now we will add some data to the table in the following way: Code: Mysql>INSERT INTO Employee VALUES(1,'John','Mumbai'); Mysql>INSERT INTO Employee VALUES(2,NULL,'Delhi'); The first command is correct, and it will run successfully, where we have inserted all the values. But while running the second command, it will show an error. The ‘Error 1038’ error would appear, stating column 'Name' cannot be null. 2. 'UNIQUE' Constraint The 'unique' name comes from the uniqueness, which this constraint maintains in a column. The function of this constraint is, not to allow any duplicate value in a column of a table. In the table called 'Employee', we will apply a 'unique' constraint to the employee's hometown. Code: MySQL> CREATE TABLE Employee(Id INTEGER, Name UNIQUE, Hometown VARCHAR(40)); Now we will add some similar data to the table in the following way: Code: Mysql>INSERT INTO Employee VALUES(1,'John','Mumbai'); Mysql>INSERT INTO Employee VALUES(2,'Jack','Mumbai'); The first command will run successfully where we have inserted all the values for the first time, with no repetition. But while running the second command it will show an error, as the ‘hometown’ name is the same. As per the condition, it should be different. The 'Error 1062' error would appear stating that it is a duplicate entry as 'Mumbai' for 'Employee.Hometown'. 3. 'CHECK' Constraint Here we can apply conditions or place controls to have the desired value in that column. It tries to validate the value with the given logical expression to that particular column. In the table named 'Employee', we have added one more column called 'age'. Now we don't want, that somebody enters numeric figures below '21'. Code: MySQL>CREATE TABLE Employee(Id INTEGER, Name UNIQUE, HomeTown VARCHAR(40), Age int CHECK (Age>=21)); Now we will insert some value to the table: Code: Mysql>INSERT INTO Employee VALUES(1,'John','Mumbai',25); Mysql>INSERT INTO Employee VALUES(2,'Jack','Delhi',15); The second command is incorrect. It will show an error, as the age of the employee is less than 21. 'Error 3819' error should appear stating that 'Employee_age_1' has been violated. 4. 'DEFAULT' Constraint In a column of a table, if we require a value, even including a NULL, then we use this constraint. In a column, if no value is inserted then it takes the default value assigned for that column. In the table named 'Employee', we don't want, that somebody keeps the hometown column blank. Code: MySQL>CREATE TABLE Employee(Id INTEGER, Name UNIQUE, Hometown VARCHAR(40) DEFAULT'Mumbai'); Now we will add some similar data to the table in the following way: Code: mysql>INSERT INTO Employee VALUES(1,'John','Mumbai'); mysql>INSERT INTO Employee VALUES(2,'Jack','70'); The second command is incorrect, while running, it will not accept '70' as hometown instead it will take 'Mumbai' as a default value for that column. 5. PRIMARY KEY Constraint To access the table faster, some unique indexing is required for that value. This constraint solves this problem very efficiently. There can be many columns in a table, containing various sets of values, but it should contain one primary key only. In the table named 'Employee', if someone enters the same ID repeatedly it can be a mess in the table. That is why a primary key is required. Code: MySQL>CREATE TABLE Employee(Id INTEGER, Name UNIQUE, Hometown VARCHAR(40) DEFAULT ‘Mumbai'); Now we will add some similar data to the table in the following way: Code: MySQL>INSERT INTO Employee VALUES (1,'John','Mumbai'); MySQL>INSERT INTO Employee VALUES (2,'Jack','Delhi'); MySQL>INSERT INTO Employee VALUES (2,'Jemmy', 'Kolkata'); The first and second command is correct but the third is not. While running the third command, it will not accept '2' as ID. The ‘Error 1062’ error would reflect stating that it has a duplicate entry '2' for the key 'Employee.PRIMARY'. 6. FOREIGN KEY Constraint This key is also known as the referencing key. Suppose two tables are containing different values in their respective columns. Now if we want to link these two tables, there should be something common in between, which is the primary key of both the table. Now if we try to connect or link the primary key of the first table with the primary key of the second table, then we will call the second table's primary key a foreign key. For example, we have created two tables, one is ‘Employee’ and another is ‘Organization’. Code: MySQL>CREATE TABLE Employee (Person Id PRIMARY KEY, Name UNIQUE, HomeTown VARCHAR(40)); Let's add some data to the table: Code: Mysql>INSERT INTO Employee VALUES (1,'John','Mumbai'); Mysql>INSERT INTO Employee VALUES (2,'Jack','Delhi'); Mysql>INSERT INTO Employee VALUES (3,'Jimmy', 'Kolkata'); Let’s create an ‘Organization’ table: Code: MySQL>CREATE TABLE Organization (PersonId, Department UNIQUE, Specializations VARCHAR (40) FOREIGN KEY (Employee_ID) REFERENCES Employee(Person_ID)); We will add some data to this table too: MySQL>INSERT INTO Employee VALUES (3,'Operations','Management'); MySQL>INSERT INTO Employee VALUES (2,'Software Development’,‘Data Science'); MySQL>INSERT INTO Employee VALUES (1,'Human Resource’,‘Hiring'); After running all these six commands this is how the details would appear: Code: PersonID1, Name 'John', Hometown 'Mumbai' EmployeeID1, Department 'Human Resource', Specializations 'Hiring' PersonID2, Name 'Jack', Hometown 'Delhi'); EmployeeID2, Department 'Software Development', Specializations 'Data Science' PersonID3, Name 'Jimmy', Hometown 'Kolkata' EmployeeID3, Department 'Operations, Specializations 'Management' Recommended Articles This is a guide to MySQL Constraints. Here we discuss the introduction and different constraints used in MySQL respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – What is MySQL? MySQL Operators MySQL Server MySQL Commands

read more

MySQL Operators

Introduction To MySQL Operators MySQL is an RDBMS, and to access it many a time you would need to apply some filters or conditions to get specific data. To perform the same MySQL offers these operators which would help you in doing the same. These operations come in handy when you will be dealing with a very large database and there would be table mappings, it would be quite crucial to have a clear understanding of these operators to get the right information. Various Operators In MySQL In the broader sense below are the types of operators used in MySQL: Arithmetic Operators: These operations are used in numeric operations. These operators are simple and work just like basic algebra. Comparison Operators: Most commonly used operators in any SQL to query fields. These operators are widely used in data analysis. Logical Operators: As the name suggests when you need to apply logic, these logical operators would help you to do the same. The logic would be like, if the student's height is greater than 5 ft “AND” student is Indian, he would like Cricket. 1. Arithmetic Operators In MySQL, many times you would need to apply arithmetic operations in that case these arithmetic operators will come in handy in those cases. Operator What it does? + Adds two values (Operands). * Multiplication operator multiplies two operands. - Subtract operator, subtracts two operands. / Division operator divides two operands. % Modulus operator, it gets a reminder after dividing one operand with another. Example: X = 12 Y = 3 X Y = 15 X * Y = 36 X - Y = 9 X / Y = 4 X % Y = 0 2. Comparison Operators In MySQL, to query the data from the database sometime you would need to apply certain conditions or would need to compare the operands, and to do that these comparison operators would help you to do the same. Operator What it does? > Left operand is greater than right operand. < Left operand is smaller than left operand. != Left operand is not equal to right operand. == Left operand is exactly equal to right operand. >= Left operand is greater than or equal to right operand. <= Left operand is less than or equal to right operand. !> Left operand is not greater than right operand. !< Left operand is not less than right operand. <> Left operand is not equal to right operand. 3. Logical Operators Logical operators used frequently in MySQL are listed below: Operator What it does? OR If one of the conditions satisfies, the statement will query. AND If all the mentioned conditions are satisfied then only the query will execute. NOT If the condition stated is not in the operands the query will execute. BETWEEN This operator gives the flexibility to choose range for a query. EXISTS This operator helps to point out if a specific condition exists before running the query. IN This operator works the same as between operator in case of numerical inputs but it also provides flexibility for strings. LIKE This operator helps a user to find a similar keyword in a table. ISNULL To check if any fields are null in the table. UNIQUE To get unique values from a table. Conclusion MySQL is an RDBMS and there would be very large databases. To query some specific data MySQL offers some operators. In the above article, you have seen three types of operators: Arithmetic operator, Comparison operator, and Logical operator. These operators are used according to the need of the user also they are simple and can be understood by simple naming convention. Recommended Articles This is a guide to MySQL Operators. Here we discuss the introduction and the various operators in the MySQL respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – What is MySQL? MySQL Commands MySQL Server How to Install MySQL?

read more

How to Install R?

What is R and How to Install R? R Programming Language is an open-source and adaptable programming language making it freely accessible without any licenses. R can be installed in any platform like Windows and Mac OS and also Linux systems. Its versatile programming nature makes it an ideal platform to develop state-of-the-art unique software for a diversified background i.e. for different kinds of industrial applications. Anybody wanting to have a career in R programming to become successful can easily do so, it being free of cost programming platform and easily accessible, the only requirement is, to have the tenacity to learn the language properly once you get to install it on your PC or laptop. Complete Guide To How To Install R? Given below shows the complete guide to how to install R: 1. Basic Requirements for Installing R You can install R Programming, RStudio, and its R packages on a PC or a laptop also, although it needs certain prerequisites to have a smooth and proper installation. These basic requirements are as follows: Windows 10 (always more preferable) /8.1/8 /7 /Vista /XP /2000 with an Intel compatibility platform. Windows Server 2019 or 2016 or 2012 or 2008 or 2003 is needed. RAM minimum requirement is 6 GB and the maximum is 8 GB. Storage minimum requirement is with STATA 20GB of available space and maximum requirement can of SSB 40 GB of available space. This storage space is required for the recovery of any files, images and etc. Processor requirement is, minimum of Core i3 2.5 Hz and maximum requirement of Intel Core i5. We need to have administrative rights also which is required to install and run R‑Studio utilities. A stable data connection is also required for the recovering of data files, image files, etc. The above requirements are basic but mandatory for the complete installation of R, R Studio, and R Packages. 2. From Where to Download R? Downloading and Installing is very similar for both the platforms of Windows and MAC OS. a. To Install R Programming. First, open Google Chrome and on the search button type Download R programming, where you can find several page links from which by clicking on any of those pages you will be directed to a page or site called r-project.org. After visiting the above page, find and click on the "download R" link in the very same page to get started. b. Various Steps while Installing R on Windows? Continuing from the above two points of the topic of “From where to download R?” we move onto the next steps for download and installation of R. Then select CRAN location or Comprehensive R Archive Network and after that click on the “Download R for Windows” to move ahead. After that click on the "install R for the first time" link for windows. Now after the download is completed for Windows, we will find the files namely “.exe” file for Windows. We then run these files according to the given instructions during installation. Now after R has completed its installation we move forward to install R Studio for Windows. c. Install R Studio. Visit the R studio link of rstudio.com and click on the “Download R Studio button”. Then click on the RStudio desktop. Now find the recommended version for your system or the latest windows version. Click on that link and download the file which will also be a “.exe” executable file”. Then run the “.exe” file according to the step-by-step instructions to install R Studio. d. Finally we need to Install the R Packages. R packages are required for the smooth and uninterrupted running of R Programming. Download the SDS Foundation on the desktop; it should have a “.zip” extension. Now open R studio. Find the Packages tab on the bottom right window and click on it and click “install”. Select install option from the package archive file. Now select the SDS Foundation package file which was already downloaded previously in the desktop. Install that file by clicking on it and it will be done. Basic Commands Of R Some of the basic commands used in R programming are as follows: table(filename, header=TRUE): Which read files with labels in first row. table(filename, header=TRUE, sep=','): Which read a tab or a space delimited file. workspace: Which creates a window with information about all the variables in the workspace. ls(): Lists all the variables in the workspace. detach(mat): It releases the names. attach(mat): Creates the names of the variables in the matrix. scale(): Converts a data frame to standardized scores. round(x, n): Rounds the values of x to n decimal places. These are the few examples of many other commands used by R Programming to perform complicated and unique and advanced operations through various software platforms for different industrial applications. Conclusion - How to Install R? We can conclude by saying that installing of R is relatively easier and accessible to other programming languages, just follow the above-mentioned steps carefully, read them once properly beforehand and then install R programming as per instructions. After the installation process completes you can now use R Programming to create a stepping stone towards a bright and successful career path for yourself. Recommended Articles This guide on How to Install R, discusses the step-by-step process to install R along with prerequisites to have a smooth installation. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – R Studio Functions R Data Types What is R Programming Language?

read more

What are the Uses of Artificial Intelligence?

Introduction To Artificial Intelligence The following article provides an outline for What are the Uses of Artificial Intelligence? Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science involved with developing smart machines and advanced programs with the ability to perform tasks that require human intelligence. In today's society, Artificial intelligence (AI) is the general notion of improvements and developments in all aspects of society. To substitute or replace existing processes and machines with automation governed by artificial intelligence is the benchmark for innovation. AI can be applied in a varied range of fields and the result is reduced human effort, faster and more efficient task completion and AI proves to be cost-effective over time. 6 Uses And Applications Of Artificial Intelligence Given below are the 6 uses and applications of Artificial Intelligence: 1. Agriculture The agricultural industry is volatile and highly susceptible to external factors. Farmers bear losses in the form of plantation errors, pest infestation, damaged produce, harvesting incidents, and so on. All cases have respective solutions, but the solution is based upon a scenario with general assumptions, although effective these solutions might not be the best option for problems faced. By applying AI farmers can opt for the suggested solution with an assurance of positive results since the calculation of result is backed by the logic of professionals in the respective fields. Example: Farmers receive a comprehensive report for farming assistance based on collective data of the present and the past, from neighboring lands and any other with similar characteristics. This key data is essential to derive the most efficient and effective produce and is made possible by the ability of AI to comprehend large amounts of data in seconds. 2. Marketing By the application of AI in marketing, products are categorized into multiple categories that relate to different aspects of each product. This reduces human effort and simplifies the search for a product online. It boosted marketing as users now were provided options specific to their preferences. Example: Searching for a black shirt online is a regular search engine function, but searching for a black shirt with price restriction is Artificial Intelligence (AI) learning your requirement. The following search results will be based on the keywords black shirt or the price restriction. This promotes the marketing of products that are best suited for user preferences. 3. Banking AI in banking is on rapid growth as banks are applying AI in providing customer support, to detect banking frauds and anomalies. Artificial intelligence has enhanced security for banking across the business sector, retail, and finance. Example: Banks today are developing virtual assistant to resolve customer queries which although are on the learning curve is an effective mode of resolving customer queries. Banks are also applying AI to determine patterns in fraudulent activities to prevent the same in the future. 4. Medicine Many a feat that was considered impossible in the field of medicine is now achievable due to improvements brought in by AI. From improved equipment for surgery to progressive pharmaceuticals and equipment with greater assistance to surgeons and improved prosthetics. AI has provided improved chances of survivability. Example: AI has proved to be better at image classification tasks when compared to physicians. The AI program spotted an anomaly in the images of the patient’s anatomy. Another AI developed in 2018 is known to have identified metastatic breast cancer tumors from lymph nodes by analyzing histology slides. 5. Space Exploration Space expedition and discoveries require contemplation of vast amounts of data, a feat that can only be handled by Artificial intelligence. Vast amounts of data need to be analyzed without neglecting a single piece of information, this to be achieved by humans would take more time and might not be as efficient as a self-learning machine. Artificial intelligence has more range of utilization in space exploration as it can substitute human effort and the risks faced by astronauts. It is an alternative to risking human life in unknown and unforeseen circumstances. Example: Artificial intelligence is being used to operate and function the next mars rover by NASA. Data received by satellites and space probes that are launch to discover and explore regions of space are analyzed by using artificial intelligence. 6. Autonomous Vehicles The invention of systems like self-drive cars, 4 wheel drive, and climate control in cabin space is achieved by artificial intelligence. The biggest innovation in this category has to be self-driven cars, they communicate amongst each other and create a seamless commute experience. Premium also utilizes a lower level of artificial intelligence to determine danger and obstacles to either deploy safety bags or preemptively apply brakes to prevent accidents. Example: Tesla cars have the latest buzz of self-driven cars, the cars automatically drive on roads, changing lanes, maintaining speed, and even stopping when they analyze the danger or an inevitable situation. Another innovation of AI in cars is 4 wheel drive, the car automatically alters the power transmitted to the wheel based on the level of traction of each independent wheel. This prevents cars from losing traction and in return prevents accidents. Conclusion Artificial intelligence has a wide range of utilization and despite the fact that artificial intelligence poses risks and probable threats to mankind, there is no denying that Artificial intelligence has improved the technology to be more efficient, time-effective, and safe. Recommended Articles This is a guide to What are the Uses of Artificial Intelligence? Here we discuss the introduction and 6 uses & applications of artificial intelligence. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Applications of Artificial Intelligence Career in Artificial Intelligence Benefits of Artificial Intelligence Future of Artificial Intelligence

read more

What is Artificial Intelligence?

Introduction To Artificial Intelligence Since the advent of the computer age, it was and has been the dreams of few like Alan Turing, regarded as the father of computer science and artificial intelligence for the development of a machine that could not only deduce and decipher but also "think" by itself to analyze, determine & implement on its own without the human interference would surely be the zenith of technology. Artificial Intelligence, which is regarded as the Fight and the latest Generation of the computer age. It is one of the most complex, wide-ranging, unexplored, vastly deep and most intriguing creations of technology by us without even scratching the surface. Artificial Intelligence although developed by humans but it has been made into a self-aware, self-determining and self-implementing object depending upon the needs of its surrounding, AI has the capability to self respond how and when exactly as required depending upon what the situation is, just like a human does or sometimes even better than humans. It is a miracle and pinnacle of information technology development. Importance Of Artificial Intelligence Given below is the importance of Artificial Intelligence: As the world heads into the future, it will become more fast and complicated far beyond human comprehension and our ability to understand, interpret, and make complex decisions. The need for AI is paramount to make our lives easier through various mediums like apps, gadgets, and tools to mold this world into a far better one than the current one. Unknowingly we are already benefitting and have benefitted with the presence of AI around us from minuscule to bigger tasks by reducing the human effort to a large extent and also smoothened & bettered our performances due to the presence of many AI-based technologies and AI programmed tools and applications.  The presence of AI is significant, as it faces and outperforms an array of technical challenges and produces a much better and surreal result far advanced compared to human performances and much better than software tools without AI backing. AI-backed tools and software and gadgets produce far better results qualitatively and quantitatively compared to normally backed software or human efforts. AI is capable of deducing, deciphering large and vast amounts of unstructured, disorganized, under-developed and different kinds of data into a much simplified, organized, structured and in pattern easily understandable for human capabilities. It works with great precision and accuracy for making the world an error-free place through its advanced yet simplified tools and techniques.  Overall, these capabilities will create new opportunities and a stepping stone future for business decision making, business processes and consumer applications. Types Of Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence is divided into specific two types, which are Types of Learning in Artificial Intelligence and overall Types of AI. Types of learning in AI are: Artificial Narrow Intelligence Artificial General Intelligence Artificial Super Intelligence These are the three stages through which AI has evolved through time. From being a weak AI (Artificial Narrow Intelligence) not being able to think for itself and performing only to a predefined set of task to a strong AI (Artificial General Intelligence) where it can perform task equal to humans and capable of thinking by itself and now AI has reached a stage where it is not only capable of thinking but performing tasks beyond human comprehension (Artificial Super Intelligence) although far away from practical applications and real-world applications. Different types of AI: Reactive Machines AI Limited Memory AI Theory of Mind AI Self-Aware AI 1. Reactive Machines AI: It works on current data are taking into account the latest information and can work with narrow pre-defined tasks only without predicting their future consequences. 2. Limited Memory AI: As the name suggests can only work with short or an interim memory which is more temporary in nature to make sophisticated and well-informed and improved decisions. 3. Theory of Mind AI: It is more advanced and categorically is involved in a much important role in psychology, moreover human psychology to better understand and decipher and predict and comprehend human behaviors and thinking and their nature's. 4. Self-aware AI: This has seen its day in the real world that is a self-thinking, self-aware and self-capable AI with its own consciousness, the likes of which we can only see in Hollywood movies currently. This last one has developed doubt, fear, and confusion and even to some with positive intuitions with its potential unpredictable effects if and when it comes to actual existence. Where Is AI Currently Being Used? A few of the important areas where AI has been implemented successfully and produced outstanding results are: The Medical or Healthcare System, AI has totally revolutionized the medical system around the world by implementing machine learning programming models and applications and automated bots and virtual assisting 24/7 interfaces to help in successful operations, proper diagnosis, pre-determining procedures and healthcare module to help patients improve and get better in a far better responsive manner than previously without AI. AI has also been used in Agriculture Industry widely, in the same manner, using sophisticated tools and algorithms and developing and recognizing patterns using AI-backed software to help farmers to plant seeds, cultivate crops and use pesticides and other material for the better development of crops accordingly i.e. when and how among other uses.  AI is being used extensively in maintaining and predicting Traffic patterns to increase passenger and vehicle safety by helping decrease accidents and unnecessary congestions and traffic jams. Similarly, just like in roadway and traffic safety, AI has been continuously implemented in Air Transport which is solely based on digital and internet platforms to help airplanes to navigate pre-determined flight paths, store air traffic log data, taxing and taking off and landing on runways and communications. It has completed changed and simply eased the face of the airline industry overall. Banking and Financial Institutions with the advent of digitization and cashless interfaces have become heavily dependent on AI-based technologies and tools and software that handle financial transactions and operations, stock market and share market activities, and anti-money laundering and financial scams. AI has single-handedly and completely changed the face of the Banking and Financial Industry for the far better and easement for everyday people of the world. Conclusion Artificial Intelligence, it has not only eased but has bettered our everyday life beyond comprehension and our capability of understanding everywhere. It in its current form is helping us perform miracles and advancement and growth and produce results that are far ahead of normal human capabilities without even reaching its absolute potential. As is computerized terms Artificial Intelligence is still in its testing phases and developments a novice in technology terms compared to its actual ocean of untapped and yet-to-be-discovered capacity and power. Although it has been ascertained also by likes of Elon Musk, founder of SpaceX and even Lt. Stephen Hawkings has warned us about the uncertain future forms and evolutions of AI could and might have an adverse effect on humans also with likes of Mark Zuckerberg, founder of Facebook having different and rather positive claims regarding the future of Artificial Intelligence advancement. Recommended Articles This is a guide to What is Artificial Intelligence? Here we discuss the introduction to artificial intelligence with importance, different types, applications. You can also go through our other related articles to learn more – Career in Artificial Intelligence Benefits of Artificial Intelligence Future of Artificial Intelligence Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

read more

Introduction to MySQL

Introduction to MySQL It was a Swedish company that created MySQL AB and was founded by Allan Larsson, David Axmark, and Michael "Monty" Widenius. But, the actual development of MySQL started in 1994 by Widenius and Axmark. On 23 May 1995 first version of MySQL came into the Market. Initially, it was created for the personal use of MySQL, but later they developed a new SQL interface by keeping the same API, and many developers were able to use MySQL. Sun Microsystems took over MySQL AB in 2008. On 27 January 2010, Sun Microsystems was acquired by Oracle. In 2019, the DB-Engines ranking declared MySQL as the DBMS of the year. Below we discuss the Introduction to MySQL. Before you understand the concept of MySQL, you need to understand the database. Understanding of Databases: A database collects information and data electronically stored in a computer system. Users can easily access and manage the database. You can organize the data in various ways, like tables, columns, rows, and indexes. It also allows us to perform database operations like creating, accessing, managing, and searching the data. Table of contentsIntroduction to MySQLWhat is MySQL Database?Features of MySQLWho uses MySQL Database?ConclusionRecommended Articles What is MySQL Database? #1. MySQL is server software and an open-source relational database management system (RDBMS). MySQL is considered one of the best RDMS used for developing web-based software and allows you to retrieve, modify, and store data in relational format. #2. According to GNU General Public License, MySQL is free and open-source software under different proprietary licenses. Users can directly interact with MySQL with the help of SQL, as MySQL has stand-alone clients. #3. MySQL works on various system platforms, for example, BSDi, AIX, FreeBSD, macOS, HP-UX, i5/OS, eComStation, IRIX, ArcaOS, Linux, and Microsoft Windows. #4. MySQL is based on client/server architecture, meaning that application programs communicate with the database server (MySQL). Anyone can save changes, query data, and many more. MySQL server is scalable because it supports multi-threading. MySQL can handle any amount of data and is considered one of the fastest database languages. #5. MySQL server supports many different libraries, client programs, backend, APIs (application programming interfaces), and administrative tools. #6. MySQL creates a database and then defines the relationship of each table. When clients make requests by typing SQL statements on MySQL, the server application will respond according to the request made by a client. #7. Having a MySQL server and data files is essential if anyone is working on a local machine. If you have a remote database, then it is not necessary to install these features. Features of MySQL Below are the Various Features of MySQL: MySQL is a user- friendly and easy to use. You require only a little knowledge of MySQL to use. You can build and interact with MySQL by using only simple SQL statements. MySQL has a very high data security layer that helps to protect data from hackers, and passwords are encrypted. MySQL based is based on client/server architecture, meaning that application programs communicate with the database server (MySQL). Anyone can save changes, query data, and many more. You can easily download it from the official website without spending a single penny from your pocket. MySQL is scalable because it supports multi-threading. One of the quickest database languages, MySQL, can manage any volume of data. Who uses MySQL Database? Approximately 4909 companies, including Uber, Airbnb, and Netflix, use MySQL databases in their tech stacks. MySQL is a database that developers use to build websites. MySQL is many used for personal as well as business projects. Conclusion If you are considering learning databases or want to develop websites, MySQL is one of the best options. It has essential elements of the LAMP stack. Recommended Articles This is a guide on Introduction to MySQL. Here we discuss Introduction, What MySQL is Database, Who uses MySQL Database, and its Various Features. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – MySQL Operators MySQL Commands MySQL Constraints MySQL Server

read more

What is MySQL?

Introduction To MySQL It was a Swedish company that created MySQL AB and it was founded by Allan Larsson, David Axmark, and Michael "Monty" Widenius. But, the actual development of MySQL started in 1994 by Widenius and Axmark. On 23 May 1995 first version of MySQL came into the Market. Initially, it was created for personal use, MySQL, but later they developed a new SQL interface by keeping the same API, many developers were able to use MySQL. MySQL AB was taken over by Sun Microsystems in 2008. On 27 January 2010, Sun Microsystems was acquired by Oracle. In 2019, MySQL was declared as DBMS of the year by DB-Engines ranking. New To Databases? A database is a collection of information and data, electronically stored in a computer system. Users can easily access and manage the database. You can organize the data in various ways like into tables, columns, rows, and indexes. It also allows us to perform database operations like creating, accessing, managing and searching the data. What Is MySQL Database? It is server software and an open-source relational database management system (RDBMS). It is considered as one of the best RDMS that are used for developing web-based software and allows you to retrieve, modify, and store data in relational format.  According to GNU General Public License, MySQL is free and open-source software that is available under different proprietary licenses. Users can directly interact with the help of SQL as MySQL has stand-alone clients. It works on various different system platforms for example BSDi, AIX, FreeBSD, macOS, HP-UX, i5/OS, eComStation, IRIX, ArcaOS, Linux, and Microsoft Windows. It is based on client/server architecture which means that application programs communicate with the database server (MySQL). Anyone can save changes, query data, and many more. MySQL server is scalable because it supports multi-threading. It can handle any amount of data and is considered one of the fastest database languages.  MySQL server supports many different libraries and client programs, backend, APIs (application programming interfaces), several different administrative tools. It creates a database and then defines the relationship of each table. When clients make requests by typing SQL statements on MySQL, the server application will respond according to the request made by a client. It is essential to have MySQL server and data files if anyone is working on a local machine. If you have a remote database, then it is not important to install these features. Types Of DBMS Given below are the four types of DBMS: Hierarchical database Network database Relational database Object-Oriented database 1. Hierarchical DBMS In this type of DBMS system, you will see that model data is arranged in a tree-like structure. Data is organized in a Hierarchical (top-down or bottom-up) manner. You will get to see that Data are shown using a parent-child relationship. The Thumb rule in this type of DBMS system is that parent can have many children, but children have only one parent. 2. Network DBMS This type of database allows the child to have multiple parents. Data and entities are arranged in a graph which is easily accessible through several paths. You can design more complex relationships like orders/parts many-to-many relationships. 3. Relational DBMS It is one of the easiest and widely used Database management systems amongst all the Database. In this model, data are normalized in the rows and columns of the table. Data are stored in fixed structures and manipulated using SQL. 4. Object-Oriented DBMS In this type of database, data are stored in the form of objects. Object-oriented database model has structures called classes. It stores both data member’s values and operations. What Is RDBMS? The full form of RDMS is Relational Database Management System. RDBMS is specifically designed for relational databases. RDBMS is a subset of DBMS. A relational database stores data in a structured format with the help of rows and columns. RDBMS is capable of providing a visual representation of the data.  Various Uses Of MySQL Given below are the various uses mentioned: It is essential because it provides basic functionality to the website. You will require a MySQL server to host a website. You will require a MySQL server to store the data of a website.  If you are giving a thought or want to develop websites, It is one of the best options. It has essential elements of the LAMP stack. Approximately, 4909 companies, including Uber, Airbnb, and Netflix are using MySQL database in their tech stacks. It is also used by developers for website development.  It can be used for personal as well as for business projects. Conclusion MySQL is a widely used database management system. If you are using MySQL, it will save your costs, time and provide great security to data. It is compatible with every operating system. Recommended Articles This is a guide to What is MySQL? Here we discuss the introduction to MySQL, what is RDBMS, uses along with its different types respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – MySQL Operators MySQL Commands Is MySQL a Programming Language? Introduction to MySQL

read more

Difference Between Hadoop vs Spark

Definition of Hadoop vs Spark Hadoop vs spark is defined as a storage framework that stores files and apache Hadoop started from the project of 2006 in yahoo. Apache spark is a general-purpose and open-source computing framework. Apache spark provides an interface for clusters using fault tolerance and implicit data parallelism. Apache Hadoop is a software utility that helps in problem-solving by utilizing a network of many computers. Table of contentsDefinition of Hadoop vs SparkDifference Between Hadoop vs SparkWhat is Hadoop?What is Spark?Head to Head Comparison Between Hadoop vs Spark (Infographics)Key Differences between Hadoop vs SparkComparison Table of Hadoop vs SparkPurpose of HadoopPurpose of SparkConclusionRecommended Articles Difference Between Hadoop vs Spark Hadoop reads and writes files to the Hadoop-distributed file system, whereas spark process data into RAM using the RDD concept. We are running spark by using the standalone mode. Using the Hadoop cluster, we are serving the data source by using a conjunction of Mesos. Basically, Spark is structured by using a spark core. The engine drives the optimization schedule and the abstraction of RDD and will connect to the correct file system. Multiple libraries operate on the top of core spark, including Spark SQL, which allows us to run SQL commands onto the distributed dataset. What is Hadoop? We can say that apache Hadoop is a software utility that allows users to manage big data sets by enabling the network components to solve vast data problems. Hadoop is a cost-effective and highly scalable solution that stores and processes structured, unstructured and semi-structured data. Hadoop is the most popular framework used for data processing. Below are the benefits of using the Hadoop framework are as follows. It will contain multiple benefits. Protecting data at the time of hardware failure. It contains scalability; we can add multiple servers to the cluster. Open source Real-time data for decision-making and analysis of the processes. Data security will contain high data security. We can add multiple nodes to the server to secure the data. What is Spark? Apache spark is also open source engine of data processing for big data sets. Like Hadoop, it also splits large tasks into multiple nodes. It performs faster than Hadoop, and Spark uses random access memory for processing and caching the data into a file system. It enables the spark to handle multiple use cases. Below are the benefits of the spark framework as follows. It contains multiple benefits while using it. Spark is a unified SQL engine that supports streaming data, SQL queries, graph processing, and machine learning. Spark is 100 times faster than the Hadoop framework for handling small tasks using in-memory processing. In spark, we are designing the API for manipulating the semi-structured data. Head-to-Head Comparison Between Hadoop vs Spark (Infographics) Below are the top 11 differences between Hadoop and Spark: Key Differences between Hadoop and Spark Let us look at the key differences between Hadoop and Spark: Apache Hadoop contains a slow performance compared to spark because it uses a disk for storage and to read and write operations. Spark contains a high performance as compared to Hadoop because it uses RAM. Hadoop is open source, so it is less expensive. It uses consumer hardware to store the data. Spark is also open source, but it will rely on memory, increasing the cost of running compared to Hadoop. Hadoop is good for the application of batch processing. It uses map-reduce algorithms to split a larger dataset into clusters. Spark framework is used for live streaming and iterative analysis of data. Hadoop contains a system as highly fault tolerant. It replicates the data across the nodes, and we use the same in case of any issue. Spark tracks the block creation of the RDD process, and then it will rebuild the dataset when our partition fails. Spark is used in the DAG. We can easily scale the Hadoop framework while adding the node and disk for the storage, it supports thousands of nodes. Spark is not easy to scale the nodes because it relies on memory. Hadoop is more secure as compared to the spark framework because it uses LDAP, Kerberos, and ACLs. Spark is not secure as compared to the Hadoop framework. By default, the security of spark is turned off. It relies on the integration of Hadoop to achieve security. Hadoop Requirement BDD supports the following distribution of Hadoop. Below requirements of Hadoop are as follows. Cloudera Hadoop distribution from 5.8.x to 5.11.x Data platform of hortonworks (2.4.2+) Data platform of MapR (5.1+) To use Hadoop, we require the below components. We need to install the same on all nodes. It will run the required components if we install it on a single node. Cluster manager: The cluster manager depends on the distribution of Hadoop. The installer used the restful API for port numbers and nodes of Hadoop. Zookeeper: BDD has used the zookeeper to manage the instances of graphs to ensure availability. HDFS/MapR: This table contains the source data stored in the HDFS. YARN: It is a node manager service that runs all data processing jobs. Spark on yarn: BDD uses the spark on yarn for running the data processing jobs. Hive: All the data is stored in the tables of the hive. Hue: We can use the hue for loading the source data for viewing data exported from the studio. Spark Requirement While installing the spark, we need to check that our system meets the following prerequisites as follows. HDP cluster 3.0+ Version of ambari 2.7+ Yarn and HDFS are deployed onto the cluster. After installing the above requirements, we need to check the following recommendation and requirements for spark services. The spark server requires Hive to be deployed in our cluster. Spark is required to install R binaries onto all nodes. We are accessing the spark by using Livy, so we require Livy to be installed on the cluster. Pyspark is required python 2.7+ installed on all nodes. For the performance of MLlib, we need to install netlib-java library. Comparison Table of Hadoop vs Spark The table below summarizes the comparisons between Hadoop vs Spark: HadoopSparkThe processing speed is slow as compared to the spark.Processing speed is fast as compared to Hadoop.The Hadoop framework reads data from the disk.Spark framework reads data from the disk.Hadoop handles batch-processing applications.Spark framework handles real-time applications.In Hadoop, we use YARN to manage the resources.Spark contains a built-in tool to manage the resources.Hadoop is more difficult to use and less user-friendly.Spark is easier to use and more user-friendly.Hadoop uses java and python language for the applications.Spark uses java, R, and Scala. Spark SQL and python language for the applications.Hadoop is easily scalable as compared to spark.Spark is difficult to scale as compared to Hadoop.Hadoop is a high-latency framework as compared to spark.Spark is a low-latency framework as compared to Hadoop.Real-time data processing fails in Hadoop.Spark process the real-time data.In Hadoop, we use a page rank algorithm to process graphs.Spark contains the GraphX computation library to process graphs.Hadoop contains more security features.Spark contains low-security features. Purpose of Hadoop The main purpose of Hadoop is to use an open-source framework that is used to store and process data datasets. In Hadoop, we use clustering to store data in multiple nodes. Hadoop is making processing and storage capacity easier for the cluster server, which we execute in distributed environments. Hadoop provides the application building blocks on which we are running the service of Hadoop. An application collects the data in multiple formats. We are storing the same in Hadoop using API, which connects to the name node. The Hadoop name mode tracks the structure of the file directory and chunk placement which was replicated onto the data nodes. Purpose of Spark We use spark for our real-time application because it processes the data from memory using RDD. Spark framework is structured around using spark core, the engine which was driving the scheduling, RDD abstraction, and optimization as well will correcting the file systems. Spark contains multiple libraries which operate on top of spark, which allows us to run the SQL commands onto the distributed data sets. Spark contains multiple APIs. Conclusion Spark contains a high performance as compared to Hadoop because it uses RAM. Hadoop reads and writes the files to Hadoop distributed file system, whereas spark process data into the RAM using the RDD concept. We are running spark by using a standalone mode. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Hadoop vs Spark. Here we discuss Hadoop vs Spark key differences with infographics and a detailed comparison table. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Apache Storm vs Spark Splunk vs Elasticsearch Data Science vs Data Engineering Hadoop vs RDBMS

read more

Spark vs MapReduce

Definition of Spark vs MapReduce Spark vs MapReduce is an open-source distributed system that is used to handle the workloads of big data. The Spark and MapReduce framework improves the performance of query processing in varying data sizes by using good execution of the query and caching into the memory. MapReduce is a distributed computing model of java that was used in the framework of HDFS, it is used to access large data. Table of contentsDefinition of Spark vs MapReduceDifference Between Spark vs MapReduceWhat is Spark?What is MapReduce?Head to Head Comparison Between Spark vs MapReduce (Infographics)Key Differences between Spark vs MapReduceSpark RequirementMapReduce RequirementComparison Table of Spark vs MapReducePurpose of SparkPurpose of MapReduceConclusionRecommended Articles Difference Between Spark vs MapReduce Basically spark processes data in the RAM, while MapReduce persists data in the disk after the action of MapReduce. Spark requires lots of memory while MapReduce does not require a lot of memory, it will store data on the disk. Spark loads the process in the memory and keeps it until further notice for caching purposes. While running spark on YARN for service of resource demanding, if the data is too large to fit in the memory, then spark suffers major in performance. MapReduce kills the process when its job is done. What is Spark? Spark is rapidly growing and is a new open-source technology that works with clusters in the nodes. Apache is a hallmark of spark. Developers work the environment by using an application interface that is based on RDD. This is nothing but the abstraction provided by a spark that segregates the node in clusters of smaller divisions for processing the data. Apache spark is a fast and general engine that was used for processing the data. Apache spark is faster as compared to MapReduce, it is the most preferred tool for data analytics. We are using apache spark to include distributed SQL. What is MapReduce? MapReduce is a programming model of distributed computing which is used in the framework of HDFS. We are using the same for accessing a large amount of data. In MapReduce, we perform the mapper and reducer jobs in the MapReduce programming. The mapper is responsible to sort the available data, while we are using a reducer in turning and aggregating it into small chunks. Mapreduce is the framework on which we can write the functions to process massive data in giant clusters. Mapreduce is the processing method for the application model which was dispensed based on java. The MapReduce algorithm incorporates two tasks i.e. map and reduce. The map takes a set of records and converts the same in other sets of data whether a factor is broken down into pairs of keys and values. Head to Head Comparison Between Spark vs MapReduce (Infographics) Below are the top 13 differences between Spark vs MapReduce: Key Differences between Spark vs MapReduce Let us look at the key differences between Spark and MapReduce: Apache spark contains the API of java, Scala, Python, and Spark SQL for the users of SQL. Apache spark provides building blocks of the function which was user-defined. Mapreduce is developed by using java. Apache spark provides multiple tasks for data processing, it handles graphs for the ML libraries. We are using the MapReduce framework for batch processing, if we want a real-time solution, then we can use the Impala. Spark is popular due to its speed because it processes data on RAM, and spark takes a lot of RAM for operating effectively. Mapreduce does not provide caching of data, so the performance of MapReduce is less as compared with spark. Mapreduce is suitable for recovery as compared to the spark because it uses a hard disk instead of RAM. Spark is not comfortable for recovery because it stores data in RAM. In apache spark, security is set as OFF by default, it uses the channel of RPC authentication through shared secret. Mapreduce uses higher security as compared to spark because it uses LDAP authentication. Spark is an open-source project. We need to spend more money on RAM while using Spark. While MapReduce is also open source, we must spend it on disc storage when using it. Spark Requirement At the time of installing spark in our system, we need to check whether the following software is installed in our system are as follows. First, we need to install the stack version of HDP cluster 3.0+ Second, we need to install a version of ambari 2.7+ Need to deploy the yarn and HDFS in our cluster. While installing the above software, we also need to check the following software and the requirement for spark as follows. The hive needs to be installed in our cluster. Need to install the R binaries on our server. Need to install livy in the spark cluster. Need to install python 2.7+ installed on all nodes. MapReduce Requirement The IBM Spectrum symphony supports the framework of MapReduce on Linux. To install the framework of MapReduce, it is recommended to use the Linux operating system. We are using the MapReduce framework on multiple distributed file systems. Below are the minimum hardware requirements at the time of using the MapReduce framework are as follows. We require single or more management and compute hosts. We require 2.4 GHz CPU power for the management and compute host. We require 4 GB RAM for the management host and 1 GB RAM for compute host. We require 1 GB disk space for installing management and compute host. We require 30 GB of additional space for the management host and 10 GB for compute host. Basically, the framework of MapReduce is available only with IBM and the spectrum symphony of IBM. Comparison Table of Spark vs MapReduce The table below summarizes the comparisons between Spark vs MapReduce: SparkMapReduceSpark is an open-source framework used for faster data processing.Mapreduce is also an open-source framework used to store data in HDFS.Spark has high speed as compared to MapReduce.Mapreduce has a low speed as compared to the spark.Spark easily handles real-time data.Mapreduce is unable to handle real-time data.We are using the spark framework in real-time data applications.We are using the MapReduce framework in batch-processing applications.While using the spark framework, we can easily program.It is not easy to program while using the MapReduce framework.It caches the memory data for processing the task.It does not cache the memory data for processing the task.Spark contains low scalability as compared to MapReduce.Mapreduce contains good scalability as compared to the spark.The security of spark is not good as compared to MapReduce.The security of MapReduce is good as compared to the spark.Spark contains the Spark SQL to perform the task.Mapreduce requires another query to perform the task.Basically spark framework is written into Scala.Basically, the MapReduce framework is written in java.Spark framework is easy to use as compared to MapReduce.Mapreduce framework is easy to use as compared to spark.Spark contains the license of Apache.Mapreduce contains the license of Apache.Spark supports cross-platform OS support.Mapreduce also supports cross-platform OS support. Purpose of Spark Apache spark contains the built-in API of java, Scala, and spark SQL. Apache spark is a widely used open-source big data framework widely used and is considered the successor to MapReduce framework used to process the data. Spark offers an easy and fast way to analyze the data across the clusters. We are using spark in machine learning. Spark is a unified programming model that allows developers to choose from when building applications. There will be no maintenance required when using Apache Spark. Spark allows multiple map operations into the spark framework's memory. Purpose of MapReduce Mapreduce is nothing but the program model used for distributed computing, and it is based on java. The MapReduce framework is easily scaled, so we can add multiple nodes to the cluster as per requirements. In the module of MapReduce primitives of data processing are called reducers and mappers. To decompose the application of data processing, sometimes nontrivial, the MapReduce framework contains scalability. MapReduce is the programming model used in a HDDS, the main purpose of this framework is to access a large amount of data. By using MapReduce, we run multiple machines. Also, the MapReduce framework allows to write of scalable and distributed jobs by using little effort. Conclusion MapReduce is the programming model of distributed computing which was used in the framework of HDFS. Spark needs a lot of memory, while MapReduce does not require a lot of memory, it will store data on the disk. Spark is loading the process into the memory and keeping the same until further notice for the caching. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Spark vs MapReduce. Here we discuss the Spark vs MapReduce key differences with infographics and a comparison table in detail. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Apache Storm vs Spark Splunk vs Elasticsearch Hive vs HBase Small Data vs Big Data

read more

HBase vs Cassandra

Definition of HBase vs Cassandra HBase vs Cassandra architecture is different, but both contain NoSQL databases. Basically, HBase architecture is designed to support data management, whereas Cassandra architecture supports management and data storage without relying on other systems. Hbase uses a master-based architecture with a single point of failure, whereas Cassandra uses a masterless architecture. We can say that HBase is a high-consistency data storage system. Table of contentsDefinition of HBase vs CassandraDifference between HBase vs CassandraWhat is HBase?What is Cassandra?Head to Head Comparison Between HBase vs Cassandra (Infographics)Key Differences between HBase vs CassandraHBase RequirementCassandra RequirementComparison Table of HBase vs CassandraPurpose of HBasePurpose of CassandraConclusionRecommended Articles Difference between HBase vs Cassandra In HBase, we store data in a column fashion by using frequent attributes that we keep as quick access. Apache Cassandra is an example of a key-value store that contains ordered column entries. Hbase writes data to a single data server, whereas Cassandra writes data to multiple data servers and versions. In comparison to Cassandra, read access to HBase is more accessible. Hbase stores data in HDFS, which provides block caches and faster read performance. Whereas Cassandra needs to check the partition table data to find the node where it was stored. We need to scan the data to use the non-partition or secondary key to find the data. What is HBase? The HBase model is used to provide random access for the structured data which contains large in amount. The HBase builds on the top of the hadoop file system and it will be column oriented in nature. We are using HBase to store the data HDFS. HBase is an open-source database that provides replication. HBase contains main three components i.e. Zookeeper, region server, and HMaster. Basically, HBase is a column-based, scalable, and distributed database system. What is Cassandra? Basically, Cassandra is designed to handle a large amount of data across multiple nodes. Cassandra provides high availability without any failure. Cassandra has a distributed architecture that can handle large amounts of data. To achieve high availability, we place data on multiple machines using more than one replication factor. Cassandra is a NoSQL system that was designed for creating data array repositories that were represented by hash. Cassandra normally works with the key space, which is responsible for aligning the database schema concept with the relational model. Head to Head Comparison Between HBase vs Cassandra (Infographics) Below are the top 14 differences between HBase vs Cassandra: Key Differences between HBase vs Cassandra Let us look at the key differences between HBase and Cassandra: Cassandra writes the log and cache simultaneously, whereas in HBase we cannot write concurrently. While writing in the log and cache decreases the writing speed, so it will make Cassandra write slower as compared to HBase. The latency is HBase and Cassandra is defined as the delay between the commencement of data transfer and transfer instruction. The latency of HBase decreases by using random reads and it updates while latency will increases. Throughput is defined as the number of operations measures across for accessing the performance of machines. HBase is showing the throughout as constant, whereas Cassandra contains a rise throughout. We are observing average read latency higher in HBase as compared to Cassandra. But this latency is not varying more by using increases in the number of reading operations. HBase architecture is basically designed to support data management. HBase contains the following components. HMaster Hregionmaster Hregions Zookeeper HDFS Cassandra architecture supports management and data storage. Cassandra contains the following components. Node Replication factor Partitioner SStable Memtable Cluster Commit log HBase is a consistent data store that allows the architecture of master and slave, which is used at the time of failure. Cassandra focuses on availability which falls behind in consistency. HBase Requirement As we know that HBase uses different types of caches for filling the memory. Commvault supports Cloudera and distributions of hortonworks of the apache hadoop by using simple and Kerberos authentication. To install the Hbase we required the following hardware as follows. Installing Hbase on Linux operating system is the best practice. To install the HBase we require a minimum of 1 GB of disk space, below 1 GB we cannot install the HBase software. We can also check the requirement of disk space at the time of installation. To store the log of HBase we require a minimum of 500 MB of free disk space. To install the HBase we need to create a separate user for hadoop. Also, we need to install the java version on 1.7+. We also need to install and configure the HDFS. Cassandra Requirement Below are the software and hardware requirements at the time of using Cassandra in our system. As we know that Cassandra is highly concurrent and able to handle multiple requests by using multiple threads. Below is the requirement of Cassandra as follows. To install the Cassandra we require a minimum of 4 GB RAM Cassandra supports Linux operating system. We require 2 cores or above CPU while using Cassandra. At the time of installing Cassandra first, we need to install JDK 1.7+ version in our system. At the time of installing Cassandra first, we need to install the python 2.7+ version in our system. At the time of installing Cassandra first, we need to install the DataStax enterprise max 5.1.0+ version in our system. The index data center node requires a minimum of 300 GB of space. Message data center node requires 5 TB space. We need to configure the NTP protocol. Comparison Table of HBase vs Cassandra The table below summarizes the comparisons between HBase vs Cassandra: HBaseCassandraHBase uses the infrastructure of the hadoop framework.Cassandra employs the DBMS and makes use of the infrastructure of multiple applications.HBase is based on the model of master-slave architecture.Cassandra is based on an active-active model.HBase is based on Google BigTable.Cassandra is basically based on the AWS Dynamo DB.HBase does not support ordered partitioning.Cassandra supports ordered partitioning.HBase accessibility cluster depends on the availability of the master node.In Cassandra all nodes are equal.HBase provides more consistency as compared to Cassandra.Cassandra provides less consistency as compared to HBase.HBase contains the ability for using a co-processor.Cassandra does not contain the ability for using a co-processor.A trigger supports the HBase model.A trigger does not support the Cassandra model.HBase supports the custom-based language.Cassandra supports the CQL.HBase is not easy to learn as compared to Cassandra.Cassandra is easy to learn as compared to HBase.The setup of a cluster in HBase is not easy as compared to Cassandra.The setup of a cluster in Cassandra is easy as compared to HBase.HBase supports automatic rebalancing.Cassandra also supports the feature of automatic rebalancing.HBase provides two methods for handling transactions.Cassandra also provides two methods for handling transactions.HBase is good for intensive reads as compared to Cassandra.Cassandra is good at writing as compared to HBase. Purpose of HBase Basically, HBase is an open-source and distributed database that was based on Google's big table. Hbase is built onto the top of HDFS, it is borrowing several features of the big table like compression and in-memory operation. Hbase is using HDFS as a distributed file system. It will allow the database to store large datasets which contained billions of rows. Hbase is supporting the sparse data along with the fact it was distributed across with hardware of a commodity server, which is cost-effective. The common use case of HBase is including the hadoop distribution and log analytics. Purpose of Cassandra Cassandra uses masterless architecture which provides multiple benefits to the architecture of master and slave. Cassandra contains the active-active architecture which means all the node of the cluster is treated equally and node majority is used to achieve the quorum. Cassandra stores data in the row and column format. Cassandra provides agility in the sense that allows rows in different columns which was allowing changes in the column format. Cassandra uses CQL, so it is easy for SQL users to understand quickly. Cassandra offers a repair process for read and write operations. Conclusion HBase stores data in the HDFS which provides block caches and faster performance for reading. Whereas Cassandra needs to check the partition table data for finding the node where it was stored. HBase contains the master-based architecture which contains the single point of failure, while Cassandra architecture is masterless. Recommended Articles This is a guide to HBase vs Cassandra. Here we discuss HBase vs Cassandra key differences with infographics and a comparison table in detail. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – HBase vs HDFS Hadoop vs RDBMS Hadoop vs SQL Big Data vs Data Science

read more

Hive vs HBase

Definition of Hive vs HBase Hive vs Hbase is Hadoop based solution used for big data. Both technologies we use to serve different purposes and real-time scenarios. We recommended using hive to analyze the data of time series, it evaluates a website and logs trends. Using a real-time query in a hive is not suggested because results take time to fetch the data. Hbase is used to perform real-time queries. Table of contentsDefinition of Hive vs HBaseDifference Between Hive vs HBaseWhat is Hive?What is HBase?Head to Head Comparison Between Hive vs HBase (Infographics)Key Differences between Hive vs HBaseHive RequirementHBase RequirementComparison Table of Hive vs HBasePurpose of hivePurpose of HBaseConclusionRecommended Articles Difference Between Hive vs HBase Basically, HDFS is the backbone of HBase. HBase is an open-source NoSQL database that contains columns and rows. Hive is a Hadoop-based data warehouse and is an open source, it searches and analyzes structured and semi-structured data which contains files of Hadoop. Hbase is a key value storage that contains low latency also it will contain the ability to do the queries arbitrarily. In HBase, we can store data in a column-oriented format. Hive is nothing but a query engine, it's developed to use with data repositories and it contains huge volumes. Hive is compatible with multiple file formats. What is Hive? Hive is nothing but a data warehouse package built on top of HDFS. We can use hive, mainly for data analysis. Hive targets users who are comfortable with SQL is very similar to SQL. In hive, we can manage and query the structured data. Hive abstracts the Hadoop complexity, basically, hive is developed by Facebook to handle a large amount of data. Hive contains the following features as follows. Hive is used to manage and search structured data from tables. Hive is quick and scalable and it uses new ideas. Hive schema is kept in the database and data is processed using HDFS. Hive contains three core parts as follows. Hive client Hive services Hive compute and storage Hive supports the RCFILE, text file, ORC, and sequence file formats. In hive first database and tables are created and then we can put data into tables from the right side. What is HBase? HDFS supports the HBase database, it is column-oriented. This project is scaled horizontally in multiple directions. HBase allows random access to structured data and also it uses a tolerance of Hadoop errors. It allows arbitrary read and write access on HDFS. A data consumer uses HBase to read data of HDFS. Below are the features of HBase as follows. Hbase is developed to do operations that contain low latency. In HBase, we can see a lot of action in read and write operations. Hbase stores a substantial quantity of information in table form. Hbase offers scalability into the modular and linear levels. We can share the data in an adjustable and automatic way. Hbase supports automatic failover. It will reduce the number of jobs for HBase tables. Head to Head Comparison Between Hive vs HBase (Infographics) Below are the top 13 differences between Hive vs HBase: Key Differences between Hive vs HBase Let us look at the key differences between Hive and HBase: Hive is based on a MapReduce technique and it is built on HDFS, we use HQL in the hive to query data. Hbase can be run on HDFS and Hadoop, it is an open-source NoSQL database and it is expandable also it holds unlimited data. The HBase process of transaction is known as OLTP, we can do this on the primary node, so it can process real-time data. The primary use of hive is to process batch, it falls under OLAP. Hbase supports data in an unstructured format, the data field map is defined by the user. Hive allows storage in structured as well as unstructured format. It offers built-in support for data types of SQL. Hbase creates adaptable, cheap, and easy-to-maintain HBGIS. In HBase, it is easy to extract random data from the dataset to use key values. Hive runs on SQL queries, it is provided language as HQL which is similar to SQL. HBase contains minimal latency, but it will contain the possibility of inconsistency and latency spikes occurring while using HBase. The latency of the hive is medium to high, it depends on the response of the computer. Basically, HBase and hive both are Hadoop and HDFS-based data warehouses and they are used to store lots of data. Hive Requirement To use or install the hive we need below minimum requirements. We need to install specified requirements at the time of installation of a hive in our system as follows. We require a minimum of 2 GB of memory, while it is recommended to use 4GB. We required graphics as AMD Radeon HD 7790, while it is recommended as AMD Radeon HD 2600 XT. We require a file size of 3 GB, also it is recommended the same as 3 GB. Hive is platform-independent, so we can install it on Linux as well as Windows. We require 2-core CPUs, while it is recommended to use 4 cores. The recommended disk speed IOPS is 50. HBase Requirement Basically, HBase uses caches to fill the memory, so we required high memory to use HBase. To install Hbase we require the following hardware as follows. We can install HBase on Linux as well as on Windows systems. To install HBase we require a min 1 GB of disk space. To store the log of HBase we require min 500 MB of disk space. To install HBase we need to create a separate Hadoop user. We require a java 1.7+ version to install HBase in our system. We need to install and configure HDFS to use HBase. Comparison Table of Hive vs HBase The table below summarizes the comparisons between Hive vs HBase: HiveHBaseHive is nothing but a query engine, similar to queries of SQL.HBase is a data storage used for unstructured data.We are using hive mainly for batch processing.HBase is mainly used for transaction processing.We cannot use hive for real-time processing, so we cannot obtain immediate results.We are using HBase for real-time processing, so we obtain immediate results.Hive is used for analytical queries, used to analyze big data.HBase is used for real-time queries.We can run hive on top of Hadoop.HBase runs on top of HDFS.Hive is not a database.HBase supports NoSQL database.Hive contains the schema model.HBase is not a schema model.It contains high latency, as the processing of the batch takes time.It contains low latency as compared to the hive.Hive is expensive compared to HBase.HBase is less expensive as compared to the hive.Hive is used HQL.To use CRUD operation HBase does not contain query language, HBase is a shell that we use to retrieve and edit data.Hive contains eventual consistency of data.HBase contains immediate consistency of data.Hive does not support secondary indexes.HBase, support secondary indexes.An example of hive is Hubspot.An example of HBase is Facebook. Purpose of hive The apache hive is a data warehouse system, used to handle batch processing. To handle the batch process we use hive. Hive provides a summarization of data, and query analysis onto large pools of unstructured data. Apache hive uses HQL it's similar to SQL, to query data. Hive supports transactions, and it also contains functionality to reduce constraints of table schema and required access on queries. In a nutshell, the hive provides SQL features onto spark or Hadoop data, and also handles multiple functions used in SQL. Purpose of HBase Apache HBase is NoSQL and its runs on HDFS. We can use HBase for real-time data processing. Hbase is the best suited for OLTP type of applications. Hbase contains multiple tables and those tables were split in multiple columns. In nutshell HBase processes and stores Hadoop data as per real-time needs of read and write operations in applications. Hbase includes structured as well as unstructured data, as we know that HBase contains low latency also we can access the data by using command shells. Hbase contains storage layers in clusters of Hadoop which contains massive brands and it needs Hadoop storage. Conclusion Hbase is a key value storage it contains low latency also it can do the queries arbitrarily. In HBase, we can store the data in a column-oriented format. We recommended using hive to analyze the data of time series, it evaluates a website and logs trends. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Hive vs HBase. Here we discuss Hive vs HBase key differences with infographics and a comparison table in detail. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – HBase vs HDFS Hadoop vs RDBMS Spark vs MapReduce Small Data vs Big Data

read more

Small Data vs Big Data

Definition of Small Data vs Big Data Small data vs big data differ from each other. Small data with current decision-impacting frequency is referred to as small data and it contains a small volume of data so humans easily understood. The big data phrase has gained a lot of popularity in recent years. It is complex for humans to process large volumes of data. Big data processing is not quite easy as compared to small data. Table of contentsDefinition of Small Data vs Big DataDifference Between Small Data vs Big DataWhat is Small Data?What is Big Data?Head to Head Comparison Between Small Data vs Big Data (Infographics)Key Differences Between Small Data and Big DataSmall Data RequirementBig Data RequirementComparison Table of Small Data vs Big DataPurpose of Small DataPurpose of Big DataConclusionRecommended Articles Difference Between Small Data vs Big Data In terms of, small data it doesn't have as much of an influence as big data. It affects judgments that are made now and in the near future more than anything else. Big data refers to the enormous amounts of data produced digitally, such as online data produced by social websites, streaming, and many more. Big data is complicated to be analyzed by techniques of traditional data processing also referred to as big data. The volume of data is nothing but data available for processing. Large information is needed for big data, but for small data, we need small information. Small data contains limited risks, whereas big data contains high risks. We can keep the small data-limited period of time, but big data contains large space to store it as per requirement. What is Small Data? Small Data is similarly useful for decision-making, but it only seeks to have a small, temporary impact on the business. Data that is small enough for humans to understand in terms of both format and volume is referred to as small data. The volume of data signifies how much it needs to be processed. Additionally, the amount is significantly lower for little data, which could imply more accurate, bite-sized metrics. The phrase "small data" contrasts with the phrase "big data," refers to material that is too big and complex to be examined and processed using conventional data-processing methods. Small data, in contrast to Big Data, enter at a steady and regulated rate for processing, and they accumulate at a relatively modest rate as well, making them simple to analyze and readily available. What is Big Data? Big Data is the term for enormous, complicated data sets that are too large and complex to be evaluated and processed using methods of conventional data processing. Big Data is the term used to describe the vast quantities of information created in the digital era, which includes all of the Web data produced by social networking sites, streaming services, and email and website traffic. According to estimates, the rise of the Internet of Things and the rising number of digital devices result in the creation of roughly 2.5 quintillion bytes every day. Additionally, social networking sites produce a significant amount of data every minute in the form of photographs, videos, and graphics. Head to Head Comparison Between Small Data vs Big Data (Infographics) Below are the top 12 differences between Small Data and Big Data: Key Differences Between Small Data and Big Data Let us look at the key differences between Small Data and Big Data: Small data is contained in a structured format, whereas big data does not come in a structured format, it is a combination of structured and unstructured data. Big data comes from social media, real-time analytics, and many more sources. We can refer to small data as data is tiny in format and it will comprehend humans in terms of format and volume. Big data refers to data that is complex and is processed by using techniques of data processing. Examining the velocity of data generated in real-time by user clicks is the best technique to calculate big data velocity. Small data, deals with one particular sort of data, therefore data buildup in this context is relatively moderate and data flow is continuous and controlled. Big Data comes in forms, including unstructured, semi-structured, and structured. Emails, messages, and document data are called big data. The small data comes from transaction systems. We can store big data in distributed storage like external file systems or Hadoop. We can store small data in a single machine or local computer. Small Data Requirement Small Data is a method that emphasizes the caliber rather than the quantity of information gathered. While using small data we need to check below things are as follows. While using small data in our business we need to make sure that our application does not generate more data. At the time of dealing with small data, we need to implement good infrastructure where we can safely keep our data. We need to do augmentation on data, techniques of augmentation allows us to produce a training model. By using small data we can generate synthetic data, this data is useful for analysis. At the time of using small data, we need to split our datasets and we need to train and test the same. We need to use transfer learning techniques in our dataset. Big Data Requirement To make the information relevant and useful for making sound business judgments, big data must extensively investigate the entire subject. Below are the requirements of big data as follows. The first requirement of big data is data processing, this feature includes the organization and collection of raw data. The second requirement of big data is predictive applications, in that we need to identify the works of management. We need to use analytics tools for offering flexibility, those tools contain multiple packages. We need to do risk analysis studies of a certain activity. The analytical tools of big data contain the module name decision management which implements the process of business. We need to use text analytics which examines text which was written. Comparison Table of Small Data vs Big Data The table below summarizes the comparisons between Small Data vs Big Data: PointsSmall DataBig DataVolume of dataSmall data contains in the range of 10 to 100 GB.Big data contains more than TB in size.Technology usedIn small data, we use traditional technology.In big data, we use modern technology.Quality of dataIn small data, data is collected in a controlled manner.In big data, we cannot guarantee the quality of data.Data processingSmall data requires batch processing pipelines.Big data requires stream processing pipelines.Databases usedWe are using SQL databases like MySQL, and PostgreSQL.We are using NoSQL databases like MongoDB, and Cassandra.Velocity of dataSmall data contains a constant flow of data.Big data can come at high speeds.Format of dataSmall data contains structured formats, like tabular which contains fixed schema.Big data contains multiple varieties like images, video, text, audio, JSON, etc.ScalabilitySmall data is vertically scalable.Big data is horizontally scalable.LanguageWe use SQL language for small data.We use python, java, R, and SQL language in big data.H/W RequirementSmall data requires a single server.Big data requires more than one server.StorageSmall data requires local storage.Big data requires distributed storage.PeopleDBA, data engineers, and data analysts.Data analysts, data scientists, DBA, and data engineers. Purpose of Small Data Small data is easy to manage also it comes in structured and tabular formats. Small data that have an immediate impact on decisions are known as small data. Any activity that is now taking place and whose data may be compiled inside an Excel. Making decisions with small amounts of data is also helpful. Small data consists of distinct and focused dataset features that can be utilized to evaluate present circumstances. Small Data also refers to the unique datasets discovered after sifting through enormous amounts of data. To store small data we are using RDBMS databases like MySQL, PostgreSQL, MSSQL, and Oracle. Purpose of Big Data Big Data is beneficial to company owners who must make critical expansion decisions. Using Big Data Analytics, which has a good effect on business, we depend on a team of experts to extract usable data. Businesses can make critical decisions and proceed in the right direction thanks to the insights gained by a Big Data expert. Big Data tools are widely accessible in the market, simplifying the work of analysts and promoting business growth. Big data is useful when managing vast amounts of data. We are managing big data by using a database like MongoDB, and Cassandra. Conclusion The volume of data is nothing but data available for processing. Large information is needed for big data, but for small data, we need small information. Small data contains limited risks, whereas big data contains high risks. Small data with current decision-impacting frequency is referred to as small data and it contains a small volume of data so humans easily understood it. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Small Data vs Big Data. Here we discuss Small Data vs Big Data key differences with infographics and a comparison table in detail. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Spark vs MapReduce Hadoop vs Spark Hive vs HBase HBase vs Cassandra

read more

Big Data vs Data Science

Definition of Big Data vs Data Science Big data vs data science both are different terms, we are using this related to data. Unstructured, and structured data are all subjects of data science. It involves procedures like data preparation, analysis, and cleaning, among other things. Big data is used to describe large amounts of data that are ineffectively processed by the present, conventional applications. We are starting big data processing with raw data that is not aggregated. Difference Between Big Data vs Data Science Before Big Data, industries lacked the tools and resources to manage such a massive amount of data. The development of MapReduce and Hadoop, however, made it simpler for them to manage this type of data. On the other side, data science is the study of data via a scientific lens. It is more qualitative that makes use of several statistical techniques to uncover patterns in the data. Data Science is the study of data analysis, whereas Big Data is the storage of data. It is critical to keep in mind that Data Science is a vast field of data operations, which also encompasses Big Data. A big data platform is necessary for the analysis of enormous amounts of data by a data scientist. Consequently, a data scientist should be knowledgeable about large data tools. What is Big Data? Big data refers to exceptionally huge data sets, as the term implies. These data sets have outperformed the powers of conventional data management solutions due to their size, complexity, and dynamic nature. In this sense, data lakes and warehouses have become the preferred methods for handling huge data, greatly outpacing the capabilities of conventional databases. The following data sets fall under the category of big data are as follows. Data of the stock market. Data on social media. Data on games and sporting events. Emails, Research, and scientific data What is Data Science? Data science is complicated and covers many distinct fields and abilities. There is a vast and exponentially growing amount of data available everywhere. A number of the quantity of the data being processed, data science reflects the methods through which data is found, prepared, extracted, collated, processed, analyzed, and displayed. Big data is an application of data science that will be defined shortly. Data science is an extremely complicated field, partly because it incorporates so many different academic fields and technological advancements. Mathematics, databases, signal processing, predictive analytics, and other fields are all incorporated within data science. Head to Head Comparison Between Big Data vs Data Science (Infographics) Below are the top 10 differences between Big Data and Data Science: Key Differences Between Big Data vs Data Science Let us look at the key differences between Big Data and Data Science: We are using big data to improve efficiency and competitiveness. While data science is used to provide methods and modeling techniques for evaluating big data potential in a prescribed way. Big Data is the storage of data. Data Science is a vast field of data operations, which also encompasses Big Data. The platform of big data is necessary for the analysis of enormous amounts of data by a data scientist. Only data management and storage are included in big data. To help with huge data analysis, additional parts like PIG and HIVE have recently been added framework of Hadoop. Additionally, more recent frameworks like Spark come built with analytical features for helping data science. Data analysis, insight extraction from the data, data visualization, and effective storytelling are all tasks that a data scientist must perform. On the other side, a Big Data Specialist creates, manages, and oversees the storing of enormous amounts of data. Data science is used in practical as well as theoretical approaches, while big data plays with a practical approach. Big Data Requirement Big data must thoroughly research the topic to make the information pertinent and useful for making wise business decisions. The following are the criteria for big data. Data processing, which involves the categorization and collection of raw data, is the initial prerequisite for big data. Predictive applications are the second prerequisite for big data, as we must recognize managerial tasks. To provide flexibility, we must use analytics tools, which comes with a variety of packages. Research on risk analysis for a specific activity is necessary. The big data analytical tools include a module called decision management that executes the business process. Data Science Requirement A business challenge can be turned into a study project with the aid of data science, and then back into a workable solution. The development of big data and quantitative statistics has given rise to the term data science. To use data science we required below skills are as follows. Computing and statistical analysis Deep learning Machine learning Data wrangling Data visualization Statistics Big data Programming Large data set processing Mathematics To work on data science we need to install the required software and tools in our system. Also, we need to be familiar with the language of data science. Comparison Table of Big Data vs Data Science The table below summarizes the comparisons between Big Data vs Data Science: Big Data Data Science Big data is a technique used to maintain, collect and process large information. Data science is nothing but an area. Big data involves extracting information from big data sets. Data science involves processing and utilizing data in various operations. Big data is a less conceptual term as compared to data science. Data science is a more conceptual term as compared to big data. Big data is a technique used to track and discover trends in large data sets. Data science is the field of study of mathematics and computer science. The goal of big data is to make data usable and vital. Data science aims to build the dominant products of the venture. Mainly used tools in big data are Hadoop and spark. We are mainly using tools in data science are R, Python, and SAS. Big data consist the mining activities. Data science consists the data cleaning, visualization, and other multiple techniques. Big data is mainly used for business purposes. Data science is used mainly for scientific purposes. Big data is mainly involved in the data processing. It mainly focuses on the science of data. Big data is working on structured as well as non-structured data. Mainly it is working on structured data. Purpose of Big Data Big data is made up of different types of data rather than being restricted to a single type. Regardless of data structure, big data includes a variety of data types, including image and audio data as well as tabular databases. New data is frequently created, this is very common when working with constantly growing data sources like social media, and the Internet of Things. Due to the size and complexity of big data, there will unavoidably be some inconsistencies in the data. To effectively handle and process huge data, you must take unpredictability into account. Big data analysis output value is assessed depending on particular business goals, which can be arbitrary. Purpose of Data Science Since data science encompasses all aspects of data, it is possible to employ any tool or technology in some way during the data science process. The study of diverse scientific techniques that draw valuable conclusions from a massive amount of data is known as data science. Data scientists can also use it to glean hidden patterns from unprocessed data. We are using data science by using multiple tools on structured data. Data science is basically used on structured data. In data science, we are using python, R, and SAS languages. We are using data science in multiple areas mainly for retrieving scientific data. To use data science we need to have knowledge of multiple fields of data science. We need to build the SQL query while using data science tools. Conclusion We are using big data to improve efficiency and competitiveness. While data science is used to provide methods and modeling techniques for evaluating big data potential in a prescribed way. Big data is used to describe large amounts of data that are ineffectively processed by the present, conventional applications. We are starting big data processing with raw data that is not aggregated. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Big Data vs Data Science. Here we discuss Big Data vs Data Science key differences with infographics and a comparison table in detail. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Hive vs HBase HBase vs Cassandra Spark vs MapReduce Hadoop vs Spark

read more

Hadoop vs SQL

Definition of Hadoop vs SQL Hadoop vs SQL both are open-source software that is used to store data. We are using SQL to store data in a structured format, whereas Hadoop is used to store data in both structured as well as unstructured formats. An open-source framework is supported by Hadoop. In Hadoop sets of data are distributed among server clusters in Hadoop and feature parallel data processing. SQL is a domain-specific used in RDBMS. Table of contentsDefinition of Hadoop vs SQLDifference Between Hadoop vs SQLWhat is Hadoop?What is SQL?Head to Head Comparison Between Hadoop vs SQL (Infographics)Key Differences between Hadoop vs SQLHadoop RequirementSQL RequirementComparison Table of Hadoop vs SQLPurpose of HadoopPurpose of SQLConclusionRecommended Articles Difference Between Hadoop vs SQL Hadoop is used to store, analyze, retrieve, and extract patterns from data in a variety of formats, including XML, Text, JSON, and others. Only data kept in an RDBMS is stored, processed, retrieved, and mined for patterns using SQL. Hadoop supports structured as well as unstructured formats. Hadoop reads data several times but only writes data once for data updates. Only structured data can be used using SQL, although, unlike Hadoop, data can be written and read more than once. Given that Hadoop was created for big data, it can often manage data amounts of up to a few terabytes or petabytes. Low amounts of data, often measured in gigabytes, are preferable for SQL. In distributed applications with dynamic schemas, HDFS maintains information in the form of key-value pairs, tables, etc. SQL only uses tables with specified schemas to store structured information in a tabular fashion. What is Hadoop? Hadoop is a piece of software that enables network components by resolving vast data problems and allowing users to manage massive amounts of data. Hadoop is a highly scalable and affordable technology that can store and handle structured, unstructured, and semi-structured data. Hadoop is the most widely used data processing framework. Hadoop provides an architectural framework in addition to distributed processing and storage. To do this, it divides a document into several stores and locks them across a number of devices. Hadoop duplicates these stores onto the cluster in order to provide fault tolerance. After that, it does distribute processing by splitting a job into a number of smaller, independent jobs. Many different types of data are kept in the Hadoop architecture. What is SQL? In addition to processing data streams in relational data stream management systems, SQL language is specific to the domain that is used in computers to manage data in RDBMS. Simply put, SQL is a widely used database language for creating, and storing data in RDBMS like MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL, etc. The most common tool for navigating and modifying data in SQL. Developers, DBA no longer utilize SQL Server as their standard DBMS solution. There is a vast ecosystem of various tools that collaborate to do extremely difficult data platform administration jobs. It serves as the standard language for business support systems, and tools to access and query a wide range of data sources. In actuality, SQL Server is considerably better than Hadoop. Head to Head Comparison Between Hadoop vs SQL (Infographics) Below are the top 15 differences between Hadoop and SQL: Key Differences between Hadoop vs SQL Let us look at the key differences between Hadoop and SQL: An open-source framework known as Hadoop processes data in parallel while distributing sets of data across computer/server clusters. To manage data in relational databases, SQL is a programming language with specialized domain knowledge. SQL writes data more than once, whereas Hadoop only writes data once. SQL is significantly easier to understand than Hadoop. However, both demand an understanding of programming. The utilization of Hadoop and SQL is free and open-source. Both, however, have significant setup and upkeep expenses. Hadoop manages data availability on several systems across numerous geo-locations since it utilizes the concepts of distributed and the principle of map-reduce. SQL cannot benefit from distributed computing since supporting databases are typically on-premises or in the cloud. Network connectivity is necessary for scaling in a Hadoop-based system. Hadoop offers affordable and adaptable horizontal scaling. In order to scale SQL, it was necessary to spend money and time configuring new SQL servers. Hadoop offers a method of analyzing big batches of data called OLAP. SQL is interactive and batch-oriented because it offers OLTP or real-time data processing. Hadoop Requirement We must install software like python, and java on our PC in order to run Hadoop. Hadoop must be run in the manner described below. To utilize Hadoop, each node has to have the installed components on the following list. The required components will operate if the installation is done on a single node. Cluster manager: The cluster manager is dependent on the Hadoop distribution. For the port numbers for the Hadoop nodes, the installer used a restful API. YARN: This node manager service was responsible to manage all tasks related to data processing. Hive table: Used to store data. Zookeeper: It is used by BDD to manage the graph instances and keep them available. HDFS: The original data that was uploaded to HDFS will be stored in this database, which is HDFS/MapR. SQL Requirement To install the SQL server database we required minimum hardware requirements. SQL databases are running in all of the systems. SQL is a platform-independent language, which means that SQL data can be run on any operating system. Before SQL server 2019 it is platform dependent on windows after SQL server 2019 it is also platform-independent. To install MySQL we required a .net framework. MySQL, PostgreSQL, and Oracle SQL databases are platform-independent. We are installing those databases in any of the operating systems. Comparison Table of Hadoop vs SQL The table below summarizes the comparisons between Hadoop vs SQL: HadoopSQLHadoop uses modern technology.SQL uses traditional technology.The data size of Hadoop in petabytes.The data size of SQL database in GB.Hadoop contains operations of processing, storage, and extraction.SQL contains the operation of processing and storage retrieval of data.Hadoop is more fault-tolerant as compared with SQL.SQL is less fault-tolerant as compared with Hadoop.Hadoop stores data in tables, hash maps, and key-value pairs.SQL stores data in tables.Hadoop contains linear scaling.SQL contains nonlinear scaling.Hadoop contains OLAP transactions.SQL contains OLTP transactions.We are accessing batch-oriented data in Hadoop.We are accessing real-time data in SQL.Execution speed is fast as compared to SQL.Execution speed is slow as compared to Hadoop.Hadoop stores data in HDFS and access by using map reduction techniques.SQL does not contain advanced techniques of optimization.Hadoop contains the dynamic schema and processes all types of data.SQL contains static schema.In Hadoop, we write data and read it multiple times.In SQL, we write and read data multiple times.Hadoop contains low integrity.SQL contains high integrity.Hadoop contains the JDBC tool for interacting with SQL.SQL can read and write data from Hadoop.Hadoop uses commodity hardware.SQL uses proprietary hardware. Purpose of Hadoop Large data collections are typically processed and stored using Hadoop, an open-source platform. In Hadoop, clustering is utilized to store data across several nodes. Thanks to Hadoop, the cluster server that we are using in scattered contexts can process and store data more easily. We can run the Hadoop service thanks to the components for constructing applications that Hadoop offers. Through an API that is connected to the name node, we are storing the information that the application gathered in Hadoop in a number of different formats. Hadoop name mode keeps track of the locations of chunks and file directories that were replicated onto data nodes. Purpose of SQL RDBMS is the foundation of SQL and has been in the information processing lexicon for a while. RDBMS is a powerful database that manages massive data and efficiently manipulates it with SQL. SQL is a language that is typically used to manage, retrieve, and store a sizable quantity of data in a database. Only data saved in RDBMS may be stored, and processed using SQL. Structured data can be used with SQL, although unlike Hadoop, many copies of the data can be written and accessed. Tables with specified schemas are used by SQL to store structured data in a tabular fashion. The core RDBMS characteristic of ACID is how SQL operates. SQL cannot benefit from distributed computing since supporting databases are typically on-premises or in the cloud. In order to scale SQL, it was necessary to spend money and time configuring new SQL servers. Conclusion HDFS maintains information in the form of key-value pairs, tables, etc. SQL only uses tables with specified schemas to store structured information in a tabular fashion. An open-source framework is supported by Hadoop. In Hadoop d sets of data are distributed among server clusters in Hadoop and feature parallel data processing. SQL is a domain-specific used in RDBMS. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Hadoop vs SQL. Here we discuss Hadoop vs SQL key differences with infographics and a comparison table in detail. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Hadoop vs Spark HBase vs Cassandra Big Data vs Data Science Hive vs HBase

read more

Big Data vs Machine Learning

Definition of Big Data vs Machine Learning Big data vs machine learning both terms are different from each other. Big data and machine learning both technologies is popular and used by data scientists and IT professionals. We are using big data to describe large data, whereas machine learning is a subfield of artificial intelligence that enables the machine to auto-improve and learn from past data. We are using machine learning and big data together as per requirement. Table of contentsDefinition of Big Data vs Machine LearningDifference Between Big Data vs Machine LearningWhat is Big Data?What is Machine Learning?Head to Head Comparison Between Big Data vs Machine Learning (Infographics)Key Differences between Big Data vs Machine LearningBig Data RequirementMachine Learning RequirementComparison Table of Big Data vs Machine LearningPurpose of Big DataPurpose of Machine LearningConclusionRecommended Articles Difference Between Big Data vs Machine Learning As the name implies, big data analytics is the examination of patterns or information extraction from vast data. Simply explained, machine learning is the process of training a computer on how to react to unknown inputs while still producing desired results. Big data analytics can be used to do the majority of data analysis jobs that do not require expert knowledge without the use of machine learning. However, machine learning would be necessary if the computing power needed exceeds human skill. Cleaning data and extracting information is the main focus of traditional big data. This information can then be sent to a machine learning system to enable additional analysis or outcome prediction without the need for human intervention. What is Big Data? Big data, as the name suggests, refers to extraordinarily large data sets. The scale, complexity, and dynamic nature of these data sets have allowed them to perform better than the capabilities of traditional data management solutions. In this regard, data lakes and warehouses have surpassed the capacity of traditional databases to become the preferred techniques for handling large amounts of data. Large and complex data volumes that are challenging to store and analyze using conventional database administration and processing technologies are collectively referred to as big data. Big data is very difficult to collect, share, and visualize this data. What is Machine Learning? In machine learning, algorithms process data and train themselves to produce predictions without human intervention. A collection of guidelines, information, or observations are needed as inputs for machine learning. Numerous companies, like Google, and others, heavily rely on machine learning. Machine learning, a branch of computer science, focuses on teaching computers to solve problems on their own without needing to be explicitly programmed to do so step-by-step. Many different techniques fall under the category of supervised techniques in this discipline. Algorithms for performing a process are called machine learning algorithms. Head to Head Comparison Between Big Data vs Machine Learning (Infographics) Below are the top 10 differences between Big Data and Machine Learning: Key Differences between Big Data vs Machine Learning Let us look at the key differences between Big Data and Machine Learning: Even just handling the difficulties of keeping large datasets could be a significant endeavor for many firms. In the modern world, processing terabytes, petabytes, or even exabytes of data each day is not unusual for businesses. There is a lot of information there that isn't just stagnant and resting. High-speed data generation, transformation, and analysis are common features of big data systems. Certain big data applications need to process and analyze data at incredibly fast rates, where milliseconds or seconds might make a difference in keeping up with the data flow. Data quality varies with big data since it is frequently gathered from various sources and in formats. The precision and reliability of the data are referred to as veracity. Cleaning data is necessary to get rid of duplicate entries, correct errors and inconsistencies, noise, and get rid of other abnormalities in order to successfully solve data veracity issues. Big Data Requirement To make the information applicable and usable for making informed business decisions, big data must conduct in-depth research on the subject. The qualifications for big data are as follows. Investigation in risk analysis for a given activity is required. The first requirement for big data is data processing, which entails the classification and collection of raw data. Given that we need to recognize managerial duties, predictive applications are the second prerequisite for big data. We need to use analytics tools, which come in a variety of packages, to provide flexibility. The decision management module, which carries out the business process, is a part of big data analytical tools. Machine Learning Requirement We need to understand the following ideas to use machine learning. We need to understand linear algebra, variables, histograms, graphs of functions, and Statistical measures Since the exercises are in Python, it would be good if we had some prior experience with Python programming. We also need to be knowledgeable about other programming languages, such as R and Scala. Installing the essential software is necessary before employing machine learning, as it was previously. Comparison Table of Big Data vs Machine Learning The table below summarizes the comparisons between Big Data vs Machine Learning: Big DataMachine LearningBig data is used for the analysis and extraction of information from large data.Machine learning uses the input data for algorithms.Big data defines structured, unstructured, and semi-structured data.Machine learning defines reinforcement, supervised, and unsupervised learning.Big data contains a unique way of handling unstructured and bigger data by using tools.ML is the way of analysis of input datasets by using various algorithms.Big data pull the raw data and looking the patterns for helping the decisions.By using machine learning we are analyzing the input datasets.Big data requires human validation because it contains large data.Not requires human intervention.Big data is helpful to handle different types of purposes like analysis of a stock.Machine learning is helpful for providing the assistance is virtual.Big data is working with large volumes of data.The main scope of machine learning is used to improve quality.Big data is defined as large that is difficult to store.Used for predicting the data.Big data is used to analyze and manage data sets.Machine learning is used to analyze the input data sets.Big data use the tools such as Hadoop and Apache.It uses the tools such as Pandas, Numpy, and Keras. Purpose of Big Data Instead of being limited to one form of data, big data consists of a variety of data types. Big data encompasses a range of data types, including tabular databases, image and audio data, and a variety of other data types, regardless of data structure. When working with continually expanding data sources like social media and the Internet of Things, new data is routinely created; this is highly typical. There will inevitably be some inconsistencies in the data due to the quantity and complexity of big data. Unpredictability must be taken into account to manage and process massive amounts of data properly. The value of a big data analysis's output is determined by specific, often arbitrary business goals. Purpose of Machine Learning Numerous sectors utilize machine learning. Allowing a machine-learning system to make decisions can be a profitable way to resolve many problems. There are significant ethical concerns with the use of these techniques in the financial, employment, and medical industries. Because these algorithms were developed using data that was produced by people, social bias is incorporated into the results. The lack of definite rules that machine-learning algorithms follow may hide these biases. Machine learning methods currently contain certain black boxes. What enters and leaves the body is known to us, but we are unsure of how it got there. Google is researching ways to improve the comprehension of neural network reasoning. Before discussing machine learning's ethical issues with data biases and other issues, open in a new window or tab. Conclusion We are using big data to describe large data, whereas machine learning is a subfield of artificial intelligence that enables the machine to auto-improve and learn from past data. Big data analytics can be used to do the majority of data analysis jobs that do not require expert knowledge without the use of machine learning. However, machine learning would be necessary if the computing power needed exceeds human skill. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Big Data vs Machine Learning. Here we discuss Big Data vs Machine Learning key differences with infographics and a comparison table in detail. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Big Data vs Data Science Small Data vs Big Data HBase vs Cassandra Spark vs MapReduce

read more

Hadoop vs RDBMS

Definition of Hadoop vs RDBMS We know that basically Hadoop is used to process the large size dataset which means the size is in gigabytes instead of a single large computer. Hadoop allows us to create multiple clusters to analyze and process the data. On the other hand, RDBMS means Relational Database Management System used to store relational data. Basically, RDMS is the basic era for all modern database systems such as MySQL, Oracle, Access, etc. Table of contentsDefinition of Hadoop vs RDBMSDifference Between Hadoop vs RDBMSWhat is Hadoop?What is RDBMS?Head to Head Comparison Between Hadoop vs RDBMS(Infographics)Key Differences between Hadoop vs RDBMSHadoop RequirementRDBMS RequirementComparison Table of Hadoop vs RDBMSPurpose of HadoopPurpose of RDBMSConclusionRecommended Articles Difference Between Hadoop vs RDBMS Unstructured, semi-structured, and well-structured data make up the Hadoop software framework. It provides real-time support for different programming languages such as XML, and JSON, as well as a flat-file format that is text-based, also provided by this. RDBMS functions effectively work when the entity-relationship flow is precisely defined. It allows the database structure or schema to expand the unsupervised nature of datasets. Specifically, structured data works well with an RDBMS. When big data processing is required, but the data being processed does not have reliable relationships, Hadoop will be a good choice. RDBMS provides ACID properties which are helpful for database design. What is Hadoop? Basically, Hadoop is an open-source framework provided by Apache and is written in Java programming language. Using simple programming models helps to store and process a lot of data across clusters of computers. Hadoop's primary goal is to store and process Big Data which is a large amount of complex data. Hadoop has a high throughput, or the capacity to process a large amount of data in a short amount of time. The architecture of Hadoop consists of four modules. Hadoop MapReduce, YARN, the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS), and Hadoop are common. The Java libraries and utilities are all contained in the common module. It also contains the files needed to start Hadoop. Job scheduling and cluster resource management are carried out by Hadoop YARN. The architecture of Hadoop we can see in the below screenshot. What is RDBMS? Based on the relational model, RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System. Data is stored in tables in the RDBMS, and keys and indexes connect the tables. The entities are the data elements that make up a table. The table contains the row and columns. For example, let’s consider, the stud information base can have a stud and class table. The student can have attributes like phone number, address, stud_id, and a stud_name. The class can have properties, for example, class_id, class_name, and so on. class_id is the primary key for the class table, whereas stud_id is the primary key for the student table. These two entities are connected by using the class_id as a foreign key in the student table. The tables also have connections to one another. They offer normalization, data integrity, and numerous other services. MySQL, MSSQL, and Oracle are among the most common RDBMSs. They query using SQL. We can see the architecture of RDBMS below screenshot. Head to Head Comparison Between Hadoop vs RDBMS(Infographics) Below are the top 8 differences between Hadoop and RDBMS: Key Differences between Hadoop vs RDBMS Let us look at the key differences between Hadoop and RDBMS: Normally Hadoop is a collection of open source which helps to connect multiple computers and easily process a huge amount of data as well as data computation. The key point about Hadoop is that it has stored all types of data which means structured, unstructured, and semi-structured till it gives a fast result as compared to other software and tools. On the other hand, RDBMS is used to create and manage the database which is based on the relational models and it is basic for all modern database systems. The key point about RDBMS is that it only processes structured data. Hadoop Requirement Now let’s see what the hardware and software requirements are: Component Minimum RequirementCPUCore I3 minimum 3rd GenMemory8 GBHardDisk500 GBOSWindow 64 bit/ Redhat/Ubuntu/CentosHadoop2.3.0 or aboveJava6.31 or above RDBMS Requirement Now let’s see what the hardware and software requirements: Component Minimum RequirementCPUCore I3 minimum 3rd GenMemory4 GBHardDisk500 GBOSWindow 64 bit/ Redhat/Ubuntu/CentosMySQL5.7DBeaver version22.3.1 Comparison Table of Hadoop vs RDBMS The table below summarizes the comparisons between Hadoop vs RDBMS: HadoopRDBMSIt is an open source used for data storage and process.Cost is applicable, It uses the transitional design that is a table and it is also used to store the data.It processes structured and unstructured data.It only allows structured data.It is best for huge data.It is best for the OLTP structure.We can easily scale up whenever we required.It is less scalable.We can process the data without normalization.In the RDBMS, normalization is required.Hadoop has a latency.In RDBMS there is no latency.It has a dynamic data schema.In RDBMS data scheme is static.In Hadoop data integrity is low as compared to RDBMS.In RDBMS data integrity is high. Purpose of Hadoop It provides security to the client. We can easily analyze customer requirements from different companies such as financial and telecom. With the help of Hadoop, we can easily analyze the data country or state-wise. It supports forecasting and financial trading. Business point of view Hadoop helps us to understand and optimize the business requirement. By using Hadoop we can improve performance. It helps us to improve healthcare and public health. We can easily optimize the performance of the machine. Purpose of RDBMS It also provides data security such as authorization. It supports fault tolerance, if suddenly power failure occurs or the machine is shut down then it recovers easily which means it supports concurrent access. It is easy to use because it uses the table to store the data in rows and columns. Scalability is easy and it supports the relational design of the database. Conclusion From this article, we are able to understand Hadoop vs RDBMS. It provides the basic idea and implementation of Hadoop vs RDBMS and we also see the representation of Hadoop vs RDBMS. In the end, we got an idea about the uses of Hadoop vs RDBMS. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Hadoop vs RDBMS. Here we discuss Hadoop vs RDBMS key differences with infographics and a comparison table in detail. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Small Data vs Big Data Hadoop vs Spark Hive vs HBase HBase vs Cassandra

read more

Data Science vs Machine Learning

Definition of Data Science vs Machine Learning Data science vs machine learning in terms that differ from each other. Data science is nothing but the field that studies data and what we are extracting from it. Machine learning is the field that is devoted to building and understanding the methods used to improve performance and utilize the data, it is the artificial intelligence branch. Data science and machine learning concepts will fall in the field of technology. Table of contentsDefinition of Data Science vs Machine LearningDifference Between Data Science vs Machine LearningWhat is Data Science?What is Machine Learning?Head to Head Comparison Between Data Science vs Machine Learning (Infographics)Key Differences between Data Science vs Machine LearningData Science RequirementMachine Learning RequirementComparison Table of Data Science vs Machine LearningPurpose of Data SciencePurpose of Machine LearningConclusionRecommended Articles Difference Between Data Science vs Machine Learning The terms data science and machine learning are distinct from one another. The study of data and the information we may derive from is known as data science. Machine learning is a subfield of artificial intelligence that focuses on developing and comprehending the techniques used to enhance performance and utilize the data. Technology-related ideas will include data science and machine learning. A data scientist is often a researcher who employs their expertise to develop a study approach and works with algorithm theory. An engineer in machine learning creates models. Machine learning depends on data science. What is Data Science? The area of data science is broad and complex, requiring many different skills. The procedures used to find, prepare, extract, collate, process, analyze, and show data are reflected in data science, regardless of the volume of data being handled. We'll define big data in a moment as an application of data science. Due in large part to the several academic disciplines and technical breakthroughs, it draws from, data science is a very complex field. Data science integrates several disciplines, including signal processing, mathematics, databases, and databases, among others. This analysis covers the source of the data, a study of its subject matter, and how the data may be helpful for the company's future growth. What is Machine Learning? Algorithms are used in machine learning to process data and become educated to make predictions without human intervention. Machine learning requires a set of instructions, data, or observations as inputs. Businesses like Facebook, Google, and others employ machine learning extensively. Computer science's field of study known as "machine learning" looks at how to teach computers to solve issues on their own, without having to be explicitly programmed to do so step-by-step. This field includes a wide range of techniques that are typically broken down into supervised techniques. Machine learning algorithms are procedures for carrying out a process. Head to Head Comparison Between Data Science vs Machine Learning (Infographics) Below are the top 10 differences between Data Science and Machine Learning: Key Differences between Data Science vs Machine Learning Let us look at the key differences between Data Science and Machine Learning: In contrast to machine learning, which is a field of computing that interacts with software systems to auto-learn and get better with practice, data science is a mixture of techniques, devices, and techniques that helps you uncover common underlying knowledge from the raw data. Through the use of numerous scientific techniques, algorithms, and processes, data science uncovers insights from massive amounts of data. Machine learning, on the other hand, enables a system to learn from data without the programmer explicitly coding logic; instead, it does it through self-improvement. While machine learning techniques are challenging to implement manually, data science can function with manual approaches, however, they are not particularly useful. The technology of machine learning is a subset of AI, but data science is not a subset of artificial intelligence. The machine learning approach helps you forecast the new database outcome values, while the data science strategy helps you derive insights from data that deal with all real-world complications. Data Science Requirement With the help of data science, a business problem can be transformed into a research project, then back into a practical solution. Data science is a concept that has emerged as a result of the emergence of large data and quantitative statistics. We needed the skills listed below to use data science. Computing and statistical analysis Deep learning Machine learning Programming Large data set processing Mathematics To use data science we need to learn the below languages. The below languages are required in data science as follows. Python R SAS We must set up the necessary software and tools on our system before we can start working on data science. We also need to understand the terminology used in data science. Machine Learning Requirement To use machine learning we need the knowledge of the following concepts. We need to be familiar with the below concepts. Linear equations Variables Histograms Function graphs Statistical means We should ideally have some prior Python programming knowledge since the exercises are in Python. Also, we need to be familiar with other programming languages like R and Scala. While using machine learning we need to install the specified software which was required for using machine learning. Comparison Table of Data Science vs Machine Learning The table below summarizes the comparisons between Data Science vs Machine Learning: Data ScienceMachine LearningData science is a field of systems and processes used to extract structured as well as semi-structured data.Machine learning is the field of study which gives the capability of learning.Data science needs an entire universe of analytics.Machine learning is a combination of data science and machine.Data science is the branch that deals with data.Machine learning utilizes the technique of data science for learning about data.Data science may or may not be involved in the process of machine learning.Machine learning is used various techniques.Data science focuses on algorithms and data processing.Machine learning focuses on the statistics of algorithms.Data science is q big term that comes with multiple decisions.Machine learning fits with data science.Data science contains multiple operations like cleaning, manipulation, and gathering.Machine learning contains three types supervised, reinforcement, and unsupervised.An example of data science is Netflix.Example - Facebook.Data science is working with structured and unstructured data.Machine learning working with structured data.Data science is used to discover insights from the data.Making predictions. Purpose of Data Science Data science includes all facets of data, any tool or technology can be used in some capacity during the data science process. Data science is the study of various scientific methodologies that extract insightful knowledge from vast amounts of data. It can also be used by data scientists to discover hidden patterns in raw data. By utilizing a variety of methods for structured data, we are leveraging data science. The main application of data science is structured data. Python, R, and SAS are the languages that are used in data science. We employ data science in many fields, mostly to retrieve scientific data. We need to be knowledgeable in a variety of data science topics in order to apply data science. Purpose of Machine Learning Many industries are using machine learning. Many issues can be solved profitably by allowing a machine-learning system to make decisions. The use of these methods in the financing, employment, and medical fields raises serious ethical issues. These algorithms incorporate social bias into their outcomes because they are trained on human-generated data. These biases might be concealed by the fact that machine-learning algorithms work without clear rules. There are currently certain black boxes in machine learning algorithms. We are aware of what enters and leaves the body, but not how it got there. To make neural network thinking more understandable, Google is conducting research. Open in a new window or tab prior to addressing data biases and other ethical concerns with machine learning, this study might need to be done in more depth. Conclusion Machine learning is a subfield of artificial intelligence that focuses on developing and comprehending the techniques used to enhance performance and utilize the data. Technology-related ideas will include data science and machine learning. Machine learning is the field that is devoted to building and understanding the methods used to improve performance and utilize the data. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Data Science vs Machine Learning. Here we discuss Data Science vs Machine Learning key differences with infographics and a comparison table in detail. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Spark vs MapReduce Small Data vs Big Data Hadoop vs SQL Big Data vs Data Science

read more

Data Science vs Computer Science

Definition of Data Science vs Computer Science Data science vs computer science is related to technology and computers. Technical proficiency in data collection and analysis, as well as great management abilities, are requirements for data science. The easiest route to becoming a data scientist is through a coding boot camp, thus industry seekers will need to acquire higher education at a college or similar institution. Data science and computer science are related to each other. Table of contentsDefinition of Data Science vs Computer ScienceDifference Between Data Science vs Computer ScienceWhat is Data Science?What is Computer Science?Head to Head Comparison Between Data Science vs Computer Science (Infographics)Key Differences between Data Science vs Computer ScienceData Science RequirementComputer Science RequirementComparison Table of Data Science vs Computer SciencePurpose of Data SciencePurpose of Computer ScienceConclusionRecommended Articles Difference Between Data Science vs Computer Science The study and application are central to both computer science and data science, which are separate but related to technological subjects. Of the two disciplines, computer science is the most diverse. It covers both theoretical and practical investigation into the workings of computers' functional parts, such as their hardware and other components of the information technology systems architecture. The multidisciplinary field of data science is more recent than other interdisciplinary fields. It combines programming expertise with statistical modeling and data analytics approaches. While there are similarities in the information related to computer science and data science, there are also differences in how computer science and data science utilize their technical knowledge and coding skills. Computer scientists utilize software programs, and design and optimize computer systems and networks. Computer scientists are primarily interested in the internal workings of computers. For gathering, organizing, and analyzing massive datasets to find solutions to complicated issues, data scientists research database architecture and probability modeling. What is Data Science? Data science is a large, difficult field that calls for a variety of talents. Regardless of the amount of data being handled, the methods used to identify, prepare, extract, collate, process, analyze, and present data are represented in data science. In a minute, we'll define big data as an application of data science. Data science is an extremely complex field, in large part because of the several academic fields and technological advancements it pulls from. Signal processing, mathematics, databases, and other fields are all integrated into data science, among others. The data's origin, topic matter, and potential value to the company's future growth are all covered in this analysis. What is Computer Science? Computing concepts are referred to as computer science. Essentially, it is the study of how processes interact with program-based data. It deals with the employment of various algorithms to manipulate information. As a result, computer science deals with the study of software and hardware as well as additional elements like networking and the internet. The study of a computer's fundamental design and operation is covered in the hardware area of computer science. Programming principles languages and study is covered in the computer science area of software. OS and compilers are additional topics covered in computer science. Head to Head Comparison Between Data Science vs Computer Science (Infographics) Below are the top 10 differences between Data Science and Computer Science: Key Differences between Data Science vs Computer Science Let us look at the key differences between Data Science and Computer Science: Due to the inherent massive data challenges that need for efficient processing, data and computer science contains a close link. Software engineering and development are the primary topics in computer science. However, courses like mathematics are used in data science. Data science employs computer science ideas and differs from the concepts of analysis and monitoring in that it produces results linked to simulation and prediction. The computational challenges in data science are connected to the algorithmic issues in computer science through the use of ML and other approaches. In other words, computer science is utilized in data science to simplify many complex analytical tasks. The algorithmic method used in computer science focuses on the mathematical underpinnings of equipping its practitioners with the means to design effective algorithms and enhance their output. Students learn the principles of employing numerous algorithms and data mining approaches and knowledge of algorithms and modeling. Data Science Requirement A business issue can be turned into a research project via data science, which can ultimately be turned back into an operational solution. We required expertise in computer science, statistical analysis, deep learning, machine learning, programming, handling large data sets, and mathematics. We must learn the following languages to use data science. Data science requires the following languages: Python, R, and SAS. Before beginning work on data science, we must install the required software and tools on our machine. We also need to comprehend the language that is employed in data science. Computer Science Requirement To use the term computer science we need knowledge of computer-related software and hardware. There are multiple types of courses is available to learn computer science. The software contains knowledge of all the languages that are used in computer programming. Also, it will contain knowledge of networking and other things. The hardware contains knowledge of all the hardware that is used in a computer. Also, it will contain knowledge of all the networking components. Computer science is an important term defined in computer technology. Comparison Table of Data Science vs Computer Science The table below summarizes the comparisons between Data Science vs Computer Science: Data ScienceComputer ScienceData science is a field that uses statistics and mathematics.It’s a computational systems study.Data science is used for analysis.Computer science is used for growth and technological advancement.The advantage of data science is to maintain and handle the data.The advantage of computer science is the development and growth of technology.Data science is a branch of science.Computer science is also a branch of science.One after studying data science becomes a DS processional.One after studying computer science becomes a CS professional.It is a subset of computer science.It is a superset of data science, it covers all the fields.The main benefit of data science is data reduction and data redundancy.The main benefit of computer science is improved performance speed and technological advancement.Data Science is applied in industries where data is more important.Computer science is applied in all technology industries.Data science handles a large volume of data.Computer science uses ultra-fast and advanced devices.It is a computer science branch.It will cover the entire technology field. Purpose of Data Science All aspects of data are included in data science, and every tool or technology can be employed in some way during the process. The study of diverse scientific approaches used to glean meaningful knowledge from enormous amounts of data is known as data science. Data scientists can be used to find hidden patterns in unprocessed data. We are using data science to process structured data using several techniques. Structured data is the primary application of data science. The languages utilized in data science are Python, R, and SAS. We use data science in many different domains, primarily to find scientific data. To apply data science, we need to be informed in a range of data science disciplines. Purpose of Computer Science Computer science is the field of study that focuses on computers and computing principles. In essence, it is the study of variables that affect data programs. It is focused on information manipulation including the use of various algorithms. The construction of computing equipment or devices which are the backbone of the information technology sector and its technological advancement—comes under the umbrella of computer science. Computer science topics include, for instance, the creation of algorithms, and programming languages process. Compilers and operating systems are further computers science subjects. Conclusion Computer scientists utilize software programs, and design and optimize computer systems and networks. Computer scientists are primarily interested in the internal workings of computers. Data science vs computer science is related to technology and computers. Technical proficiency in data collection and analysis, as well as great management abilities, are requirements for data science. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Data Science vs Computer Science. Here we discuss Data Science vs Computer Science key differences with infographics and a comparison table in detail. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Hadoop vs SQL Big Data vs Data Science Data Science vs Machine Learning Big Data vs Machine Learning

read more

HBase vs HDFS

Definition of HBase vs HDFS HBase vs HDFS both are different terms, which are components of big data. HBase contains java based but it is not only the SQL database. Hdfs is a file system based on java and it is used to store large data sets. Hdfs contains a rigid architecture that does not allow changes and does not facilitate dynamic storage. Hbase allows dynamic changes. Hdfs and HBase both are important terms. Table of contentsDefinition of HBase vs HDFSDifference between HBase vs HDFSWhat is HBase?What is HDFS?Head to Head Comparison Between HBase vs HDFS (Infographics)Key Differences between HBase vs HDFSHBase RequirementHDFS RequirementComparison Table of HBase vs HDFSPurpose of HBasePurpose of HDFSConclusionRecommended Articles Difference between HBase vs HDFS For write-once and read-many-times uses, HDFS is the best choice. For random write and read operations on data stored in HDFS, HBase is the best option. Hadoop distributed file system, which is an abstraction of the local file system, is good for storing large files but does not offer tabular storage as such. HDFS is the foundation for a distributed column-oriented data store that runs on top of Hadoop and provides structural data models. Data is stored in a table row column. The easiest way to show that HBase is well suited for real-time environments. We jointly create and extract crucial insights from the logs of application/web servers. Given the rapid data flow, we choose HBase over HDFS because HDFS does not enable real-time writes. What is HBase? It will allow limitless read and write access on HDFS. A data consumer uses Hbase to read data from HDFS. HDFS supports the column-oriented HBase database. There are various horizontal scalability alternatives for this project. Hbase allows random access to structured data and makes use of a Hadoop error tolerance system. Data exchange is automatic and flexible. Hbase offers failover on demand. Low-latency operations are the purpose for which Hbase was designed. HBase has a lot of reading and writing activities going on. There is a considerable amount of data in table form in Hbase. Hbase offers both linear and modular scalability. The top-level Apache project HBase was created in Java to address the demand for real-time reading and writing of data. It offers a straightforward interface for dispersed data. It stores data in HDFS and may be accessed by MapReduce. What is HDFS? The Hadoop Distributed File System is a distributed file system created to store data reliably across several machines that are linked together as nodes. It consists of clusters, and each cluster's method is monitored and managed by a single Name Node software program that is installed on a different workstation. The best option for batch analytics is HDFS. But one of its main flaws is that it can't conduct real-time analysis, which is a trend in the IT sector. On the other hand, HBase is better suited for batch analytics and can handle massive data volumes. It instantly publishes and reads data from Hadoop. Head to Head Comparison Between HBase vs HDFS (Infographics) Below are the top 9 differences between HBase and HDFS: Key Differences between HBase vs HDFS Let us look at the key differences between HBase and HDFS: Even during system failures, HDFS provides quick data movement across nodes since it is fault-tolerant by design. On top of Hadoop, HBase is a Not-Only-SQL database that is open source and non-relational. The CAP theorem applies to HBase in its CP type. Data that is structured, semi-structured, or unstructured can be processed using HDFS and HBase. As HDFS uses the outdated MapReduce algorithm, data analysis is slowed down by the lack of an in-memory processing engine. Contrarily, HBase boasts significant speeds up read/write operations. When performing data analysis, HDFS is quite open and transparent. HBase, a NoSQL tabular database, retrieves values by classifying them according to various key values. The easiest way to show that HBase is well suited for real-time environments is to use our client. We jointly created and extract crucial insights from the logs of applications or web servers. Large data sets can be accessed with low latency using HBase whereas HDFS offers high latency operations. WORM is supported by HDFS, but HBase allows random reads and write. MapReduce tasks are essentially or mostly used to access HDFS, whereas Avro or Thrift API is used to access HBase. HBase Requirement HBase uses caches to fill the memory; as a result, running HBase needs a lot of RAM. Installing Hbase requires the following hardware. To install Hbase, a distinct Hadoop user must be created. Java 1.7 or a later version is required to install HBase on our system. We must install and configure HDFS to use Hbase. Hbase can be set up on Windows and Linux systems. Installing Hbase requires at least 1 GB of storage space. The HBase log must be stored on a disc that has a minimum capacity of 500 MB. HDFS Requirement The fault-tolerant and scalable HDFS is a part of Hadoop. This document's goals are to provide an overview of the requirements that Hadoop DFS should aim to meet and to provide additional development guidance. To use the HDFS we need the following requirements as follows. The maximum size of nodes in HDFS is 10 thousand. The total data size of HDFS is 10 10 PB. The number of files of HDFS is 100 Million. The number of clients is 100 thousand. Hdfs accepts data loss of 1 hour. It will accept a downtime level of 2 hours. Comparison Table of HBase vs HDFS The table below summarizes the comparisons between HBase vs HDFS: HBase HDFSIt contains a Hadoop database that runs on HDFS.It contains java based file system.It is partially fault-tolerant.It is fault-tolerant.In HBase, random access is defined using a hash table.It provides sequential write and read operations.It is based on a random read.It is based on reading multiple times.HBase contains dynamic changes.HDFS contains rigid architecture.HBase is preferable for real-time processing.It is preferable to batch offline processing.It provides low latency.It provides high latency.HBase is not suitable for batch analytics.HDFS is used for batch analytics.HBase does not handle large datasets.HDFS handles large datasets. Purpose of HBase A NoSQL database called Apache Hbase makes use of HDFS. Real-time data processing can be done with Hbase. The database type that functions well for OLTP applications is Hbase. In Hbase, various columns have been created from several tables. In other words, HBase processes and stores hadoop data in response to read and write requests made by applications in real-time. Both structured and unstructured data are present in HBase, and as is already known, it has low latency. To access the data, command shells are another option. Large brands will be housed in storage tiers on Hadoop clusters that are used by Hbase for storage. Purpose of HDFS A DFS named HDFS is included with Hadoop. To ensure data resilience and high availability for concurrent applications, HDFS distributes and replicates data across a number of computers. Due to the usage of inexpensive hardware, it is cost-effective. The concepts of blocks, data nodes, and node names are all present. Applications using Hadoop mostly employ HDFS for data storage. A distributed file system called HDFS uses a node to achieve high-performance data access across massively scaled Hadoop clusters. To manage data processing and storage for large data application platforms. One of the many components of the Hadoop ecosystem is HDFS. It offers a dependable way to handle massive data pools. Conclusion The hadoop distributed file system, an abstraction of the local file system, is good for storing large files but does not offer tabular storage. Hdfs is a file system based on java and it is used to store large data sets. Hdfs contains a rigid architecture that not allowing changes, it was not facilitating dynamic storage. Recommended Articles This is a guide to HBase vs HDFS. Here we discuss HBase vs HDFS key differences with infographics and a comparison table in detail. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Hive vs HBase Hadoop vs SQL HBase vs Cassandra Hadoop vs RDBMS

read more

Business Intelligence and Data Mining

Definition of Business Intelligence and Data Mining Business intelligence and data mining differ in multiple ways. The main purpose of business intelligence is to convert data into the required information. Whereas business intelligence tracks the present data and indicators in a specified way to encourage the decision of data-driven programming. Basically, data mining is used to find solutions and explore data for business applications. it will also use computational intelligence and algorithms. Table of contentsDefinition of Business Intelligence and Data MiningDifference Between Business Intelligence and Data MiningWhat is Business Intelligence?What is Data Mining?Head to Head Comparison Between Business Intelligence and Data Mining (Infographics)Key Differences between Business Intelligence and Data MiningBusiness Intelligence RequirementData Mining RequirementComparison Table of Business Intelligence and Data MiningPurpose of Business IntelligencePurpose of Data MiningConclusionRecommended Articles Difference Between Business Intelligence and Data Mining The data gathered is unorganized and uncooked. The BI team can receive a cleaner version of these complicated datasets through data mining, which can then be used to extract insights. Data mining can also be used to examine smaller datasets. This enables firms to determine the underlying reason for a particular trend and utilize business intelligence to recommend strategies for leveraging it. Data mining can be used by analysts to collect required information, and then they can use business intelligence tools to determine the information's significance. To put it another way, businesses can utilize data mining to comprehend the "what" for BI to provide the "how" and "why". Businesses that invest in BI can run complex analyses in real-time and test them. Thus, procedures are optimized and financial yield is raised as a result of data mining and business intelligence. What is Business Intelligence? Many different sources of data are commonly used by large business organizations. This data can be used to obtain a set of information sets that help in making better business decisions. This insightful data might be descriptive. BI is an acronym for the various methods and tools used to collect, combine, analyze, and visualize corporate data. BI software will analyze data from warehouses to find insights, which will then further transform the data into information that is helpful to decision-makers and easy to understand. A connection between business intelligence and data warehouse is made. Business intelligence is a framework that is giving authentic operations. What is Data Mining? A significant current breakthrough that has the potential to greatly help businesses concentrate on the most important data large datasets. It has an enormous range of both small and large enterprises. In essence, data mining is used in the opposite manner from information warehousing. Data mining tools can create a predictive display that can identify whether customers are at risk or unlucky by evaluating a company's customer information. Statistical algorithms are used to identify data's hidden patterns. To discover significant trends that can improve revenue metrics. Data modeling procedures should be scrutinized in detail for irregularities. Keep in mind that simplifying processes and increasing revenues (must) be the end goal. In order to create reports that are valuable for decision-making in any business, Data mining extracts usable information from unstructured data. Head to Head Comparison Between Business Intelligence and Data Mining (Infographics) Below are the top 9 differences between Business Intelligence and Data Mining: Key Differences between Business Intelligence and Data Mining Let us look at the key differences between Business Intelligence and Data Mining: On paper, data mining and business intelligence may not seem to be the same, but in practice, they have a lot in common in terms of the results they produce and the ways they may help your company succeed. When it comes to preparing company data, data mining is a crucial part of business intelligence. It also helps you be able to use that data to make reliable forecasts, which can enable you to work at a higher level than if we just rely on the data we already have and make educated guesses about what would happen in the future. Data mining can be used by businesses to locate the information they require, and BI can be used to establish its significance. The next step after deciding to become more data-driven is to consider BI software. The monitoring of Key components of business intelligence, which is volumetric in nature. The scientific methods and techniques used in DM are used to find patterns and behavior in data. Additionally, it aids in locating management blind spots and offers in-depth case-by-case statistical analysis. Business Intelligence Requirement Business intelligence is required in multiple fields, at the time of using business intelligence we need to install the software of BI that is used to analyze data. Business intelligence helps firms find opportunities from old data, which boosts productivity and revenue. To find the best BI software, the corporation can carefully consider all of its options. The criteria for business intelligence are as follows: Data analysis, Data querying, Data visualization, Data management, Scalability and availability, Reporting, Mobile Business Intelligence, Deployment environment, Pricing and plans, and Data connectivity. Data Mining Requirement Source data querying, calculating stats of raw data, and model design algorithm to train the mining model are the three processing steps in data mining. The server sends queries to the database for holding the raw data. A previous version of SQL Server 2017 could be used to run this database. During the processing of a data mining structure, the data in the source is moved to the mining structure and is then stored on the disc. The model gets the data summary during processing rather than reading the data again from the data source. The server launches separate models using the cube that was constructed, the cached index, and the case data that has been cached. Comparison Table of Business Intelligence and Data Mining The table below summarizes the comparisons between Business Intelligence and Data Mining: Business IntelligenceData MiningTransforming unprocessed data into useful business knowledge.Designed to look into facts and find a solution to a business problem.Data-driven decision-making has an impact on a firm.Finds solutions to a problem or a trade-related problem.Dimensional and social databases processing large datasets.Little datasets are managed in a small data parcel.Visualizations that illustrate the precise outcome.Uses computations to identify specific designs for a problem and to identify the fuzzy areas.KPIs speak to dashboards and reports.Identifies a conversation plan for a problem as one of the KPIs in reports or dashboards.There is no intelligence involved; the administration must make a decision based on the facts depends on small-scale historical information.Centered on a particular problem, and data using computations to find the arrangement.It seems like KPIs of benefit.Identifies a solution for a problem by creating contemporary BI KPIs.When making decisions, business intelligence is important.Data mining will clarify a particular problem and helps in decision-making.Business intelligence contains multiple parts.Data mining also contains multiple parts. Purpose of Business Intelligence Business intelligence mixes data mining, and data visualization techniques to help firms make better data-driven decisions. We may assess if our company has a modern business grasp of its data and utilize it to promote change, eliminate inefficiencies, and respond quickly in response to supply or market changes. Modern BI solutions place a high priority on managed data and flexible self-service analysis. Every industry recognizes the importance of business intelligence. In the IT industry, both business intelligence and data warehouses are crucial. Purpose of Data Mining Data mining is the process of examining huge data sets to find patterns that may be used to analyze data to solve business challenges. Businesses may predict decisions using data mining techniques and technologies. An interdisciplinary area known as data mining tries to take information from a data set and organize it in a way that is understandable so that it can be used in other ways. Over the past few decades, the usage of Data Mining is accelerated due to the development of Data Warehousing technology and the emergence of Big Data, supporting organizations in turning raw data into actionable knowledge. Data mining is the practice of poring over enormous data sets to find significant or relevant information. However, decision-makers also require access to smaller, more focused data points. Businesses utilize data mining to find specific information that could aid in leadership. Conclusion Data mining can be used by analysts to collect required information, and they can then use business intelligence tools to determine the information's significance. The main purpose of business intelligence it converts the data into the required information. Whereas business intelligence is tracking the present data and indicators in a specified way that will encourage the decision of data-driven programming. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Business Intelligence and Data Mining. Here we discuss Business Intelligence and Data Mining key differences with infographics and a comparison table in detail. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Big Data vs Machine Learning Hive vs HBase Spark vs MapReduce Big Data vs Data Science

read more

Business Intelligence and Data Warehouse

Definition of Business Intelligence and Data Warehouse Business intelligence and data warehouse are the same concepts and they are operating in the same space. The BI and data warehouse are involved in data storage. BI is a collection methodology used for data analysis. The data warehouse provides storage for the process of BI. Maintaining and deploying a data warehouse is critical for the BI that is referred to collectively, both terms are important in information technology. Table of contentsDefinition of Business Intelligence and Data WarehouseDifference Between Business Intelligence and Data WarehouseWhat is Business Intelligence?What is Data Warehouse?Head to Head Comparison Between Business Intelligence and Data Warehouse (Infographics)Key Differences between Business Intelligence and Data WarehouseBusiness Intelligence RequirementData Warehouse RequirementComparison Table of Business Intelligence and Data WarehousePurpose of Business IntelligencePurpose of Data WarehouseConclusionRecommended Articles Difference Between Business Intelligence and Data Warehouse Business intelligence and data warehousing differ in several important ways. Before going into the distinctions the data warehouse stores a large amount of data whereas business intelligence distinguishes the data as per requirement. The main goals of BI are data analysis and providing practical insights to decision-makers, and Power BI is an example of a commonly used BI tool. On the other hand, well-known vendors of data warehouses include Azure and Amazon Redshift. What is Business Intelligence? Large commercial organizations frequently receive a large amount of data from various sources. This data can always be used to obtain a variety of information sets that help make better business decisions. This useful information could be descriptive. BI refers to the various approaches and tools used for gathering, integrating, analyzing, and visualizing corporate data. Data from warehouses will be parsed for insights by BI software, which will then turn into information that is useful to decision-makers and easy to understand. Business intelligence serves as a link to a data warehouse. What is Data Warehouse? Data warehouses are a system and group of back-end technologies that assist in gathering huge volumes of disparate data from numerous sources and storing it for later use. Business logic that supports good data warehouses. Data warehouses are used by several applications, including business intelligence. Data is stored in Fact Tables and Dimensions in Data Warehouses, which typically adhere to a multidimensional paradigm. Transactional databases are unable to handle complicated queries, whereas data warehouses can. Additionally, it can initiate the cleaning process by negotiating various data storage schemas according to the type of data. Data warehouses can only analyze past data. Head to Head Comparison Between Business Intelligence and Data Warehouse (Infographics) Below are the top 9 differences between Business Intelligence and Data Warehouse: Key Differences between Business Intelligence and Data Warehouse Let us look at the key differences between Business Intelligence and Data Warehouse: C-level executives are typically BI users who want to perform rapid data analysis for users. The data is stored in a data warehouse. Data for particular business activities of departments are the first aspect of data warehousing that has to be handled. This usually entails identifying the important stakeholders and the reports that must be directed toward the data warehouse. BI is primarily focused on producing company insights like product positioning and pricing to goals, even if they are interconnected and dependent on one another. After the BI solution has processed the data to generate the desired reports for them, the system must provide this information to end users in a way that allows them to take appropriate action. The first three steps in these backend operations are all concerned with making sure that the information is properly saved and prepared for use. Business Intelligence Requirement Business intelligence helps organizations identify opportunities in both recent and historical data, which improves performance and income. To find the best business intelligence software, the company can carefully weigh all of your options. The following are the requirements for business intelligence. Augmented analytics Security Mobile BI Reporting Deployment environment Pricing and plans Data analysis Data querying Data visualization Data management Scalability and availability Data connectivity Data Warehouse Requirement It serves as a data storage facility and a real warehouse. Many businesses have internal data warehouses where they keep track of lead generation statistics, sales quotas, performance indicators, and other data. The data warehouse requirements are listed below. Workload separation Maximize concurrency Data loading maximization Minimize latency Fast time value Handle semi-structured data Performance of business intelligence Inexpensive Elasticity Quickly scalable Consolidated Accessible to sharing of data Simplicity Hold the data Comparison Table of Business Intelligence and Data Warehouse The table below summarizes the comparisons between Business Intelligence and Data Warehouse: Business IntelligenceData WarehouseIt is a set of tools used to analyze the data.It is used to store the data.It is a decision support system.It is a data storage system.Business intelligence is used in the front end.A Data warehouse is used in the backend.Business intelligence's purpose is to empower users to make defensible, data-driven decisions.The primary goal of a data warehouse is to give business intelligence users a structured, thorough perspective of the data that a company has available to it.Gathers information for analysis from the data warehouse.Assembles data for effective BI analysis from a variety of unrelated sources.Includes financial reports, graphs, and other visuals.Consists of information stored in fact tables and dimensions.Needs a lot of different, meaningful data.There are various applications for data warehouses.Work for or report to the executives and analysts in charge of handling and maintaining this data.Handled comparatively higher up the hierarchy by executives and analysts.Example - SAPExample – Big Query Purpose of Business Intelligence To assist businesses in making more data-driven decisions, business intelligence integrates business analytics, data mining, and data visualization practices. Business intelligence is a very important term in every industry. Business intelligence and data warehouses both terms are important in the IT industry. Business intelligence is used to distinguish the data as per business requirements. Business intelligence is a very important term in any industry or business where we use a large amount of data. Purpose of Data Warehouse A data warehouse is a data collection that can be examined to aid in the development of better judgments. For organizations to remain competitive, data and analytics are essential. To glean insights from their data, track corporate performance, and aid in decision-making tools. Tiers make form the architecture of a data warehouse. The front-end client is the highest tier; it displays outcomes using tools for reporting and mining. The analytics engine used to access and evaluate the data is included in the middle tier. Data loads on the server, which is the lowest tier of the system. Conclusion The data warehouse is a storage facility that supports the BI process. Maintaining and deploying data warehouses is critical for business intelligence (BI), as both terms are important in information technology. SAP and Power BI are two examples of popular BI tools. Azure and Amazon Redshift, on the other hand, are well-known data warehouse vendors. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Business Intelligence and Data Warehouse. Here we discuss Business Intelligence and Data Warehouse key differences with infographics and a comparison table in detail. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Small Data vs Big Data Data Science vs Computer Science Big Data vs Machine Learning Data Science vs Machine Learning

read more

Data Science vs Data Engineering

Definition of Data Science vs Data Engineering Data science vs data engineering both are different concepts from each other. Data science is a broad study of information science and other domains. It will extract the insights of the large datasets and meaningful patterns. The main components of data science are machine learning and big data. Whereas data engineering is nothing but the branch of data science that primarily operates with data acquisition, analysis, and practical applications. Table of contentsDefinition of Data Science vs Data EngineeringDifference Between Data Science vs Data EngineeringWhat is Data Science?What is Data Engineering?Head to Head Comparison Between Data Science vs Data Engineering (Infographics)Key Differences Between Data Science vs Data EngineeringData Science RequirementData Engineering RequirementsComparison Table of Data Science vs Data EngineeringPurpose of Data SciencePurpose of Data EngineeringConclusionRecommended Articles Difference Between Data Science vs Data Engineering Basically, data science and data engineering are both different terms from each other. Data engineering is the branch of data science. Data science is used to handle a large amount of data whereas data engineering is used to analyze a large amount of data. Both technologies are working on data. Data science is used to analyze the data that was sent by the data engineer, it is the field in which data scientists are working to analyze the data. We are using data engineering for collecting and analyzing a large amount of data. Both fields are important at the time of working on a large amount of data. What is Data Science? A wide range of skills is required in the broad, challenging subject of data science. The techniques used to find, analyze, and present data are represented in data science, regardless of the volume of data being handled. Data science is a very broad term for data that included multiple fields. The area of data science is very complicated and encompasses many different disciplines. Data science incorporates a variety of disciplines, including signal processing, mathematics, databases, and others. This study covers all aspects of the data, including its source and potential worth to future business development. What is Data Engineering? Data engineering is a key concept of data science, we can say that it is a branch of data science. We are using data engineering in multiple applications to analyze a huge amount of data. We are using data engineering in the architecture of data, but we are not using data engineering in the process of decision-making. We are using data science in the process of decision-making. Sounds straightforward enough, but this position necessitates a significant amount of data literacy abilities. Data engineering is contributing role's ambiguity. Data engineering is a core concept of data science. Head to Head Comparison Between Data Science vs Data Engineering (Infographics) Below are the top 10 differences between Data Science and Data Engineering: Key Differences Between Data Science vs Data Engineering Let us look at the key differences between Data Science and Data Engineering: A data engineer creates architectures like databases and massively parallel processing systems. On the other side, a data scientist is a person who organizes, cleans, and manipulates data. The word message may strike us as particularly strange, but it just serves to highlight the distinction between data engineering and science. Most of the time, data scientists will already have data that has undergone a preliminary feed to sophisticated analytics to prepare the data for use in predictive and prescriptive modeling. Naturally, to construct models, they must conduct industry and business research and use vast amounts of data from both internal sources to meet business requirements. Data engineers will be required to suggest and occasionally implement methods to enhance data quality, efficiency, and dependability. They will need to do this by fusing systems using a range of languages and tools or by looking for ways to collect fresh data f so that, for instance, system-specific codes can be processed as information by data scientists. Data scientists must give a coherent narrative to the key stakeholders after their analyses are complete. Once the results are approved, they must see to it that the work is automated so that the insights may be provided monthly, or annual basis. Data Science Requirement Through data science, a business problem can be transformed into a research project, which can then be transformed back into an operational solution. We needed knowledge of computer science, statistics, programming, handling massive amounts of data, and maths. The following languages are required for us to employ data science. The languages Python, R, and SAS are necessary for data research. We must first install the necessary software and tools on our machine before starting any data science job. Additionally, we need to understand the vocabulary used in data science. Data Engineering Requirements They evaluate a variety of criteria and use pertinent database approaches to build a solid architecture. After that, the database is created from scratch by the data engineer, who also starts the implementation phase. Additionally, they test at regular intervals to find any flaws or performance problems. The database must be kept up-to-date in order to function properly and without interruption, and this is the responsibility of a data engineer. Below is the requirement of data engineering as follows. Collect data Work on architecture Conduct the research Identify patterns and create models Improve skills Task automation Comparison Table of Data Science vs Data Engineering The table below summarizes the comparisons between Data Science and Data Engineering: Data ScienceData EngineeringData science is used to build the data architect's plan.Data engineering is used in data architecture.Data science is used for analyzing the data provided by data engineers.Data engineering is used to collect and integrate the data.Data science depends on engineering data.Data engineering depends on business stakeholders.Analysis of data science is used in the decision-making process.Data engineering is not used in the decision-making process.In data science, python, R, and SAS languages are used.In data engineering ETL, Hadoop and SQL are used.Data science is used for creating a connection between customers and stakeholders.Data engineering is used in data accuracy.Data science is used and deals with data engineers.Data engineering deals with raw data.To define data science we require storytelling skills.To define data engineering we do not require storytelling skills.In data science, we use programming languages.In data engineering, we use databases.Data science defines the role of the architect's plan.Data engineering defines the role of the data architect. Purpose of Data Science Data science encompasses all facets of data, and any instrument or piece of technology can be used in some capacity. Data science is the study of various scientific methods used to extract useful information from vast volumes of data. It can be used by data scientists to uncover hidden patterns in raw data. We process structured data utilizing a variety of methods using data science. Data science's main application is structured data. Data science uses Python, R, and SAS as its primary programming languages. We generally utilize data science to find scientific data, but we also use it in many other fields. We must be knowledgeable in a variety of data science fields to apply data science. Purpose of Data Engineering The definition of data engineering is that it is a word used to collect and validate high-quality data so that data scientists may use it. It is a very broad field that involves using various data modules and data processing techniques, including data infrastructure, data acquisition, data modeling, and data management. As a result, a Data Engineer cannot be proficient in all areas of expertise. We will describe the precise duties a Data Engineer fulfills in this blog post in accordance with the employer's expectations. The process of creating and constructing systems that enable users to gather and evaluate unprocessed data from many sources and formats are known as data engineering. Conclusion Data science is a broad study of information science and other domains. It will extract the insights of the large datasets and meaningful patterns. The main components of data science are machine learning and big data. Data engineering is the branch of data science. Data science is used to handle a large amount of data whereas data engineering is used to analyze a large amount of data. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Data Science vs Data Engineering. Here we discuss Data Science vs Data Engineering key differences with infographics and a comparison table in detail. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Spark vs MapReduce Big Data vs Data Science Data Science vs Computer Science Data Science vs Machine Learning

read more

Predictive vs Prescriptive Analytics

Definition of Predictive vs Prescriptive Analytics Predictive vs prescriptive analytics is not straightforward, it will take descriptive data and transform same into information. Predictive and prescriptive analytics is informing our business strategies based on the data. While prescriptive analytics assists you in formulating precise recommendations, predictive analytics projects likely future results. The use of both analytics can transform descriptive measurements into conclusions and recommendations. However, we shouldn't rely on just one sort of analytics. Table of contentsDefinition of Predictive vs Prescriptive AnalyticsDifference Between Predictive vs Prescriptive AnalyticsWhat is Predictive Analytics?What is Prescriptive Analytics?Head to Head Comparison Between Predictive vs Prescriptive Analytics (Infographics)Key Differences Between Predictive vs Prescriptive AnalyticsPredictive Analytics RequirementPrescriptive Analytics RequirementComparison Table of Predictive vs Prescriptive AnalyticsPurpose of Predictive AnalyticsPurpose of Prescriptive AnalyticsConclusionRecommended Articles Difference Between Predictive vs Prescriptive Analytics While combining predictive and prescriptive analytics, we can change your business plan and achieve the greatest results. To stay competitive in the increasingly cutthroat market, predictive analytics alone is insufficient. For practically any application or business process, prescriptive analytics offers recommendations for the best next steps to take in order to expedite or drive desired outcomes. Both are crucial tools for business, and each has a place in it. Predictive analytics, however, is beneath prescriptive analytics in the Gartner hierarchy of analytics, which was mentioned above. This is due to the fact that predictive analytics predicts that does not provide direction for necessary decisions. Prescriptive analytics, on the other hand, not only predicts what will happen but also identifies the optimal course of action for the organization. What is Predictive Analytics? An advanced analytics subcategory called "predictive analytics" aids businesses in understanding probable outcomes or the effects of an action. Predictive analytics employs raw, current data to look into the future by using mining data, historical data, and statistics. Predictive analytics used to be exclusive to enterprise-level companies, who could pay to analyze and understand reams of data from many sources. However, thanks to the expansion of CRM analytics and SaaS suppliers, even small businesses now have access to useful data analytics. Predictive analytics may tempt one to view them as a method of telling. What it does provide is a way to employ modeling and statistical methods to create well-considered forecasts and outcomes for the business. There are three pillars of predictive analytics. To find dangers and opportunities, predictive analytics uses historical data. What is Prescriptive Analytics? Although it takes a more technological approach, prescriptive analytics also considers potential future events. The probable future event is examined in greater detail using sophisticated mathematical algorithms and machine learning. A business can view a variety of options and potential consequences with the use of prescriptive analytics. Prescriptive analytics can adjust its forecasts and recommendations in response to new data. Emerging as a more sophisticated application of predictive analytics is prescriptive analytics. Prescriptive analytics does more than just anticipate possible outcomes using a predictive model. In fact, it makes a number of recommendations along with possible results for each action. A business can finally develop a more unified business plan with the use of a prescriptive model. Head to Head Comparison Between Predictive vs Prescriptive Analytics (Infographics) Below are the top 10 differences between Predictive and Prescriptive Analytics: Key Differences Between Predictive vs Prescriptive Analytics Let us look at the key differences between Predictive and Prescriptive Analytics: Using historical data, predictive analytics makes predictions about likely future consequences. Producing specific recommendations for prescriptive analytics makes extensive use of data. Structured historical data is frequently used in predictive analytics (e.g. transactional data). Hybrid data, which combines unstructured input and previously specified structured data, is frequently used in prescriptive analytics (e.g. pictures). According to statistics, predictive analytics entails estimating the value of an unknown variable based on variables. The goal of prescriptive analytics is to improve one or more performance indicators by discovering the best variable. Based on the same data predictive analytics model produces the same predictions. Prescriptive analytics models must be updated frequently with fresh data to maintain their relevance. We can use prescriptive analytics to further analyze the basis of raw data that predictive analytics has provided. In other words, while prescriptive does the labor-intensive analysis, predictive delivers huge data. Predictive Analytics Requirement At the time working with predictive analytics data, we need to consider whether our data is capable of providing an answer to our question. There are multiple factors that determine the appropriateness of the data. While deciding on the data sources, the cleanliness of the data sources is assessed and it is more useful. After cleaning the data we need to define machine learning and automation in the data. In the machine, we are using multiple algorithms on data to sort and clean the data for user use. After applying algorithms and machine learning algorithms, not in the final step, we are checking whether our analytics is meeting the business objectives or not. Prescriptive Analytics Requirement A typical business has an online footprint, therefore the owner or operator must gather, ingest, analyze, and display the data to generate competitive information. As they are often highly busy managing their day-to-day operations, business owners and operators lack the free time to seek data technology, and more particularly, improved business analytics, for more financial gain. They require solid profit margins, nevertheless, in order to survive in the long run. For majority of the business owners who operate in this manner, all data technology responsibilities must be handled and managed by a data center, an advanced data analytics team, or an external data service provider. Comparison Table of Predictive vs Prescriptive Analytics The table below summarizes the comparisons between Predictive vs Prescriptive Analytics: Predictive AnalyticsPrescriptive AnalyticsPredictive analytics involves what will happen in the future.Prescriptive analytics involves what is happening in the past.Predictive analytics involves future company forecasting.Prescriptive analytics involves the important information of the company.An example of predictive analytics is transactional data.An example of prescriptive analytics is pictured.Predictive analytics involves forecast techniques.Prescriptive analytics involves the aggregation of data techniques.The predictive analytics techniques are not providing accurate results as compared with prescriptive analytics.The prescriptive analytics technique provides accurate results as compared with predictive analytics.Predictive analytics involves an approach as proactive.Prescriptive analytics involves the approach as reactive.Predictive analytics involves large historic data.Prescriptive analytics also involves huge data.Predictive analytics contains large data and it will be processed by using different algorithms.The predictive analytics data is processed and stored in a data warehouse.The model of predictive analytics provides identical data.Prescriptive analytics provides new data.Predictive analytics requires structural data.Prescriptive analytics requires hybrid data. Purpose of Predictive Analytics Predictive analytics uses statistics and modeling to find problems before they even occur. Only prospective future occurrences can be predicted using predictive analytics; actual future events cannot be predicted. The increased connection of newer aircraft generations has made it easier than ever to gather vast amounts of historical data. With the right methods, data is assessed to determine likely key risks beforehand. Additionally, more timely maintenance results from precisely forecasting impending defects or breakdowns. Important inspections and fixes can be implemented before a problem becomes dangerous, which results in cheaper maintenance costs, improved component reliability, less need for inventory, and quicker maintenance turnaround times. Purpose of Prescriptive Analytics By providing clear and practical next steps for resolving the problems raised by the predicted data analysis, prescriptive analytics advances predictive analytics. Prescriptive analytics uses multiple layers of machine learning to recommend options for maximizing future possibilities or minimizing future hazards. Prescriptive analytics processes hybrid data as well as business rules, to produce such robust information. The analytics systems are always fueled by AI, which means they are constantly ingesting fresh data to provide more precise predictions and better-defined decision possibilities. To obtain the best data possible, many techniques can be researched, merged, and improved upon using machine learning neural networks. Prescriptive analytics is therefore more effective than the human intellect at sorting, analyzing, learning from, and building upon data. Conclusion Predictive and prescriptive analytics informs our business strategies based on the data. While prescriptive analytics assists you in formulating precise recommendations, predictive analytics projects likely future results. Structured historical data is frequently used in predictive analytics (e.g. transactional data). Hybrid data, which combines unstructured input and previously specified structured data, is frequently used in prescriptive analytics (e.g. pictures). Recommended Articles This is a guide to Predictive vs Prescriptive Analytics. Here we discuss Predictive vs Prescriptive Analytics key differences with infographics and a comparison table in detail. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Spark vs MapReduce Small Data vs Big Data Big Data vs Data Science Big Data vs Machine Learning

read more

Supervised vs Unsupervised Learning

Definition of Supervised vs Unsupervised Learning We know that both are machine learning algorithms used to classify the data, or we can say that it is used to sort out the datasets. Basically, supervised learning requires the labeled dataset, which means datasets are designed with the help of a supervised algorithm or train dataset used to make the prediction. On the other hand, unsupervised learning uses unlabeled or cluster-based datasets, and it is basically used to determine the hidden patterns of datasets. Table of contentsDefinition of Supervised vs Unsupervised LearningDifference Between Supervised vs Unsupervised LearningWhat is Supervised Learning?What is Unsupervised Learning?Head to Head Comparison Between Supervised vs Unsupervised Learning (Infographics)Key Differences between Supervised vs Unsupervised LearningSupervised Learning RequirementUnsupervised Learning RequirementComparison Table of Supervised vs Unsupervised LearningPurpose of Supervised LearningPurpose of Unsupervised LearningConclusionRecommended Articles Difference Between Supervised vs Unsupervised Learning The use of labeled datasets is the main difference between these two algorithms. In simple words, we can say that an unsupervised learning algorithm doesn’t require labeled datasets, but a supervised learning algorithm must require labeled datasets to process. The algorithm "learns" from the training dataset in supervised learning by iteratively predicting the data and helping to find the correct answer. While managed learning models will quite often be more exact than solo learning models, they require forthright human intercession to suitably name the information. A supervised learning model, for instance, can predict the length of your commute based on the time of day, weather, and other factors. Keep in mind that validation of output variables still requires some human intervention. For instance, an unaided learning model can distinguish that internet-based customers frequently buy gatherings of items simultaneously. Nonetheless, an information expert would have to approve that it's a good idea for a suggestion motor to bunch child garments with a request for diapers, fruit purée, and sippy cups. What is Supervised Learning? As the name suggests, a supervised learning supervisor is a supervisor as a trainer. Basically, we use well-labeled data to teach or train the machine in supervised learning. This indicates that the correct answer has already been assigned to some data. After that, a new set of examples (data) is given to the machine so that the supervised learning algorithm can correctly produce an outcome from labeled data by analyzing the training data (set of training examples). Let’s consider how we can find the mapping function as follows. A = f(B) Where, A - Used for the input B - Used for the output The working architecture of supervised learning can be seen in the below screenshot. Basically, the supervised algorithm is used for two types of issues: Classification and Regression. Classification: Classification is nothing but the output category, such as black and white. Regression: Regression means when we have real value that changes on real-time entities such as dollars or weight. What is Unsupervised Learning? Another type of machine learning is unsupervised learning, in which patterns are different from unlabeled input data. Unsupervised learning aims to discover patterns and structures in input data. No supervision is required for unsupervised learning. Instead, it independently discovered patterns in the data. It is used for Clustering and Association. Clustering: Clustering means a grouping of data where we have different behavior of data, as shown in the below screenshot. Association: Association means we have rules that we want to implement means which give detailed information about the data. Head to Head Comparison Between Supervised vs Unsupervised Learning (Infographics) Below are the top 7 differences between Supervised and Unsupervised Learning: Key Differences between Supervised vs Unsupervised Learning Let us look at the key differences between Supervised and Unsupervised Learning: Supervised machine learning uses the labeled dataset to train the model. Basically supervised learning has been working on two major problems such as regression and classification. Here entered data contains the output so it gives a better result. Supervised learning provides more accurate results because we know that it contains the trained data set. The implementation of supervised learning is a little bit complex. The best example of supervised learning is Spam detection, handwriting detection, and speech recognition. In supervised learning, the algorithm uses the old dataset for prediction, whereas unsupervised uses real-time data and tries to find out all the hidden patterns of data. An unsupervised learning algorithm doesn’t require labeled datasets. In unsupervised, we can only use input data to make predictions, and it has less accuracy as compared to supervised, which means it uses real-time data to make predictions. Some application names are data preprocessing and detection of fraudulent transactions etc. Supervised Learning Requirement Now let’s see the requirements for supervised learning as follows. ComponentMinimum RequirementCPUX16- Core Processor/AMD RyzenGraphicNVIDIARAM64 GBOSWindows 10/UbuntuProgramming LanguagePython 3.6LibraryTensorflow 1.11AlgorithmLinear and Logistics, Forest, and neural network Unsupervised Learning Requirement Now let’s see the requirement for unsupervised learning as follows. ComponentMinimum RequirementCPUX16- Core Processor/AMD RyzenGraphicNVIDIARAM64 GBOSWindows 10/UbuntuProgramming LanguagePython 3.6LibraryTensorflow 1.11AlgorithmLinear and Logistics, Forest, and neural network Comparison Table of Supervised vs Unsupervised Learning The table below summarizes the comparisons between Supervised vs Unsupervised Learning: Supervised LearningUnsupervised LearningA supervised learning algorithm uses a trained dataset to make the prediction.An unsupervised algorithm uses unlabeled data to create hidden patterns.It is simpler and easy to implement and understand.It is complex at the computational level.Supervised learning algorithm provides high accuracy.An unsupervised learning algorithm provides less accuracy in the result.In supervised, all used classes are known.In unsupervised, all classes are not known.Supervised learning uses offline data for analysis.Unsupervised learning uses real-time data analysis.It uses different algorithms such as Linear and Logistics, forest, and neural network algorithms.It uses K-Means, Hierarchical, and Apriori algorithms.Classification of data is a challenge for supervised learning.Unsupervised has less challenge because it uses real-time data. Purpose of Supervised Learning A supervised learning algorithm allows us to create or make the prediction of data with the help of an old dataset. By using supervised, we can optimize the performance as well increase the accuracy of results. By using a supervised learning algorithm, we can easily solve all types of real word problems. Purpose of Unsupervised Learning It helps us to find out all the hidden patterns of datasets. By using unsupervised learning, we can easily categorize the dataset, and it helps us to make the features. It uses all real-time data, so data can be analyzed. We can easily extract the unlabeled data from the machine, but we need to do manual work. Conclusion From this article, we are able to understand supervised and unsupervised learning. It provides the basic idea and implementation of supervised and unsupervised learning, and we also see the representation of supervised and unsupervised learning. In the end, we got an idea about the uses of supervised and unsupervised learning. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Supervised vs Unsupervised Learning. Here we discuss Supervised vs Unsupervised Learning key differences with infographics and a comparison table in detail. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Data Science vs. Machine Learning Big Data vs. Machine Learning Predictive vs. Prescriptive Analytics Data Science vs. Data Engineering

read more

Business Intelligence vs Business Analytics

Definition of Business Intelligence vs Business Analytics Business intelligence vs business analytics are both different terms; business intelligence tells us, business owners, what their customers will like, and business analytics will tell us what customers are doing in the future. Experts use business analytics as a topic for describing predictive tools that are used in business intelligence. Business analytics tools are employed in multiple functions, including correlation analysis, image analytics, text mining, and many more. Table of contentsDefinition of Business Intelligence vs Business AnalyticsDifference Between Business Intelligence vs Business AnalyticsWhat is Business Intelligence?What is Business Analytics?Head to Head Comparison Between Business Intelligence vs Business Analytics (Infographics)Key Differences Between Business Intelligence vs Business AnalyticsBusiness Intelligence RequirementBusiness Analytics RequirementComparison Table of Business Intelligence vs Business AnalyticsPurpose of Business IntelligencePurpose of Business AnalyticsConclusionRecommended Articles Difference Between Business Intelligence vs Business Analytics In comparison to business intelligence, business analytics is a newer term. there is a significant overlap between the difference in the definition of business intelligence and business analytics. Business intelligence is prioritized descriptive analytics provides a summary of present and historical data to show what happened in the past and what is happening in the present. Business analytics answers how and what questions. Business analytics will prioritize the predictive analytics that is used in modeling, data mining, and ML for determining the outcome of the future. Business analytics answers the questions of why, so it will make educated predictions. By using business analytics, we can anticipate the developments that make the necessary changes. What is Business Intelligence? Many sources of data are commonly used by large business organizations. Any number of information sets that help better business decisions can be obtained with this data. This insightful data might be descriptive. A connection between business analytics and data warehouse is made by using business intelligence. Business intelligence is a very important term at the time of running any business. Business intelligence is required in any business. Basically, business intelligence refers to the technical and procedural infrastructure. Business intelligence collects and analyzes company activities. Business intelligence represents the company’s technical infrastructure; also, it will parse the data and produces reports. What is Business Analytics? Business analytics is the ability to investigate past performance for understanding and trade arranging. It creates an understanding of unused business performance knowledge based on measurable strategies and information. Business analytics is used to analyze historical data for future planning and business operations. Data mining visualization and aggregation are techniques that are used in business analytics. Business analytics is related to deep diving into decision support. Business analytics depends on business intelligence. Business analytics will comprise the set of data tools and analysis practices and tools that shed light on a business operational process. Business analytics will help professionals for making decisions that contain potential risks to optimize the future. Head to Head Comparison Between Business Intelligence vs Business Analytics (Infographics) Below are the top 10 differences between Business Intelligence and Business Analytics: Key Differences Between Business Intelligence vs Business Analytics Let us look at the key differences between Business Intelligence and Business Analytics: Business intelligence created the visualization that enabled the interpretation. Visualization will help stakeholders to see past trends and make a decision. Business analytics contains an ability to predict future forecasts. The main aim of business intelligence is to collect and monitor relevant data, while business analytics is used to find insights and predict future outcomes. The ability to dive deep into the data and use various queries to identify the root cause. Choosing business analytics and business intelligence depends on strategic focus. If our model is stable and we are looking to increase efficiency and need to make business decisions, then business intelligence is well. For seeking insights into business opportunities then, we consider business analytics. The list of functions is performed by BI tools, including tracking KPI metrics. The analytics function is quantitative and statistical analysis, data mining, and analysis of the scenario. As a machine learning capability, we are developing multiple products which involve deeper insights. Business analytics is largely unchanged, and it will contain the fast-developing space. Business Intelligence Requirement This is done by building models of available data as per business requirements. Businesses can better their performance and revenue by using business intelligence to find opportunities from both recent and historical data. The business can thoroughly evaluate each of your options to choose the top business intelligence program. The prerequisites for business intelligence are as follows. Mobile BI Security Augmented analytics Data connectivity Reporting Data querying Data analysis Data management Pricing plans Scalability Deployment environment. Business Analytics Requirement Business analytics focuses on optimizing and analyzing the process of business functions. Business analytics will analyze the business needs for the function to improve the work and implement solutions optimally. It is improving the process for changing policies and also introducing new technology. We are using business analytics in technologies and strategies for extracting and exploring the performance of business information to drive the business plan that meets customer needs and will increase our business's productivity. Business analytics works on knowledge and provides the business performance as per the information. Comparison Table of Business Intelligence vs Business Analytics The table below summarizes the comparisons between Business Intelligence vs Business Analytics: Business IntelligenceBusiness AnalyticsBusiness intelligence examines the past and drives the current business needs.Business analytics analyzes past information to drive business needs.Business intelligence is used to run the operations of current trade.Business analytics allows us to move forward efficiently and alter trade operations.Business intelligence is used for current commerce operations.Business analytics is used for future commerce operations.Business analytics uses tools like SAP or TIBCO.Business analytics uses tools like MS office or google docs.Business intelligence is applied in all large-scale companies.It is applied to companies where future development is objective.Business intelligence comes with the beneath of business analytics.Business analytics contains DBA and a data warehouse.Data collection is the key skill of business intelligence.Getting our objectives of good communication is the key skill of business analytics.Business intelligence is suitable for present business operations.Business analytics is suitable for future business operations.In business intelligence, we need BI to run daily operations.Business analytics is used to improve the productivity of our business.Business intelligence supports decision-making.Business intelligence is dived deeper for detailed questions. Purpose of Business Intelligence Business intelligence mixes business analytics, data mining, and data visualization techniques to help firms make better data-driven decisions. Every industry recognizes the importance of business intelligence. In the IT industry, both business intelligence and data warehouses are crucial. Data is differentiated according to business requirements using business intelligence. In any industry or corporation where we use a lot of data, the term business intelligence is crucial. Business intelligence is used to define managing the data in operational management. Purpose of Business Analytics Business analytics is closely associated with data analytics and business intelligence. Business analytics will comprise the set of data analysis practice that was defined in a business operational process. Business analytics will help professionals to make decisions that contain the potential to mitigate the risks, and we will optimize it for the future. Business analytics is nothing but the set of technologies and disciplines which helps us to solve business problems. We are using association with business intelligence. It comprises practices of business analysis that provide operations of a business. Conclusion The list of functions is performed by BI tools, including tracking KPI metrics. The analytics function is quantitative and statistical analysis, data mining, and analysis of the scenario. Experts use business analytics as a topic for describing predictive tools that are used in business intelligence. Business analytics tools are employed in multiple functions, including correlation analysis, image analytics, text mining, and many more. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Business Intelligence vs Business Analytics. Here we discuss Business Intelligence vs Business Analytics key differences with infographics and a comparison table in detail. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Big Data vs Machine Learning Data Science vs Data Engineering Business Intelligence and Data Mining Business Intelligence and Data Warehouse

read more

Data Scientist vs Data Analyst

Definition of Data Scientist vs Data Analyst Data scientist and data analyst are two different terms, data scientist creates new ways for capturing and analyzing the data for utilization and analysis. Whereas data analyst analyzes the existing data. A data analyst will contain similar knowledge of history to realize the information that is generated and used to boost the system understanding. Data scientists, on the other hand, are experienced individuals who analyze data. Table of contentsDefinition of Data Scientist vs Data AnalystDifference Between Data Scientist vs Data AnalystWhat is Data Scientist?What is Data Analyst?Head-to-Head Comparison Between Data Scientist vs Data Analyst (Infographics)Key Differences Between Data Scientist vs Data AnalystData Scientist RequirementData Analyst RequirementComparison Table of Data Scientist vs Data AnalystPurpose of Data ScientistPurpose of Data AnalystConclusionRecommended Articles Difference Between Data Scientist vs Data Analyst Data analysts work with structured data for solving business problems that was tangible. We are using data analyst we using tools SQL and python languages, and it includes statistical analysis and data visualization. Data analysts include multiple tasks. Data scientists deal with advanced data techniques for making predictions of the future. Data scientists are automating their ML algorithms for predictive modeling processes that handle unstructured and structured data. This role is considered an advance level data analyst. The main task of the data analyst is to collaborate with the organizational needs to identify the information. Whereas the main task of the data scientist is to process, clean, and gather new data. What is Data Scientist? Data scientists share the ultimate goal of finding the analysis of data. Data scientists deal with unstructured and structured data. Data scientists employes the analytics techniques such as statistics and ML that are used in making predictions. Data scientists spend a lot of time cleaning the data while performing exploring specified data. A data scientist is a skilled professional who understands the business opportunities and challenges for developing the best solution for modern techniques and tools. Data scientists use statistical methods in data visualization techniques in ML algorithms for building predictive models and solving complex problems. Data scientists drive meaningful information on unstructured data. Data scientists use statistical data for data exploration and processing. What is Data Analyst? A data analyst is a skilled person who collects data from multiple resources and performs analysis on it. A business will generate the data in the form of log files transaction. The data analyst's job is to transform this data into actionable insights. Data analysts use data manipulation techniques for analyzing and interpreting the data sets to help organizations and business to make better decisions. Data analysts working on reactive data sometimes will get identical information of results for analyzing the data. Data analysts will measure the business intelligence that was closely associated with the data and business analytics. Head-to-Head Comparison Between Data Scientist vs Data Analyst (Infographics) Below are the top 10 differences between Data Scientist and Data Analyst: Key Differences Between Data Scientist vs Data Analyst Let us look at the key differences between Data Scientist and Data Analyst: The data analyst role requires a bachelor’s degree in the field of computer science, mathematics, or finance, whereas the data scientist requires a master's degree in the field of computer science, mathematics, or finance. As we know, data scientists and analysts work with the data, but both roles require different tools and skills. Data analysts will require statistics and foundation math, whereas data scientists require predictive analytics and advanced statistics. Data analysts spend time providing reports regularly and routine analysis, whereas data scientists design how data is analyzed and stored. A data analyst will make sense of analyzing the data. Data analysts analyze the data as per request, whereas data scientists provide new ways to capture and analyze data that was used by analysts. The roles and responsibilities of data analyst and data scientist vary as per location and industry. Data analysts involve how and why things happened, like creating dashboards, whereas data scientists model big data techniques. Data Scientist Requirement Data scientists are problem solvers, seeking to determine the questions that need answers, and then coming up with new approaches for solving the problem. Data scientists merge, pull, and analyze the data as per requirement. Data scientists also lock the trends of patterns. While using multiple tools such as python, excel, and Hadoop, data scientists are developing new algorithms. Data scientists try to simplify the problems of predictive models. Data scientists build data visualization as per the needs of an organization. As per the data, it will pull the proofs and write the result together. Data scientists working on large volumes of data are an advantage over data analytics. Data scientists are utilizing the company’s data effectively. Data Analyst Requirement The main requirement of data analysts is to deliver the reports as per business requirements. It also examines the patterns that were defined by data scientists. The important requirement of the data analyst is to collaborate with the stakeholders and include the collaborators of certain departments of our organization that includes salespeople and marketers. Data analyst also works with peers that involve database architects and database developers. A data analyst is also required to consolidate the data set and the infrastructure. This is the technical aspect of a data analyst's job is to collect the data itself. Data consolidation is a key to data analysts. Data analysts work with routines that are automated and easily modified and reusable for other areas. Comparison Table of Data Scientist vs Data Analyst The table below summarizes the comparisons between Data Scientists vs Data Analysts: Data ScientistsData AnalystsData scientists are experts in analytical data, which contain technical skills for solving problems.The data analyst is responsible for maintaining and designing the data.Data scientists require a master's degree.It requires a bachelor's degree.Data scientists require a background in math or computer science.It will require a degree in analytics or computer science.Data scientists are taking the data visualization that was created by data analysts.Data analysts' important skills are technical as well as leadership skills.Data scientists collect a large amount of data and transform same into a usable format.Data analysts fix data-related problems and coding errors.Data scientists query data using python.Data analysts query data using SQL.Data Scientists doing data mining using ETL pipelines.Data analysts are doing data mining using excel.Data scientists clean data by using programming languages like R or Python.Data analysts create dashboards using BI software.Data scientists perform statistical analysis using ML algorithms.Data analytics perform multiple types of analytics.Data scientists create automation techniques.Data analysts create the dashboards. Purpose of Data Scientist Data scientists analyze a large set of both types of data unstructured and structured. The role of data scientists combines mathematics, statistics, and computer science. Data scientists are analyzing, process, and modeling the data and then they will interpret the results for creating the plan for companies and organizations. The data scientist’s also analytical experts who utilize skills in social science for managing data and finding trends. Data scientists use industry knowledge to understand the assumptions for uncovering business solutions. Data scientists typically involve with unstructured data. Purpose of Data Analyst Data analysts are important in many industries for making decisions. Data analytics contains four key types. Data analysts interprets and clean the datasets to answer the questions and solve the problems. Data analysts work in multiple industries like finance, medicine, and government. The main responsibility of data analysts is to interpret and gather the data for solving specified problems. Data analyst roles include the time spent on data also it will communicate the findings. Data analysts clean raw data and also maintain the quality of data. Conclusion Data scientist creates new ways of capturing and analyzing the data for utilization and analysis. Whereas data analyst analyzes the existing data. Data analysts work with structured data for solving business problems that was tangible. We are using data analyst we are using tools SQL and python languages and it includes statistical analysis and data visualization. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Data Scientist vs Data Analyst. Here we discuss Data Scientist vs Data Analyst key differences with infographics and a comparison table in detail. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Small Data vs. Big Data Data Science vs. Data Engineering Data Science vs. Computer Science Data Science vs. Machine Learning

read more

Splunk vs Elasticsearch

Definition of Splunk vs Elasticsearch Splunk vs Elasticsearch are different from each other, both are the biggest enterprise solutions used for the analytics of logs. Elasticsearch is nothing but a database search engine, and Splunk is used for monitoring, visualizing, and analyzing the data. Elasticsearch will store the data and after storing analyze the data, whereas Splunk is used to analyze and monitor the machine data. The biggest disadvantage of Splunk is its paid tool. Table of contentsDefinition of Splunk vs ElasticsearchDifference Between Splunk vs ElasticsearchWhat is Splunk?What is Elasticsearch?Head-to-Head Comparison Between Splunk vs Elasticsearch (Infographics)Key Differences Between Splunk vs ElasticsearchSplunk RequirementElasticsearch RequirementComparison Table of Splunk vs ElasticsearchPurpose of SplunkPurpose of ElasticsearchConclusionRecommended Articles Difference Between Splunk vs Elasticsearch The main difference between Splunk and Elasticsearch is that Splunk is a paid tool, whereas Elasticsearch is an open source. We do not have to pay any cost while using Elasticsearch in our environment. Splunk and Elasticsearch are both used to analyze machine data. Multiple companies are using Elasticsearch in their environment, like Udemy and Uber. Splunk is also used in multiple companies like Blend and Yelp. Basically, the Elasticsearch tool is integrated with Kibana and Logstash to work the same as Splunk. Apart from this, it will also be integrated with the other tools. Splunk is also integrated with multiple tools like Google Anthos and PagerDuty. Splunk is not an open-source tool, whereas Elasticsearch is open source tool. What is Splunk? Splunk is nothing but a tool or software platform that is used to analyze and monitor data. Splunk analyzes the real-time data generated by a machine. The data can come from web applications and websites, or it can also be created by the user. Splunk is not free to use, but it offers commercial solutions for free for 15 days as a free trial. Splunk is released in 2003. We can also analyze structured, unstructured, and semi-structured data using Splunk. We mainly use Splunk for the analysis of big data. Splunk is similar to Logstash, Kibana, ELK, and Elasticsearch for visualization and storage. Splunk is also part of the product that was made by the company name laser-focused. Splunk provides software designed for clients to log a large amount of data. We can integrate Splunk with on-premises as well as cloud data stacks. What is Elasticsearch? Basically, Elasticsearch is an open-source tool, we can easily deploy and operate the same. We do not have to buy the license Elasticsearch before using it in our environment. We use Elasticsearch for analytics and to search our logs. It is a NoSQL database that stores unstructured data in a documented format. We can handle both structured and unstructured data with Elasticsearch. Elasticsearch performs all three analyses, search operations, and visualizations of the data by integrating with Kibana and Logstash tools. The integration of Elasticsearch with Kibana and Logstash is known as the ELK. Elasticsearch is a very popular monitoring tool in day-to-day life. Head-to-Head Comparison Between Splunk vs Elasticsearch (Infographics) Below are the top 10 differences between Splunk and Elasticsearch: Key Differences Between Splunk vs Elasticsearch Let us look at the key differences between Splunk and Elasticsearch: Elasticsearch was released in 2010, at a time when people were trying to compare the performance of Splunk with other tools. Splunk was released in 2003. It comes when we need to capture the machine data and logs. Elasticsearch does not contain any pre-loaded features and wizards, even it will not contain any interactive UI so that users can install the plugin. Splunk comes with pre-loaded features and wizards which are very easy to use. In Elasticsearch, we define the mapping type of each field to its specified value. Splunk will contain inbuilt and pre-defined features that enable the user to map data into entities and their respective values. We integrate the Elasticsearch tool with Kibana and Logstash. We can integrate Splunk with OverOps. Splunk improves its UI with controls and new dashboards. It contains the feature to export the dashboards in PDF format. Elasticsearch does not contain its UI, we need to install Kibana while performing the task. Splunk Requirement Splunk supports the Splunk enterprise on multiple computing environments. The Splunk data stream processor supports many hardware and software versions, and also it supports Splunk forwarders 7.0 and above. Splunk supports the following browser version as follows. It will support multiple types of browsers. Chrome Safari Firefox Microsoft Edge DSP generally works on a newer version of Linux. We are using Splunk on the following operating system are as follows. Amazon Linux Centos 7 RedHat 7 and 8 Ubuntu 16 and 18 While using Splunk cluster we require a minimum of three nodes cluster. Below are the hardware requirements of Splunk as follows. CPU cores – Minimum 8 physical and 16 vCPU. Recommended 16 physical and 32 vCPU. CPU architecture – x86 (64 Bit) Network speed – 10 Gb/s or higher Memory – 64 GB and 128 GB Elasticsearch Requirement Elasticsearch contains specific hardware requirements for storage and memory. The host machine will support the x84 – 64-bit instruction set. While using Elasticsearch we have required minimum memory is 8 GB. For small deployment it will require 32 GB, for medium deployment, it will require 32 GB and for large deployment, it will require 128 GB. The Elasticsearch management services are provided to the directors and coordinators which require fast SSD storage to work correctly. Allocators are supporting our Elasticsearch clusters and the instances of Kibana. While using Elasticsearch we have recommended that use 128 or 256 GB of memory. Comparison Table of Splunk vs Elasticsearch The table below summarizes the comparisons between Splunk vs Elasticsearch: SplunkElasticsearchSplunk collects the data from Splunk forwarder.Elasticsearch collects data from Logstash.Splunk uses the TCP and HTTPS protocols for transport purposes.Elasticsearch uses the Elastic transport and HTTPS protocol for transport purposes.Splunk stores the index in flat files.Elasticsearch also stores the index in flat files.Splunk uses the Proprietary schema on read indexing technology.The elasticsearch uses java based and schema-on-write indexing technology.Splunk uses Custom Mapreduce in search technology.Elasticsearch uses Apache Lucene in search technology.Splunk contains a search interface as a Splunk search head.Elasticsearch contains a search interface like Kibana.The search language of Splunk is Splunk processing language.The search language of Elasticsearch is Apache Lucene.Splunk is not an open-source tool. We need to buy a license before using it.Elasticsearch is an open-source tool.Splunk is released in 2003.Elasticsearch is released in 2010.We integrate Splunk with OverOps and other tools.We integrate Elasticsearch with Kibana and Logstash. Purpose of Splunk Splunk is used to analyze the aggregated logs from the big clusters. We are using Splunk with big data for analyzing the logs. While using Splunk, we can analyze the log at high speed, and the log is real-time. Splunk gives alerts and reports of the desired search. Splunk is used to troubleshoot and resolve the issue also, it will give quick results. While using Splunk, we can enhance the real-time visibility of multiple formats. We have no need for other dependent services while using Splunk in our environment. We can set up Splunk easily; also it will contain low maintenance. By using Splunk, we can directly upload the data from locally to Splunk. Purpose of Elasticsearch Elasticsearch is open-source, we are using this software for analyzing and managing the logs. Elasticsearch is a clear application, it will use the stack for checking errors. Elasticsearch provides good stats of visualization. Elasticsearch collects authentication information from the providers, which is a good feature of this tool. Elasticsearch software contains scalability. Elasticsearch is easy and simple. Also it is more user-friendly. By using Elasticsearch, log reports is very clean, and reports come within minutes. Elasticsearch is working with a discoverer. Conclusion Elasticsearch will store the data and after storing, analyze the data, whereas Splunk is used to analyze and monitor the machine data. The biggest disadvantage of Splunk is its paid tool. The main difference between Splunk and Elasticsearch is that Splunk is a paid tool whereas Elasticsearch is an open source, we have no need to pay any cost while using Elasticsearch in our environment. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Splunk vs Elasticsearch. Here we discuss Splunk vs Elasticsearch key differences with infographics and a comparison table in detail. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – HBase vs HDFS Hadoop vs RDBMS Big Data vs Machine Learning Spark vs MapReduce

read more

Data Warehouse Interview Questions (2023)

Data Warehouse Interview Questions and Answers Data warehouse interview questions and answers are helpful at the time of giving an interview on big data or ETL. Data warehouse is used in multiple companies where we use big data. While giving the interview on ETL technology data warehouse tools, questions and answers are very helpful. At the time of applying for the post of ETL then, we need to prepare the question and answer of data warehouse technology. Table of contentsIntroduction to Data Warehouse Interview QuestionsTop 15 Data Warehouse Interview Questions and AnswersQ1. What is a dimensional table in the data warehouse?Q2. What is a data warehouse?Q3. What different methods are used in the data warehouse for loading the dimension tables?Q4. What is a fact table in a data warehouse?Q5. What is data mining in the data warehouse?Q6. What is OLAP in the data warehouse?Q7. What is OLTP in the data warehouse?Q8. What is ODS in data science?Q9. What is the use of ETL in the data warehouse?Q10. What is real-time data warehousing?Q11. What are conformed dimensions in the data warehouse?Q12. What is star schema in the data warehouse?Q13. What is the snowflake schema in the data warehouse?Q14. What is active data warehousing?Q15. What is a bus schema in the data warehouse?ConclusionRecommended Articles Top 15 Data Warehouse Interview Questions and Answers Below are the top question and answers of the data warehouse as follows. These questions are helpful while giving mock tests or interviews. Q1. What is a dimensional table in the data warehouse? Answer: This table includes the textual attributes for measurement saved in a fact table. The dimensional table is nothing but the group of hierarchy and logic which is used for the customer to traverse the specified node. A dimensional table is very important while working with the data warehouse. Q2. What is a data warehouse? Answer: A data warehouse is data accumulated huge storage for a broad range of sources used to guide the business. The data warehouse contains the central repository information used to analyze to make good business decisions. Data flow into the data warehouse from the relational databases, typically regular cadence. The decision maker accesses the data by using SQL clients and BI tools. Data and analytics are both indispensable to each other. Q3. What different methods are used in the data warehouse for loading the dimension tables? Answer: We are using direct and conventional methods for loading the dimensional table in the data warehouse. All the keys and constraints are validated against the information before we load it. All the keys and constraints are disabled before loading the information. We can validate the same using keys and constraints. Q4. What is a fact table in a data warehouse? Answer: This table includes the measurement of the business process. This table includes the foreign key of dimension tables. Example – If we are in the business phase in the paper, the normal production of one device or weekly production is treated as a business process measurement. Q5. What is data mining in the data warehouse? Answer: Data mining is the phase for analyzing data from multiple perspectives and summarizing the same data. Data mining is the process of sorting data from large datasets to identify the relationships and patterns that can help solve business problems. Data mining tools enable enterprises to predict business trends. It contains the key parts of data analysis. Q6. What is OLAP in the data warehouse? Answer: OLAP is nothing but the analytical processing of data online. This system does not contain real-time data. OLAP performs multi-dimensional analysis at high speed and large volumes of data from a data mart or data warehouse. Multiple business data contain multiple categories and dimensions. OLAP is useful, but our data does not contain real-time information. Q7. What is OLTP in the data warehouse? Answer: OLTP is nothing but the transaction processing data online. This system contains real-time data. This is the type of transaction processing that includes the number of transactions occurring concurrently. Those transactions are referred to as financial transactions. This type of application is used in banking or shopping website. In an OLTP transaction, data is stored real-time in a database. Q8. What is ODS in data science? Answer: ODS is nothing but the operational data store. ODS shares and allows the operational database information. The ODS is becoming the shared enterprise operational database, which allows the operational function that is re-engineered for using the ODS in their operational database. Q9. What is the use of ETL in the data warehouse? Answer: ETL is the software that allows businesses to develop disparate records while moving them from one place to another. The ETL data is coming from multiple sources. ETL manages those types of data very efficiently. The function reads the data from the particular source database and extracts the desired subset of the data. The transform function works with the record by using rules for creating a combination with other records to convert the same into the desired state. Q10. What is real-time data warehousing? Answer: Real-time data warehousing means it will capture the event of business when it will happen. A data warehouse captures the event data of a business. When the business event is complete, the completed event data flows into the data warehouse, and it will become instantly feasible. Q11. What are conformed dimensions in the data warehouse? Answer: Conformed dimension in the data warehouse will define the same thing as the fact table when it was joined. A conformed dimension is a very important term in a data warehouse. We are using the same while defining the table conditions. Q12. What is star schema in the data warehouse? Answer: Star schema in a data warehouse is the type of table from which we are fetching the result instantly. Q13. What is the snowflake schema in the data warehouse? Answer: Extended dimension by using any dimension is called a snowflake schema in a data warehouse. The dimension is interlinked with one or multiple tables’ relationship with the other tables. The snowflake schema is normalized, and the outcome will come in complex joins, and it will contain complex queries and slower results. Q14. What is active data warehousing? Answer: Active data warehousing provides the data that allows a decision-maker to handle the customer relationship. An active data warehouse is a combination of features, products, and services which supports the business strategy. In active data warehousing, the transactional data captures and reposts into the active data warehouse. This repository utilizes the patterns and finding trends used for decision-making. Q15. What is a bus schema in the data warehouse? Answer: In the data warehouse, bus schema is collected from the master suite, and it will contain the facts of standardized description. Bus schema is used for identifying the dimensions across the process of business. This schema defines the facts and conformed dimensions across the data marts. Conclusion In this article, we have explained the top questions and answers to the data warehouse framework. These questions and answers are very useful at the time of giving the interview and attending any test related to big data or ETL. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Data Warehouse Interview Questions. Here we have discussed the top question and answers to prepare for your next interview. You may also look at the following articles to learn more – Data Modeling Interview Questions Data Engineer Interview Questions Big Data Interview Questions Data Science Interview Questions

read more

Data Science Interview Questions

Data Science Interview Questions and Answers Data science interview questions and answers are helpful at the time of giving an interview on data science. Data science is used in multiple sectors. A career in data science is highly demanded in today’s life. While giving the interview on data science technology following questions and answers are very helpful. At the time of applying for the post of data scientist then, we need to prepare the question and answer. Table of contentsData Science Interview Questions and AnswersTop 15 Data Science Interview Questions and AnswersQ1. What is data science?Q2. How we are defining the logistic regression?Q3. How data science will differ from traditional application programming?Q4. What is the use of supervised machine learning?Q5. What is the use of unsupervised machine learning?Q6 – What is a bias error in data science?Q7. What is dimensionality reduction in data science?Q8. Why we are using python in data science for data cleaning?Q9. Which popular libraries are we using in data science?Q10. What is variance error in data science?Q11. What is deep learning in data science?Q12. What is precision in data science?Q13. When we are using classification techniques in data science?Q14. When we are using regression techniques in data science?Q15. What is the importance of data cleaning in data science?ConclusionRecommended Articles Top 15 Data Science Interview Questions and Answers Below are the top question and answers to Data Science. These questions are helpful while giving mock tests or interviews. Q1. What is data science? Answer: Data science combines AI, ML, math, and statistical programs. Data science is an application-specific analytic technique. Data science is application-specific pipelines that extract the data for decision-making and strategic planning. Data science is used for writing algorithms and building statistical models. Data science discovers new questions for driving innovation. Q2. How we are defining the logistic regression? Answer: Logistic regression in data science measures the relationship between dependent and independent variables. In data science, we are estimating the probability by using the logistic function. We are using logistic regression in data science at the time of developing new algorithms. Logistic regression is widely used in data science. Q3. How data science will differ from traditional application programming? Answer: Data science takes a different approach at the time of building systems that provide value in application development. In traditional programming, we use an input analyzer to figure out the expected output. In data science, we are writing the code which contains statements and rules needed to transform the provided input. The process of rule generation in data science is called training. Q4. What is the use of supervised machine learning? Answer: Supervised ML is used to create models that are employed for classifying and predicting things. The supervised learning model works with the data which contains input as well as expected outputs. The supervised ML algorithms contain the labeled data. We are commonly using supervised ML algorithms in linear regression. Q5. What is the use of unsupervised machine learning? Answer: This type of machine learning is useful to extract information that is meaningful for large data. This algorithm works on the data which does not contain the mappings from input as well as output. It contains unlabeled data. It will be used in k-means clustering algorithms. Q6 – What is a bias error in data science? Answer: Bias is nothing but an error that occurs in data science when our algorithms are not enough for capturing trends of data. This error also occurs when data is not understood by our algorithms, so it will end to build the model. This will lead to lower accuracy,, and those algorithms lead to high bias in logistic or linear regression. Q7. What is dimensionality reduction in data science? Answer: Dimensionality reduction in data science is the process to convert the dataset with high dimensions to low dimensions. We are doing the dimensionality reduction by dropping some columns or fields from the specified dataset. It will not be done eventually. In this process, fields or dimensions are dropped after confirming the remaining information will describe similar information. Q8. Why we are using python in data science for data cleaning? Answer: Python contains multiple libraries that are used to clean the data. We use Keras, NumPy, pandas, and many more libraries to clean the data. While working on data, data scientists need to clean and transform the huge datasets into the form they are working in. It is very important to deal with redundant data with better results while removing the missing values. Q9. Which popular libraries are we using in data science? Answer: We are using TensorFlow, Scipy, Pandas, Matplotlib, and Pytorch libraries in data science for extracting, cleaning, and deploying the models. TensorFlow library supports parallel computing with library management. SciPy is used to solve the different solutions. Pandas library is used to implement the ETL capabilities from the application of business. Matplotlib library is free and open-source. We can use this library as a replacement for MATLAB, which results in better performance. Q10. What is variance error in data science? Answer: Variance is a type of error that occurs in the model of data science. This error occurs when algorithms are used to train the high-complexity data. This makes the model very sensitive when performing the training dataset, but on the testing dataset, we are performing the model which we have not seen. Variance will leads the poor accuracy in results and testing. Q11. What is deep learning in data science? Answer: Deep learning in data science is a kind of ML in which neural networks are used to imitate the structure of the human brain. Basically, deep learning is an advanced version of neural networks which make the machines learn from data. The deep learning neural networks will comprise multiple layers that was connected to each other. Q12. What is precision in data science? Answer: At the time of implementing algorithms for data classification, that time precision will help us to get the positively predicted values. Precision helps us to get the positive class values that were positively predicted. Precision measures the accuracy of positive predictions. Q13. When we are using classification techniques in data science? Answer: Classification techniques are mainly used when our output contains categorical variables. In classification techniques, we have two labels that were true and false. For calculating the accuracy, we need to divide the sum of observations by the total number of observations. Q14. When we are using regression techniques in data science? Answer: Regression techniques are mainly used when our output contains continuous variables. Regression techniques consist to find the mathematical relationship between two variables' measurements, x and y, in that value of the y variable is predicted from the measurement of the x variable. Q15. What is the importance of data cleaning in data science? Answer: Data cleaning in data science is the process to remove and update incorrect information. It is used to improve the quality. At the time of running the algorithm we need to gather the proper insights, it is necessary to contain clean and correct data but it will contain the relevant information. Conclusion In this article, we have explained the questions and answers of data science. These questions and answers are very useful at the time of giving the interview and attending any test related to data science. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Data Science Interview Questions. Here we have discussed the top question and answers to prepare for your next interview. You may also look at the following articles to learn more – Data Engineer Interview Questions Data Structures and Algorithms Interview Questions SQL Query Interview Questions Data Warehouse Interview Questions (2023)

read more

Data Analytics Interview Questions

Data Analytics Interview Questions and Answers Interview questions and answers are useful while giving any mock test or interview. Data analytics is a widely used technology in multiple sectors. The career of data analytics is highly demanded in today’s life. While giving the interview on this technology following questions and answers are very helpful. At the time of applying for the post of a data analyst, we need to prepare the question and answer of data analytics. Table of contentsData Analytics Interview Questions and AnswersTop 15 Data Analytics Interview Questions and AnswersQ1. Which steps are involved in any data analytics project?Q2. What are the common problems that data analysts face at the time of data analysis?Q3. Which tools data analysts are using for presentation and analysis purposes?Q4. What are the methods to clean the data?Q5. What is descriptive data analytics?Q6. What are the types of data analytics techniques?Q7. Which types are used by data analysts in sampling techniques?Q8. What is the use of univariate data analysis?Q9. How we are handling missing values from the dataset?Q10. What is data validation?Q11. Which data validation method is used in data analytics?Q12. What is data cleansing in data analytics?Q13. Which skills are required for data analytics?Q14. What is the use of predictive data analytics?Q15. What is the use of multivariate analysis?ConclusionRecommended Articles Top 15 Data Analytics Interview Questions and Answers Below are the top question and answers of the data Analytics as follows. These questions are helpful while giving mock tests or interviews. Q1. Which steps are involved in any data analytics project? Answer: In a data analytics project, various steps are involved. Below are the steps of the data analytics project. Problem understanding – To understand the problem of business and define the goals of the organization. Collecting data – This step involves to gather correct data from multiple sources based on business priorities. Cleaning data – This step involves cleaning unwanted data for making it ready for analysis purposes. Interpret the results – In this step we are interpreting the results and finding the hidden patterns. Q2. What are the common problems that data analysts face at the time of data analysis? Answer: Below are the common problems involved in a data analytics project as follows. Duplicate handling Collect the right data Handle the data purging Make the data source Q3. Which tools data analysts are using for presentation and analysis purposes? Answer: A Data analyst uses MySQL, MSSQL server, MS Excel, Tableau, Python, R, and MS PowerPoint for data analysis and presentation purposes. Q4. What are the methods to clean the data? Answer: The below methods are used to clean the data. We need to define each method at the time of cleaning data in data analytics. Create a data clean plan to understand where the common error will take place. Before working with the data remove the duplicates from the data. Focus on data accuracy. Normalize our data. Q5. What is descriptive data analytics? Answer: Descriptive data analytics provides insights into the past and what happened with the data log. The descriptive data analytics method is using data mining and data aggregation techniques. The data analytics techniques are different from other analytics techniques. Q6. What are the types of data analytics techniques? Answer: There are three types of data analytics techniques used while working with data are as follows. Descriptive – This technique uses data mining techniques. Predictive – This technique uses forecasting techniques and statistical models. Prescriptive – This technique will use simulation algorithms. Q7. Which types are used by data analysts in sampling techniques? Answer: The statistical procedure used to choose the data subset called sampling. The data analyst employs the subsequent five categories of sampling strategies. Cluster sampling Systematic sampling Simple random sampling Stratified sampling Judgmental sampling Q8. What is the use of univariate data analysis? Answer: Univariate analysis is a very simple and easy form of data analysis where we analyze the data of a single variable. Analysis of univariate is described by using Bar charts, and central tendency. Q9. How we are handling missing values from the dataset? Answer: We are using four methods for handling missing values from the dataset as follows. This question is important when giving an interview on data analytics. Litwise deletion – In this method entire record will exclude from the analysis if a single value is missing. Average imputation – This method takes the average value from the participants. Regression substitution – We are using multiple regression analysis if a single value is missing. Multiple imputations – These will create possible values based on missing data and correlations. Q10. What is data validation? Answer: Data validation is involved to ensure that data quality is high and it is more accurate. We can achieve the same by using report checks. There are multiple processes involved in data validation but the important process of data validation is data verification and data screening. Data screening – This makes use of models to ensure that data is accurate and redundancies are not present. Data verification – If redundancy is present in data then we need to evaluate multiple steps on data and then need to call the data item presence. Q11. Which data validation method is used in data analytics? Answer: Multiple types of analytics methods are used in data analytics. Below are the methods of data analytics as follows. Field level validation – This validation is done in every field as the user enters the data for avoiding the error. Form level validation – In this level validation is done at the time user is complete the form. Data saving validation – This time of validation is done at the time of the saving process. Search criteria validation – This type of validation is relevant to the user. Q12. What is data cleansing in data analytics? Answer: Wrangling data is the term for cleaning data. Errors are found and removed using this procedure. These fundamental elements ensure that our data is consistent, correct, and error-free. Q13. Which skills are required for data analytics? Answer: Data analysis requires ML, data cleaning, data visualization, SQL, NoSQL, python, and calculus skills. Data analytics requires important knowledge of SQL and NoSQL. We also require proficiency in python while working with data analytics. Q14. What is the use of predictive data analytics? Answer: Predictive data analytics is understanding the future and answering the question of what could happen. Predictive data analytics uses forecasting techniques and statistical models. For instance, a company that sells ice cream can anticipate how much will be sold and evaluate sales from the previous day and today using predictive analysis. Q15. What is the use of multivariate analysis? Answer: The multivariate analysis involves the analysis of three or multiple variables to understand the relationship between variables. This analysis is similar to the bivariate analysis. Conclusion In this article, we have explained the questions and answers of data analytics. These questions and answers are very useful at the time of giving the interview and attending any test related to data analytics. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Data Analytics Interview Questions. Here we have discussed the top question and answers to prepare for your next interview. You may also look at the following articles to learn more – Big Data Interview Questions Data Warehouse Interview Questions (2023) SQL Query Interview Questions Data Structures and Algorithms Interview Questions

read more

Data Science vs Data Mining

Definition of Data Science vs Data Mining We know that data science is a field that contains the processing of data with huge amounts and making the prediction of results as well as prescriptive models. A prescriptive model is nothing but the dagging or capturing of data and analysis means data validation. On the other hand, data mining is a technique that extracts the data from a large amount of data set and makes a prediction such as a review of the product. Difference Between Data Science vs Data Mining Data Science: Data science is a field or domain that uses a lot of data to build predictive, prescriptive, and predictive analytical models and includes and involves working with a lot of data. Digging, capturing, analyzing (validating the model), and making use of the data (deploying the best model) are all involved. Data and computing are at odds here. It is a combination of statistics, business, and computer science. Data Mining: The process of extracting crucial information and knowledge from a vast data set or libraries is known as data mining. By carefully extracting, reviewing, and processing the vast amount of data, it discovers patterns and co-relations that may be crucial to the business and provides insight. Let’s consider a gold example: it is collected from sand and rocks. What is Data Science? Data science combines technology, algorithm development, and data interference to study, analyze, and discover novel approaches to complex problems. Analyzing data and finding inventive ways to drive business growth are the primary focuses of data science. To put it in another way, we had a lot of data with us, but we couldn't figure out anything from it. Data Science was born out of the need to better understand and use data to make decisions. The architecture is shown in the screenshot below. What is Data Mining? The extraction of useful data, patterns, and trends from raw data is known as data mining. Data mining divides the data and evaluates the likelihood of future events using sophisticated mathematical algorithms. Data mining processes include text mining, web mining, audio and video mining, pictorial data mining, and social network data mining, among other types of services. Information mining is finished through straightforward or high-level programming. Knowledge Discovery in Data (KDD) is the name given to data mining. The architecture is shown in the screenshot below. Head to Head Comparison Between Data Science vs Data Mining (Infographics) Below are the top 6 differences between Data Science and Data Mining: Key Differences Let us look at the key differences between Data Science and Data Mining: Data collection, data analysis, and insight extraction all fall under the umbrella of data science. Data mining is using a dataset to find hidden patterns before using the information to find useful information. Statistics, the social sciences, data visualization, natural language processing, and data mining make up the multidisciplinary field of data science. A subset of data science is data mining. No matter whether the data is structured, semi-structured, or unstructured, data science relies on it all. Most of the time, only structured data is used in data mining. While data mining only became popular in the past days, data science has been around since the 1960s. Data mining is more concerned with the actual process, whereas data science focuses on the science of data. Data Science Requirement The following Technical Skills are required: Statistical Analysis. Processing or Data Mining. Development knowledge. Knowledge of different analytical tools such as SAS Able to work with unstructured data sets. The following Non-Technical Skills are required Strong business knowledge. Communication skills must be required. Data handling knowledge. Data Mining Requirements Required Technical skills Able to handle huge amounts of data. Visualization of data is one of the key points. Statistical Analysis. Development knowledge Manipulation of data is also required. Some calculus or we can say that Linear Algebra knowledge. Required Non-Technical skills Strong business knowledge. Communication skills must be required. Strong Intellectual skills. Comparison Table of Data Science vs Data Mining The table below summarizes the comparisons between Data Science and Data Mining: Data MiningData ScienceNormally data mining uses data analysis and modeling to get complex data from the data set.Data science itself extracts data from huge data or databases.Data mining is nothing but the part of knowledge or we can say that it discovers the knowledge from the data process.Data science is a multidisciplinary field that covers almost all areas of technology, applications, and rules.It collects all types of data and transforms them into a well-structured, human-understandable format.Data science uses different tools, algorithms as well as machine learning algorithms for data extraction from structured and unstructured data.Data Mining is nothing but the KDD process.Data science is a field of computer science and statistics.It is used for scientific problem-solving.It is used for business problem solutions.Data mining applications make the prediction of customer behavior, fraud detection as well as analysis of data, and are also able to find the relationship between the different businesses.In data science data most of the applications include fraud as well as risk detection, speech recognition, logistics, etc. Purpose of Data Science With the help of data science, we can easily implement artificial intelligence, machine, and deep learning applications. Decision-making is easy because here we do some mathematical calculations which means it makes sense of the data. We can easily implement an automated recruitment process as well as it provides a better solution to the business. One of the most important advantages is that it reduces the risks. Purpose of Data Mining It helps to collect the reliable or required data set. Compared to other applications it is cost-effective and efficient. It provides the solution to finance and banking to determine the credit score. By using data mining we can easily determine the different groups of customers. One of the most important advantages is that it helps us to increase the revenue of the company. Conclusion From this article, we understand Data Science vs Data mining. It provides the basic idea and implementation of Data Science vs Data mining and we also see the representation of Data science vs Data mining. In the end, we get an idea about the uses of Data science vs Data mining. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Data Science vs Data Mining. Here we discuss Data Science vs Data Mining key differences with infographics and a comparison table in detail. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Data Science vs Data Engineering Data Science vs Computer Science Data Science vs Machine Learning Big Data vs Data Science

read more

Big Data and Artificial Intelligence

Introduction to Big Data and Artificial Intelligence Big data and artificial intelligence are defined as big data a group of data that is big more compounded than conventional data and even expanding with time. It is so massive and it does not have any conventional data management tool for control, reserve, or can exercise effectively. Artificial intelligence is the imitation of human intelligence activity by machines particularly by computer systems. A particular application of artificial intelligence can have an accomplished system, common language procedure, speech identification, and machine creativity. AI is an innovative science that is implemented with the aim to acknowledge the creation of a brilliant concept. Difference Between Big Data and Artificial Intelligence Big data and artificial intelligence are considered as accompany to each other. If big data is a statement then artificial intelligence is considered a treatment for those statements. Both can be considered better than the other, but AI has the capability to gather and analyze much more statements and act on them. AI utilizes algorithms and statistics to work with statements that are generated from various origins. Most of the time, the volume of statements is important. What is Big Data? It is a group of a huge number of statements that are more complicated as compared to conventional statements and even though it expands aggressively along with time. The statements of it are in a huge amount as they cannot be handled and reserved by any software or tool, hence it requires various methodologies for proceeding the statements step-wise. We can also say that it is a large amount of data having variations in the statements. What is Artificial Intelligence? It is the counterfeit of human intelligence which can be prepared through machines, particularly by computer systems. It is the process of investigating of producing computers, and robots. It has been made up of two phrases that are ‘Artificial’ and ‘Intelligence’, in which artificial is being produced by humans and intelligence means which has the capability to recognize. It is not considered a system but it is carried out with a system. We can also say that it is a type of investigation of how to instruct computers so that they can perform which can be done by humans perfectly. Head to Head Comparison Between Big Data and Artificial Intelligence (Infographics) Below are the top 10 differences between Big Data and Artificial Intelligence: Key differences between Big Data and Artificial Intelligence Let us look at the key differences between Big Data and Artificial Intelligence: Volume: Big data relate to the big volume of multiple and vigorous information which can be extracted for the facts, whereas, artificial intelligence is a group of technologies that can authorize machines to replicate democratic intelligence. Velocity: In big data, velocity is related to how fast data has been created and proceeded, on the other hand in artificial intelligence it is a specialized AaaS feature that can remove the necessity for high-cost on-site server hardware and IT administrative group. Variety: In comparison with the variety, the big data is related to the data whereas, artificial intelligence can set out the capability of machines which can be utilized in big data while studying to behave as a human which we can say that they are complementary to each other. Big Data Requirement Data processing Predictive Applications Analytics Reporting Security Technology Support Artificial Intelligence Requirement technical Robustness and safety Privacy and data governance diversity Transparency Accountability Societal and environmental well-being Comparison Table of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence The table below summarizes the comparisons between Big Data and Artificial Intelligence: Big DataArtificial IntelligenceIt can provide large amounts of sample data for generating gas that can charge AI systems.It utilizes the data and is able to examine and learn from the data which is finite by the amount of data that is catered into the system.It is mentioned for the reserving and filtering of a huge amount of structured and unstructured data.It contains a blend of the algorithm having the objective to generate machines that can copy human work.It behaves as input which gains a huge amount of data.It contains a group of software that withdraw advantageous output which is created by the output.It is the fuel for AI.It can utilize the data to analyze and work with the environment suitably.It is needed for AI. A large amount of data has value with no AI models.AI depends on big data. AI is smarter because it needs less human interference.Sensors, devices, and networks, log files are examples of big data.A chatbot is an example of making use of AI.It is the collection of a large amount of data.It is the hypothesis of machines execute the task.Big data is a compliment to AI.It also complements big data due to its ability to gather and analyze more data.It is old-style computing.Whereas it is a new style of computing.It is primarily for acquiring insight.It is about decision-making. Purpose of Big Data Big data have the capability to convert efficacy, planning, and benefits which have been recorded regularly. It is used to grip the activity for creating further additional resolution and it has performed vastly. It is also useful for what we have commands on and also allows us to perform investigations in real industries. It is also able to recognize irregularity in the general model which can influence the result. Purpose of Artificial Intelligence Artificial intelligence authorizes machines to grasp experiences, regulate the new procedure and carry out human tasks. It assists machines in searching out the complicated issues that a human can perform and implementing them as an algorithm in a computer genial environment. Conclusion In this article, we conclude that big data is a huge amount of data having different varieties. The main focal point of artificial intelligence is to regard the concern of human behavior and show. We have also discussed the difference, definitions, requirements, and purposes of big data and artificial intelligence. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Big Data and Artificial Intelligence. Here we discuss Big Data and Artificial Intelligence key differences with infographics and a comparison table in detail. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Big Data vs Machine Learning Data Science vs Data Mining Data Science vs Machine Learning Spark vs MapReduce

read more

Data Structures and Algorithms Interview Questions

Data Structures and Algorithms Interview Questions and Answers A data structure and algorithm is a particular configuration of information for arranging and saving information so any client can easily get to and work inside specified data to run a program proficiently. Basically, we need to consider memory optimization while developing any application. In short, we can say that it is a key concept of any interview, or we can say that it is a basic fundamental requirement of software development. Top 15 Data Structures and Algorithms Interview Questions and Answers Below are the top question and answers to the Data Structures and Algorithms as follows. These questions are helpful while giving mock tests or interviews. Q1. What is a data structure, and why do we need to implement it? Answer: Basically, a data structure is nothing but the logical implementation of our data which we need to develop. Logical implementation means how the developed program will perform. Normally we have different types of data structures, each with its advantages and disadvantages. The requirement of data structure is very important because overall performance is based on the structure and data structure, and the algorithm provides different types of functions. With the help of this function, we ensure that each and every line of the program functions correctly. Q2. How to store the variable in memory? Answer: Basically, variables are stored in the memory on the basis of what size they are required. So we need to follow the same steps as follows. 1. First, we need to assign the memory, which means how much size is required. 2. In the second step, store the variable in the memory based on the selected data structure. We can also use dynamic memory allocation for high efficiency. Q3. What is the difference between the storage and file structure? Answer: Storage Structure: When a function that uses this data is fully executed, the data in this type is deleted from the main memory or RAM. File Structure: File structure uses auxiliary memory, which can be any device like a hard disk or pen drive that stores data and keeps it intact until it is manually deleted. The basic difference is that the storage structure uses the computer's memory for data storage, and the file structure uses the auxiliary memory for the same. Q4. Can you explain what linear structure is with an example? Answer: A linear data structure is nothing, but all data or elements are stored in a sequential manner or we can say that linear manner. We stored the data with successors and predecessors in this type because we have a non-hierarchical structure. Examples of linear are Stack, Arrays, Queue, Linked List, etc. Q5. Can you write the algorithm for inserting the element at the end of the linked list? Answer: If pointer= null, then needs to display overflow and repeat the same step. Set new node = pointer. Set pointer= pointer-> Next Set new_node-> info = value Set new_node-> next = null Set pointer = front Repeat Step 8 until pointer -> next! = null Set pointer = pointer-> Next Set pointer -> Next = new_node Stop. Q6. Can we consider linked lists as linear or non-linear data structures? Answer: Linked lists can be thought of as either linear or non-linear data structures, depending on the purpose for which they are used. It is regarded as a linear data structure when used in access strategies. It is regarded as a non-linear data structure when used for data storage. Q7. How can we explain the algorithm? Answer: The algorithm is nothing but the step-by-step module used to solve the manipulation problem, or we can say that it is an instruction set for the specific order. Q8. What is a stack? Answer: A stack is a conceptual data type with a linear data structure, similar to a real-world stack or pile, where you can only remove the top item from the stack. As a result, only one end of the stack, known as the "top of the stack," is where items are inserted (push) and removed (pop) in a particular order of the stack. Q9. Can you explain the postfix expression? Answer: Postfix expression is a combination of operators and operands. In these expressions, operators are coming after the operands, for example, AN+. Q10. What are the real-time applications of a stack? Answer: We can use it in backtracking; Memory management, as well as we can also use it in function calling and return. Q11. What is asymptotic analysis? Answer: The method of determining an algorithm's running time in mathematical units to determine the program's limits, or "run-time performance," is called asymptotic analysis. The objective is to determine the average, worst-case, and best times for completing a given activity. Although it is not a deep learning training method, asymptotic analysis is an important diagnostic tool for programmers to use to evaluate an algorithm's efficiency rather than its correctness. Q12. What is DLL? Answer: DLL is nothing but the doubly linked lists, which is an updated version of the linked list. In DLL, each element has two points to navigate the back and front whenever required. Q13. How to explain dequeue? Answer: It is also called a double-ended queue means that in this type, we can insert and delete the element from both sides, front and rear, but it does not allow FIFO. Q14. What is a multidimensional array? Answer: There is only one dimension in the typical array; The order of the data values is linear. However, suppose you want to move elements from a table into an array. The most fundamental type of multidimensional array is a 2D array. Q15. What are the three types of tree traversals in binary search trees? Answer: Inorder, preorder, and postorder tree traversal. Conclusion From this article, we can understand the data structure and algorithm interview questions. It provides the basic idea about the mid-level and higher-level concepts of algorithms. Data structure and algorithm is a key point for every interview, or we can say that every technology. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Data Structures and Algorithms Interview Questions. Here we have discussed the top question and answers to prepare for your next interview. You may also look at the following articles to learn more – Sqoop Interview Questions Data Science Interview Questions Data Analytics Interview Questions Data Warehouse Interview Questions

read more

Big Data Interview Questions

Big Data Interview Questions and Answers We know that big data means a vast amount of data or we can say that a large amount of data is calculated in terabytes or even more. Big data helps us to create valuable information from the raw data. In a recent trend, almost all organizations use the big data concept for their marketing, or we can say that to refine their marketing policies. The profession provides the highest-paying jobs in the past years. Top 15 Big Data Interview Questions and Answers Below are the top questions and answers of Big Data. These questions are helpful while giving mock tests or interviews. Q1. Can we explain 5 V in big data? Answer: Volume: It is nothing but the amount of data that we stored in warehouses and this data we need to process as per our requirement because this is raw data. Velocity: The velocity at which real-time data is produced is basically introduced with velocity. Variety: Variety means a different set of data or we can consider structured, unstructured, and semi-structured data which is collected from different sources. For the processing of this data, we need to use different appropriate algorithms. Veracity: The quality of the analyzed data is what we mean when we talk about "data veracity," which basically refers to how trustworthy the data are. Value: Data that has not been transformed into something useful is useless and meaningless. Q2. What is the relationship between Hadoop and Big Data? Answer: Big Data and we also talk about Hadoop. Hadoop is an open-source framework for saving, processing, and analyzing unorganized, complex data sets to gain knowledge and insight. Thus, this is the connection between Hadoop and Big Data. Q3. What are the different types of components in Hadoop? Answer: Distributed File System: This is a key storage system of Hadoop and it is mainly used to store different datasets. MapReduce: MapReduce is the layer of Hadoop that is in charge of processing data. It sends a request to HDFS for the processing of both structured and unstructured data. By dividing the data into separate tasks, it is in charge of the parallel processing of a large volume of data. The process consists of two phases: Reduce and map. In layman's terms, Map is a stage in which data blocks are read and made available for processing by executors—computers, nodes, and containers. YARN: This is nothing but the framework used in Hadoop for resource management and provides real-time streaming. Q4. What are the advantages of HDFS over NFS? Answer: The main advantages of HDFS are that it creates more than replicas of files and which can help us to reduce the traffic or we can say the bottlenecks of singles. As well as it stores the replicas of files in different locations and fault tolerance is one of the key points. Q.5 What is a conceptual data model? Answer: The conceptual and most abstract data models are conceptual ones. This model has some minor annotation, but the overall arrangement and controls for the data relationships are set. Q6. What are the different tools useful for big data? Answer: NodeXL, KNIME, Tableau, and Solver as well as many more. Q7. Can we explain FSCK? Answer: HDFS uses the command FSCK, which stands for File System Check. It determines whether a file is corrupt, has its replica, or contains missing blocks. A summary report detailing the file system's overall health is produced by FSCK. Q8. What is commodity hardware? Answer: The commodity required the minimum of hardware resources to run the Apache Hadoop framework is referred to as commodity hardware. "Commodity Hardware" refers to any hardware that meets the minimum requirements for Hadoop. Q9. Why do we use the JSP command? Answer: It is used to test all the daemons of Hadoop such as NameNode, DataNode, etc. Q10. What are the modes required to run Hadoop? Answer: Local Mode: By default, Hadoop does not have distributed mode so it can run on a single java machine without HDFC. Basically, this mode uses the local file system and this mode is helpful for debugging. Distributed Mode: In this mode, every daemon executes on a different java machine so it is required custom configuration and here we can use HDFS for input and output. Fully Distributed Mode: This is nothing but the production mode of Hadoop and here we can use slave and master structures for implementation. This model is fully distributed and scalable and it provides more security. Q11. What is the input format used in Hadoop? Answer: Basically, there are three input formats used as follows. Text: This is the default format used in Hadoop. Key Value: By using this format we can easily read plain text. Sequence file: By using this format we can read all files in the sequence. Q12. What are the methods used for reducers? Answer: setup(): It is used to configure the different parameters for the reducer. Reduce(): This is the very method used to reduce the operation of specific functions which means how to handle the task. Cleanup(): By using this method we can clean all the temporary data or files which we no longer support and this activity performs after the reduce() method. Q13. What is heterogeneity? Answer: Heterogeneity is related to Mapreduce, which basically is an application that allows us to access service and execute it over a heterogeneous network. While the execution of service considered all components such as hardware device, operating system, programming language, and network. Q14. Why do we use –compress-code? Answer: By using this parameter we can get the output file of sqoop. Q15. Can we explain data preparation? Answer: It is nothing but the cleaning of raw data which we need to process Prior to processing, this crucial step typically involves reformatting, enhancing, and consolidating data sets to enrich data. Conclusion From this article, we are able to understand the Big Data Interview Question. It provides the basic idea about the mid-level and higher-level concepts of ruby programming. Big Data Interview Question is a key point for every interview or we can say that every technology. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Big Data Interview Questions. Here we have discussed the top question and answers to prepare for your next interview. You may also look at the following articles to learn more – Data Warehouse Interview Questions (2023) Data Analytics Interview Questions Data Science Interview Questions Data Warehouse Interview Questions

read more

Apache Storm vs Spark

Difference Between Apache Storm vs Spark Apache Storm vs Spark will provide a complete overview of the difference between Storm and Spark which operate in a Hadoop cluster and to access Hadoop Storage. Apache storm is a Stream processing engine that processes real-time streaming data whereas Apache Spark is a computing engine, referred to as distributed processing. Apache Spark and Apache Storm are designed in a way they can operate in the Hadoop cluster and access the Hadoop cluster. In this article, we shall see the differences between Apache Spark vs Storm, the requirements for Apache Storm and Spark, and their purpose. What is Apache Storm? Apache Storm is distributed and real-world data processing system and is designed in such a way that it processes fault-tolerant and horizontal scalable data. Apache Storm is a streaming data framework which processes the highest ingestion rates. Even though it is stateless, Storm can handle cluster state and distributed environment via Apache Zookeeper. The professionals in the IT sector consider Storm to as Hadoop for real-time processing. It is developed with abilities required for rapid conventional processes. Apache Storm offers REST API which enables users to communicate with Storm cluster that involves fetching metric data and handling operations of starting and stopping topologies with a process of 1 million messages of 100 bytes in a single node, operating on “fail-fast-auto restart. Each node is processed “exactly once or at least once”, even in case of failure. What is Apache Spark? Apache Spark is a freeware distributed processing system that users use for big data workloads, that uses optimal query execution, and memory caching that helps for rapid analytic queries against any type of data. It offers development APIs in Java, Python, R, and Scala and helps in code reuse with multiple workloads throughout, like batch processing, interactive queries, graph processing, batch processing, real-time analytics, and machine learning. Apache Spark provides less read-to and writes from multi-threaded disk tasks in JVM processes. It offers querying and high-speed data analytics and transformation with data sets, is suitable for iterative algorithms, and is rapid for interactive queries. Head-to-Head Comparison Between Apache Storm vs Spark (Infographics) Below are the top 12 differences between Apache Storm and Spark: Key Difference between Apache Storm vs Spark Below are the key differences between Apache Storm vs Spark, Apache Storm offers a massive set of primitives to perform tuple-level processes, including left, right,, and inner join through the stream. Apache Spark offers various operators like “Stream-Transformation-Operators”, which convert DStream to another DStream, and “Output Operator”, which writes data to an external system. Apache Strom by default will not provide any framework-level support, for saving intermediate-level bolt as a state, and hence, an application must update or create a state when required. Output is processed by Apache Spark for each RDD operation as an intermediate state, and saved as RDD. In Apache Spark, the driver node is SPOF. If the driver node fails, all executors are gone with the replicated and received in-memory information whereas Apache Storm daemons and built to be stateless and are mapped for fault tolerance. Apache Spark runs on a different application which runs on the YARN cluster when each executor deploys in the other YARN container. Apache Storm helps in integrating various topology tasks that do not allow worker process which supports topology-level runtime. Apache Storm Requirement Below mentioned are the requirements for Apache Storm, Apache Storm requires good memory with adequate processing power, and machine configurations for development systems and production systems are different. For development systems, 1 CPU and 1 TB hard disk is required, along with a minimum of 2 GB RAM. For production systems, at least 6 Core CPUs are recommended and up to 32 GB of RAM per machine is required. 1 GB of Ethernet and processors with 2GHz or higher with a minimum of 16 GB RAM are a few of the requirements for Apache Storm Apache Spark Requirement Below mentioned are the requirements for Apache Spark, Minimum hardware requisites for evaluation for Compute hosts and Management hosts are different. CPU power for Compute and Management hosts should be >=2.4GHz and RAM size are 8GB and 16GB for Compute and Management hosts respectively. 12 GB of disk space is needed to install Apache Spark and additional disk space can be 30 GB for a large clusters. Comparison Table of Apache Storm vs Spark The table below summarizes the comparisons between Apache Storm vs Spark: Apache StormApache SparkApache Storm is built upon BackType and Twitter.Apache Spark is built upon UC Berkeley.It is built upon the Clojure implementation language.It is built upon the Scala implementation language.Apache Storm has only a streaming scope.Apache Spark has streaming, Graph, ML, Batch, and SQL scope.It processes data in mini-batches in Storm.It processes data on record at a time in Spark.Apache Storm uses Trident or rolls on its own, requires stateless computations.Apache Spark writes data to storage and needs stateful computations.It has a latency of sub-seconds.Here, it has a latency of just a few seconds.Based on resource manager integration, Storm has Mesos.And for Spark, we have YARN and Mesos as Resource Manager Integration.Based on Hadoop distribution, Storm has Hortonworks.Here in Spark, MapReduce, Hortonworks, and Cloudera are included in the Hadoop distribution.The storm has at least one fault tolerance.Spark has exactly one fault tolerance.Apache Storm does not support any Databricks.Apache Spark supports Databricks.It has a tuple stream primitive.It has Dstream primitive.Based on stream computation, Storm has bolts.It has window operations as stream computation. Purpose of Apache Storm Apache Storm is famous for real-time big data stream processing and hence, most of companies use Storm as an integral part of the system. It provides reliability to process unbounded data streams for real-time processing similar to what Hadoop does for batch processing. Apache Storm data model involves tuples and streams, consisting of bolts and spouts. Spouts create tuples that are processed by bolts. Though it is stateless, Storm manages the distributed environment and the cluster state through Apache Zookeeper. Purpose of Apache Spark Apache Spark is lightning-fast cluster computing technology designed for faster computation. The main feature of Apache Spark is it's in-memory cluster computing which increases the processing speed of applications. Many benefits of Apache Spark include multiple workloads, fast in memory caching, and is developer friendly. Apache Spark DAG has multiple stages which can be distributed in an efficient manner. Conclusion Hereby we can come to conclusion on the topic “Apache Storm vs Spark”. We have seen what is “Apache Storm vs Spark” and the difference between Apache Storm and Apache Spark. Have gone through individually on Apache Storm and Spark and listed out key differences, individual requirements, and their purposes. Thanks! Happy Learning!! Recommended Articles This is a guide to Apache Storm vs Spark. Here we discuss Apache Storm vs Spark key differences with infographics and a comparison table in detail. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Data Science vs Data Mining Data Scientist vs Data Analyst Data Science vs Data Engineering Big Data vs Machine Learning

read more

SQL Query Interview Questions

SQL Query Interview Questions and Answers SQL is a popular programming language used to manage, manipulate and query data in relational databases. Though SQL is not only the fastest way to communicate with a relational database but also deals with an effective way to manage higher dimensional structured data. SQL queries enable the user to work on multiple records with a single command. SQL query can be a request or question format to access the data saved in the database. The database saves the information in table format comprised of rows and columns. In this article, we can discuss about interview questions and answers on SQL queries. Top 19 SQL Query Interview Questions and Answers Below are the top questions and answers to SQL Query. These questions are helpful while giving mock tests or interviews. Q1. Compose an SQL query to get the full name and employee id of all the employees under HR with id – 789. Answer: The user can execute the where clause for the HR row under the table with employee details. SELECT fullname, employeeid From employeetable WHERE HR ID = 789 Q2. Compose an SQL query to get the various available projects from the team table. Answer: When referring to the team table, there can be duplicate values as every employee contains some project code. So to avoid this, use the below query, SELECT DISTINCT (projectcode) FROM team Here distinct is used to fetch only the unique values. Q3. Compose an SQL query to get the employee count under team S3. Answer: The query can be written with SQL where command and aggregate function count() SELECT COUNT() FROM employeetable WHERE TEAM = S3 Q4. Compose an SQL query to get the minimum, maximum, and average pay of the employees. Answer: The user can choose an aggregate SQL function to get minimum, maximum, and average values as follows, SELECT Maximum (pay), Minimum (pay), Average (pay) From Employeetable Q5. Compose an SQL query to fetch the employee details with the salary range from 10000 to 20000. Answer: The user can choose between function along with where option. SELECT employeeid, pay FROM employeetable WHERE pay BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000; Q6. Give an SQL query to get the employee id, with the location of Hungary added under the HR with ID as 987. Answer: As the user has to meet both conditions, he can use AND function SELECT employeeid, City, HR id FROM employeetable WHERE City = Hungary AND HR id = 987 Q7. Compose an SQL query to get the employees who live in Paris or work under HR with an id of 234. Answer: Here the user should satisfy either one condition, and he can fetch the person under Paris or with an HR id of 234. So can use the OR operator. SELECT employeeid, City, HR id FROM employeetable WHERE City = Paris OR HR id =234 Q8. Compose an SQL query to get all the employee details who were assigned tasks other than S3. Answer: Here the user cannot apply NOT function to get the rows that don’t meet the given condition. SELECT employeeid FROM employeetable WHERE NOT Project=S3; If the user prefers to use not equal to function, SELECT employeeid FROM employeetable WHERE task <> S3; Q9. Compose an SQL query to view each employee's total pay, including variable pay and actual pay. Answer: The user can choose the addition operator SELECT employeeid, Pay + variable as totalpay FROM employeetable Q10. Compose an SQL query to get the name of the employees that begins with any two letters, followed by letters la, and finishes with any sequence of alphabets. Answer: To answer this question, the SQL query can be composed using operators like % and _. Here _ matches the single alphabet, and % goes with multiple or zero characters. SELECT employeename FROM employeetable WHERE employeename LIKE '__la%'; Q11. Compose an SQL query to get all the employee id that is present in any one of the tables ‘employeepay’ or ‘employeetable’ Answer: To fetch the unique employee id from two tables, the union function can be implemented. The union function merges the output of two SQL queries and executes it as unique rows. SELECT employeeid FROM employeetable UNION SELECT employeeid FROM employeepay; Q12. Compose an SQL query to get similar records between two different tables. Answer: Using intersect function, common records can be fetched from two different tables. SELECT * FROM employeetable INTERSECT output SELECT * FROM employeepay; In MySQL, there is no intersect function, so the user can write a subquery as follows, SELECT * FROM employeetable WHERE employeeid IN (SELECT employeeid from employeepay); Q13. Compose an SQL query to get the records present only on one database table but not repeated in another. Answer: The user can implement a subtraction function that is a minus operator SELECT * FROM employeetable MINUS output SELECT * FROM employeepay; MySQL doesn’t support the minus function, so the left join clause is used here, SELECT employeetable.* FROM employeetable LEFT JOIN employeepay USING (employeeid) WHERE employeepay. employeeid IS NULL; Q14. Compose an SQL query to get the employee id which is common in both database tables. Answer: By using subquery, the common details can be fetched. SELECT employeeid FROM employeetable where employeeid IN (SELECT employeeid FROM employeepay); Q15. Compose an SQL query to get the employee id which is present in employeetable but not in employeepay. Answer: By using subquery, SELECT employeeid FROM employeetable where employeeid Not IN (SELECT employeeid FROM employeepay) Q16. Compose an SQL query to get the full name of an employee and replace the space with . character. Answer: By using replace option in SQL, the query can be compiled as follows, SELECT REPLACE(employeefullname, ' ', '.') FROM employeetable; Q17. Compose an SQL query to get the position of the character(h) in any field. Answer: By using the INSTR function, the question can be answered SELECT INSTR(employeefullname, h) FROM employeetable; Q18. Compose an SQL query to view both HR id and employee id together. Answer: The user can choose CONCATE function, SELECT CONCATE (employeeid, HR id) as output id FROM employeetable; Q19. Compose an SQL query to view the total count of particular character -s in the full name of the employee field. Answer: Here the user can choose the Length function. From the full name of the employee field, the total count should be subtracted after replacing it with s. SELECT FullNameofemployee, LENGTH(name) - LENGTH(REPLACE(name, 's', '')) FROM employeetable; Conclusion Hence these are standard questions and answer on SQL queries that were frequently asked in interviews. Hope this article helps beginners to understand the concepts of SQL queries which is an important function for higher dimensional data management. Recommended Articles This is a guide to SQL Query Interview Questions. Here we have discussed the top question and answers to prepare for your next interview. You may also look at the following articles to learn more – Data Engineer Interview Questions Sqoop Interview Questions Data Science Interview Questions Data Analytics Interview Questions

read more

C# Versions

Introduction To C# Versions The following article provides an outline for C# Versions. For every beginner, everything is difficult. Microsoft introduced a kit of .NET framework SDK for developers. Even though it provides everything for programmers, it is not easy to use. Users need to understand the .NET framework and it takes much time to get familiar with this framework. C# is a language introduced by Microsoft under the .net framework. Using C#, you can develop a desktop app, mobile app, web app, database application, and game. It is pronounced as C sharp. Most people feel that C# is hard to understand. Basically, to learn the C# you need continuous learning of C# concepts with dedication. Table of contentsIntroduction To C# VersionsAdvantages of C# LanguageFeatures of C# LanguageExample of Local Static Function in C#Conclusion - C# VersionsRecommended Articles Advantages of C# Language If you are confused about the C# language, then learn some advantages of the C#. It is an object-oriented programming language. It is a high-level language like JAVA and Python. C# is very much close to C and C or you can say it is taken from C and C . But it is easy to learn and simple to use hence it became widely popular. It is a structured programming language. C# provides a lot of inbuilt functions that help users to fast development. It has a strong memory backup. .Net framework is required to use the C# on your system. It provides the best in-built code editor and debugger. Thus, it is similar to other object-oriented languages, it supports the window-based application. Features of C# Language Team of C# are releasing the new versions of the C# which gives some relevant features to the programmer. The below table shows the versions of the C# with relevant features. VersionVisual StudioMain FeaturesC# 1.0Visual Studio .NET 2002Basics, classes, interfaces, events, properties.C# 2.0Visual Studio 2005Iterators, partial type, Covariance and contra variance, static classes, nullable type.C# 3.0Visual Studio 2008/2010Expression tree, Query expression, Lambda expression, Partial method, Anonymous type.C# 4.0Visual Studio 2010Generic covariant and contravariant, Embedded interop types, Dynamic binding.C# 5.0Visual Studio 2012/2013Asynchronous members, Caller info attributes.C# 6.0Visual Studio 2015Dictionary initializer, String interpolation, Property initializers, Exception filters, Static imports, Property initializer, name of operator.C# 7.0Visual Studio 2017Window App Development, Mobile App Development, AI Support, Game development, Azure Support.C# 8.0Visual Studio 2019Static local functions Switch expressions, ranges and Indices, Read-only members, Property patterns, Stackalloc in nested expressions, Positional patterns, Unmanaged constructed types, Enhancement of interpolated verbatim strings. If you want to learn any new language, then you have to start with the basics of the language. Syntax, data types, array, error handling, loops, functions how to write basic expressions, how to handle string, how to debug and run the program, etc. these are some basic concepts that beginners should learn to become familiar with program. Example of Local Static Function in C# Below is the sample code for the Local static function in C# 8.0: public string Joinstring(){ string first = "Apple"; string second = "Mango"; return charstring(first, second); static string charstring(string onestring, string twostring) => onestring " - " twostring;} Sample code for the switch expression in C# 8.0. The switch expression is evaluated once time after execution. The value of the given expression is compared with the values of each case in the program. If a match found, C# goes to break and stops the execution of further code using break. C# came out of the switch block. Code: using System; public class Switch_operations { public static void Main(string[] args) { int rollno = 2; switch (rollno) { case 1: Console.WriteLine("Niki"); break; case 2: Console.WriteLine("Mina"); break; case 3: Console.WriteLine("Arya"); break; case 4: Console.WriteLine("Jaya"); break; } } } Output: Conclusion - C# Versions C sharp is a simple object-oriented programming language. It can be used for many things like games, web apps, mobile apps, etc. Take leverage of this language as it provides all useful features for developers. Recommended Articles This is a guide to C# Versions. Here we discuss the basic concept, and various types of C# versions with features and advantages. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – C# Data Types Uses of C# | Top 7 Uses Introduction to Variables in C# How to Use Pointers in C#?

read more

Variables in C#

Introduction To Variables in C# The following article provides an outline for Variables in C#. C# or C Sharp is an all-purpose, object and component-oriented programming language in the series of object-oriented programming languages like C and Java developed by Microsoft. It was developed and created in the early 2000s by Microsoft as a part of the Microsoft .NET Framework initiative. Its design was conceptualized by Anders Hejlsberg. It was designed for the Common Language Infrastructure or CLI program. It was developed as a multi-faceted and multi-disciplined programming language for the overall .Net Framework and some of its features are: Structured and object-oriented. Task driven and functional. Static and dynamic typing. Imperative, functional and partially inferred. The latest version C# 9.0, released in 2020 in .NET 5.0 Framework. Table of contentsIntroduction To Variables in C#What Are Variables In C#?Syntax For Declaring Variables In C#Variable InitializationDifferent Types Of VariablesExamples of Different Types of VariablesConclusionRecommended Articles What Are Variables In C#? In C#, variables are storage points of values and data for our programmers who write programs to formulate an assertive composition of programming. Variables itself is nothing but a hollow alphabet but it is defined by the types given to it. Each variable acts as a storage area for different types of values as and when required in the programs for computation. The values stored in the variables define the nature of the variable and its type. Like, whether a variable is numeric in nature or alphabetical and etc. The entire programming and coding sequence in C# is filled with several of these variables ultimately leading to the formation of the software’s we see today. Most importantly variables are not only used in C# but all other programming languages which includes coding as it is one of the most common and basic but also one of the most crucial and important features of the programming universe. Some examples of variables are integer type variable, float type, double, char, string and boolean. Syntax For Declaring Variables In C# To declare a variable, first, we need to define the variable, what type of variable it is? As said earlier, each variable is defined by a type as the values or data stored in it are of various natures as and when required during the sequences of programming. Already mentioned in the last point of the previous parameter are the names of the types of variables. Now the basic sample of syntax for declaring variables in C# is: type Variable name = value; Here, the ‘type’ is the variable type that is int, double or char which defines the variables nature. ‘Variable name’ is the name given to a variable like ‘a’, ‘b’ or ‘number’ and the equal sign is used to denote the value for the variable.  Variable Initialization Initialization of variables is one of the most basic and rudimentary requirements of any programming language and C# also being a programming language fall under the same category. Whenever a variable is required for programming purposes it needs to be initialized methodically. Here is where the initialization of a variable takes place by assigning the variable type first followed by the variable name and ending with its value. Thus, initialization is a very crucial process in the creation and completion of a program or coding. For example, int a = 23; here variable ‘a’ is denoted as an integer type and is initialized to a value of 23. Different Types Of Variables There are different types of variables which categorizes each variable separately having separate meanings for each one. The variable types and its categorization: TypeCategorizationINTStoring integers or numerical values, like 1, 2, 3.DOUBLEStoring decimal values, like 23.22, 5.4.CHARStores character type values, like ‘a’ or ‘b’.STRINGStores entire lines of text.BOOLEANStores true or false values. Examples of Different Types of Variables Some of the basic examples of different types of variables are given in the below table: TypeCategorizationINTInt num = 20; ‘Int’ is variable type, ‘num’ is the variable name & ‘20’ is the value. BOOLEAN     Bool Boolean = false; ‘Bool’ is variable type, ‘Boolean’ is the variable name & ‘false’ is the value. CHAR     Char word = ‘A’; ‘Char’ is variable type, ‘word’ is the variable name & ‘A’ is the value. STRINGString name = “Isaac”;‘String’ is variable type, ‘name’ is the variable name & ‘Isaac’ is the value. There are several other types of variables in C# also with its own variable type defining its category and the value assigned to it. Conclusion So, C# is a programming language like any other programming languages being a well structured and a popular programming language in computer science universe and it is widely used by a lot of programmers because it is very simple and easy and also it being a part of the .NET Framework of Microsoft thus making it a very commonly used programming language. C# coding is used in several different types of applications like mobile applications, web applications, web servers, games, desktop applications and many more. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Variables in C#. Here we discuss the introduction, variable initialization, different types of variables, and examples respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – C# Data Types Namespaces in C# How to Use Pointers in C#? C# Commands

read more

ASP.NET Versions

Introduction to ASP.NET Versions The following article provides an outline for ASP.NET Versions. In January 2002, Microsoft released the first version 1.0 of ASP.NET, which is an open-source server-side application and the successor to Active Server Pages (ASP) technology. To build the web applications it supports several programming models such as ‘Web Forms’, ‘Model View Controller’, ‘Web API’, ‘WebHooks’, ‘SingnalR’, ‘Handler’, ‘Ajax’, ‘Dynamic Data Scaffolding Extension’ and some other. Over time ASP.NET releases many versions to boost its capability and to cope up with the technological uptrends. Table of contentsIntroduction to ASP.NET VersionsList of ASP.NET Versions1. NET Framework Ver.1.02. NET Framework Ver.1.13. NET Framework Ver.2.04. NET Framework Ver.3.05. NET Framework Ver.3.56. NET Framework Ver.3.5 Service Pack 017. NET Framework Ver.4.08. NET Framework Ver.4.59. NET Framework Ver.4.5.110. NET Framework Ver.4.5.211. NET Framework Ver.4.612. NET Framework Ver.4.6.113. NET Framework Ver.4.6.214. NET Framework Ver.4.715. NET Framework Ver.4.7.116. NET Framework Ver.4.7.217. NET Framework Ver.4.818. NET Framework Ver.5RC1ConclusionRecommended Articles List of ASP.NET Versions Given below is the list of ASP.NET Versions: 1. NET Framework Ver.1.0 Released on 16th Jan 2002. In this version, CLR 1.0 has been introduced with the ability to use various DLL class libraries with the extension of .dll files. With this, developers can develop features in a most robust web server. It supports object-oriented web applications for development which further supports inheritance, polymorphism, and other object-oriented programming features. 2. NET Framework Ver.1.1 Released on 24th April 2003. It introduced two major changes. Input validation has been made automatic and mobile controls. 3. NET Framework Ver.2.0 Released on 7th November 2005. It includes navigation controls, Login controls, Personalization services, Web parts, New technique for localization, 64-bit processors support, Master pages, class model provider, Skins, Full pre-compilation, Themes. New data controls for ‘DetailsView’, ‘FormView’ and ’GridView’ were introduced. It also gave access to some new techniques for declarative data access mainly focused on ‘XmlDataSource’, ‘ObjectDataSource’ and ‘SqlDataSource’. 4. NET Framework Ver.3.0 Released on 21st November 2006. Presentation Foundation for Windows or WPF a graphical subsystem introduced. Workflow Foundation for Windows or WF provides an API, multiple hostable designers, an in-process workflow engine, and to implement long-running processes. To create a service-oriented application Communication Foundation for Windows came into place. 5. NET Framework Ver.3.5 Released on 19th November 2007. This version got released along with Windows Server 2008 and Visual Studio 2008. The new set of data controls for ‘ListView’ and ‘DataPager’. AJAX was included as a part of this framework under asp.net. It supports the HTTP syndication feeds and pipelining. It supports Partial trust, Pox, JSON, and RSS for WCF. 6. NET Framework Ver.3.5 Service Pack 01 Released on 11th August 2008. The main focus is on incorporating dynamic data of asp.net. It gave access to control browser history while working with the AJAX application of ASP.NET. It can combine or mix more than one JavaScript file and create one file to boost the efficiency of downloading speed. It also introduces two new namespace Systems.Web.Routing and System.Web.Abstractions. 7. NET Framework Ver.4.0 Released on 12th April 2010. In the Page class, two new properties are added, those are MetaDescription & MetaKeyword. 8. NET Framework Ver.4.5 Released on 15th August 2012. It is only supported on Windows Vista or later versions of windows. Better performance for retrieving resources with the ability to define the culture for an application domain. 9. NET Framework Ver.4.5.1 Released on 17th Oct 2013. Some new features were introduced such as OWIN, Web API 2, CORS, Bootstrap, OData improvements, OAuth 2.0, SignalR, MVC 5 in Attribute routing, EF 6, Filter overrides, and authentication filters. 10. NET Framework Ver.4.5.2 Released on 5th May 2014. With the help of new modification methods and HTTP header inspection, it became more reliable. An innovative way to plan tasks in background asynchronous. 11. NET Framework Ver.4.6 Released on 20th July 2015. In this version, HTTP/2 is a major revision for HTTP protocols which supports while running on Windows 10. It also has the capability to asynchronous the task-returning APIs much more than previously. 12. NET Framework Ver.4.6.1 Released on 30th November 2015. It enhanced support for ECDSA or Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm. Also, support for improved touch performance and per-user custom dictionaries. 13. NET Framework Ver.4.6.2 Released on 2nd August 2016. It improved the following areas as windows communication foundation, CLR, ClickOnce, and base class library. 14. NET Framework Ver.4.7 Released on 11th April 2017. Mainly its focus on the operating system or OS support for various TLS protocols. 15. NET Framework Ver.4.7.1 Released on 17th October 2017. With the improved accessibility, SHA-2 support, serialization, and tuple types, it became much more secure with the embedded hash algorithm. 16. NET Framework Ver.4.7.2 Released on 30th April 2018. With Dependency Injection in WebForms, SameSite Cookie, ClickOnce, and some more features were added to improve performance. 17. NET Framework Ver.4.8 Released on 18th April 2019. Some improvements have been done in JIT and NGEN, ZLib got updated, reduced FIPS Impact on Cryptography, Winforms accessibility enhancements, WCF service behavior enhancements, and High DPI Enhancements. 18. NET Framework Ver.5RC1 Released on 18th November 2015. Later, this version separated from ASP.NET and incorporated within a new project named ASP.NET Core, versioning started at 1.0. There are various advantages of using ASP.NET for web development. It supports cross-platform, it saves time as coding work is much lesser, maintenance is easy, it supports Cloud-Based Web Application, it’s performance is much improved compared to other applications, it is customizable and extensible, it supports CSS, XML, and other web standards, it is language-independent, deployment is very easy in ASP.NET, it provides better performance by early binding, native optimization, just-in-time compilation, and caching services, it works efficiently with ADO.NET using data-binding & page formatting features. There are various career options in web technology wherein ASP.NET is used vastly. There are many sub-segments, like a web developer who creates and maintains websites, a full stack developer who builds all the stacks of the web applications, a person who manages the web development life cycle with proper planning and design, an ASP.NET testing and final deployment, Programming ASP.NET application by using C#, VB.NET, C , and F#, IoT with ASP.NET to connect multiple components at the same platform, JavaScript for front end work and many more. In India, the salary of a fresher is around 2-3 lakh per annum and it goes up to 6 lakh per annum for just with an experience of 4 to 5 years in the ASP.NET field. In the United States, for a fresher, the annual salary starts from $80,000 and goes up to $140,000 for an experienced developer. Whether, if it is a web development application or embedded desktop application, the requirement for an ASP.NET developer has never experienced a reduction since initiation. The requirements are regularly increasing as the demand for reliable and scalable architecture is only surges daily. Conclusion Thus we conclude ASP.NET Versions. Here we saw the introduction with list of ASP.NET versions respectively. Recommended Articles This is a guide to ASP.NET Versions. Here we discuss the introduction and list of ASP.NET versions for better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – ASP.NET Features What is ASP.NET? ASP.NET Career Data Binding in ASP.NET

read more

R Studio Functions

Introduction to R Studio Functions The following article provides an outline for R Studio Functions. You must have heard about programming languages many times in your life. But, have you ever heard about the R programming language? and R programming language is a software environment that is designed for statistical computing and graphics. It is supported by the R foundation for statistical computing. Table of contentsIntroduction to R Studio FunctionsFeatures of R Programming LanguageSyntax for R Programming Language:What is R Studio Function?How to Install R Studio Functions?Features of R Studio FunctionSteps to Configure R Studio FunctionConclusionRecommended Articles Features of R Programming Language Following are some of the features of the R programming language: Helps in data manipulation, graphical display, and calculation. It is capable of handling data effectively and has a storage facility. R programming language has a suite of operators that are used for calculation on arrays and matrices. It is very simple, easy to understand which includes loops, input-output facilities and many more. Syntax for R Programming Language: func_name< - function (argument) { Statement } What is R Studio Function? R Studio Function is an integrated development environment that combines with R to perform functions of R. R studio is available in two formats: RStudio Desktop: It is a regular desktop application. RStudio Server: This server works on a remote server and RStudio can be accessed through a web browser using RStudio Server. R-Studio IDE: C programming language, and it uses the Qt framework for the graphical user interface. R- Studio is also written in Java, and JavaScript is also part of it. It was RStudio, PBC, who introduced RStudio IDE and founded by JJ Allaire in 2008. You can easily download an RStudio, and it is free of cost in Linux, Apple, Windows and iOS devices. It is possible to use the R programming language without R-studio for writing scripts. RStudio IDE is available in version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License. It is an open-source license. How to Install R Studio Functions? Before installing R-Studio, you will have to download R and install it on your computer. Listed below are the steps to install R programming language software: One has to visit the website http://cran.stat.ucla.edu and download from it. Open the installer and install R. Run R from the local computer. Installation of R-Studio. One has to go to R Studio and download the software. You will have to click on the R Studio software desktop button and download it. One has to click the setup file. After selecting the installation file, run the file. Features of R Studio Function Given below are the features of R-Studio-Function: R-Studio can perform automatic bracket matching. It comes with a code highlighting option. It highlights the variables and keywords in several different colors. The user doesn't have to write the complete code. R-Studio can do it for you to complete the program. R-Studio has a source editor from which R code can be easily executed. Users can easily and quickly access the function along with parameters. R-Studio supports HTML Word documents, PDF and slideshows. It is capable of managing multiple directories. You can easily navigate the files and functions. It also supports graphics with ggvis and Shiny. It comes with development tools. Steps to Configure R Studio Function Given below are the various steps to configure R Studio Function: If R Studio is not functioning properly on your computer, then there must be a chance that R-Studio is not able to recognize R installed in your computer. You can always set an R version. By default, R comes in 32-bit size, but you can shift to 64-bit size. User has freedom of choosing any R version by selecting any browse option. In R-Studio, you can modify R. Conclusion The function in R Studio is easy to learn. It comes with an interactive debugger that quickly finds and fixes errors. The best part about RStudio is that it runs on most of the platforms. Recommended Articles This is a guide to R Studio Functions. Here we discuss what is R studio function and how to install it with steps along with its features. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – R Data Types Career in R Programming C# Versions What is R Programming Language?

read more

Objects in C#

Introduction to Objects in C# C# language is vastly used for windows-based games and desktop applications. Apart from that, it is also very popular, while building mobile applications and web applications. C# is the fully object-oriented language. With the constant update of frameworks of Microsoft’s .net core, it is always ready to support most of the required techniques to implement. Table of contentsIntroduction to Objects in C#Basic Principles of Programming LanguageHow to Create Class & Object?Example to Implement Objects in C#ConclusionRecommended Articles Basic Principles of Programming Language Before jumping to create a program, it is very crucial to understand the basic terminology and principles of a programming language. Before going into details for objects in C#, we need to know what the class is. The class determines what type of functionality their objects will have. It also allows creating a group for different types of variables. One must have a basic idea of inheritance, abstraction, polymorphism, and encapsulation; those are four building blocks of object-oriented programming. While creating an application, whenever we need to configure and allocate a block of memory, we need an object there. For example, in real life, a bike is an object, which has methods such as gear and acceleration; it has attributes such as color and mass volume, etc. The object is a structure which is having behavior and state. How to Create Class & Object? To create an object, we need to give a specific name for the class, which would be followed by the name of the object. Let’s first create the Class called Bike. 1. Syntax to Create the Class Class Bike { String Color = black } We have created the class Bike, so now let’s use this class to create objects. 2. Syntax to Create the Objects class Bike { string color ="black"; static void Main(string[] args) { Bike myObj = new Bike(); Console.WriteLine(myObj.color); } } To print the value of color, we have created an object called ColObj. We can create multiple objects too. 3. Syntax to Create the Multiple Objects class Bike { string color ="black"; static void Main(string[] args) { Bike colObj1 = new Bike(); Bike colObj2 = new Bike(); Bike colObj3 = new Bike(); Console.WriteLine(colObj1.color); Console.WriteLine(colObj2.color); Console.WriteLine(colObj3.color); } } Example to Implement Objects in C# Below is the example of Objects in C#: Code: using System.IO; using System; namespace Academy { class CBResearch { static void Main(string[] args) { Users user = new Users(26,"Reshav Agarwal"); user.GetUserDetails(); Console.WriteLine("Press A Key to Exit.."); Console.ReadLine(); } } public class Users { public int Age {get;set;} public string Name {get;set;} public Users(int age,string name) { Age = age; Name = name; } public void GetUserDetails() { Console.WriteLine("Age:{0},Name:{1}", Age, Name); } } } We have included member functions and data members under the new class called ‘Users’. To populate methods and properties of the Users class, an object called ‘user’ has been created so the operation can be performed. While executing the program the result would appear as below. Output: We will create classes and objects as per the criteria or based on our specific requirements. Conclusion Objects and Classes both are equally very much important while coding an application. There can be many numbers of objects in a class, and there is no need to share your objects with other classes. If another class is interested, then that will coordinate with its objects. Object-oriented programs are very easy and fast to execute. It also defines a clear structure for the program which further helps to modify, debugging and maintaining the codes, thus makes troubleshooting much easier. Like the use of inheritance, code can be reused, therefore reduce development time. Polymorphism gives major flexibility with writing codes. With the help of an abstraction mechanism, we can hide some data from exposure, which strengthens the security of that application. Encapsulation allows a developer to implement the required level of abstraction. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Objects in C#. Here we discuss the introduction to objects in C#, how to create class and object along with code implementation. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – C# Programming C# Data Types Variables in C# C# Versions

read more

How to Use Pointers in C#?

Introduction To Pointers in C# Language C# language is vastly used to build mobile applications, web applications for windows-based games, and desktop applications. C# is the fully object-oriented language. With the constant update of frameworks of Microsoft’s .net core, it is always ready to support most of the latest techniques to implement. Here, we will see the details of various pointers used in C#. Pointers are variable that holds the memory address of value types and arrays in C#. There are two types of codes in C#, safe and unsafe. When an entire code is running under the supervision of the Common Language Runtime, we call it a safe code. Unsafe code extracts resources from external sources like streaming music, or video file, etc. If we consider garbage collection mechanisms, their pointer types are not tracked, therefore it is a safe code. In unsafe code, if we want to use the unused resources, then we need to implement a technique or we can call GC.Collect(). Pointers are only used in unsafe coding. In a default scenario in C# applications, it does not allow to use of pointers. Table of contentsIntroduction To Pointers in C# LanguageExamples to Implement Pointers In C#Example #1Example #2Example #3Working & Uses of Pointers In C#Recommended Articles Examples to Implement Pointers In C# Given below are the examples of Pointers in C#: Example #1 Code: using System; namespace Pointers { class cbresearch { static void Main(string[] args) { int* cbPointer; Console.ReadKey(); } } } Output: Explanation: While declaring this pointer and running this code, it would show an error stated as ‘pointers and fixed-size buffers only be used in an unsafe context’. To implement this, we need to go to the built option, where we can find a checkbox called ‘Allow unsafe code’. We need to enable that so that the code can be executed. Before that, we need to declare ‘unsafe’ in the coding part as well. Example #2 In this example, while running the code, it will return a pointer, as it is justified. Code: using System; class CBresearch { public unsafe void Method() { int a = 15; int b = 25; int* sum = swap(a, b); Console.WriteLine(sum); } public unsafe int*swap (int*a, int*b) { int sum; sum = (a b); } } class CBemployee { public static void Main() { CBresearch mc = new CBresearch(); mc.Method(); } } Output: Example #3 In this example, we have used the ToString() method to retrieve the data, which is stored at the located referenced by the variable of the pointer. If we execute the code it would produce the output. Code: using System; namespace UnsafeCodeExecution { class CBResearch { public static void Main() { unsafe { int var = 99; int * x = & var; Console.WriteLine ("Value of Data is: {0}", var); Console.WriteLine ("Value of Data is: {0}", *x); } } } } Output: Working & Uses of Pointers In C# Below we see where the pointers are used and how they work: So pointers are associated with unsafe contexts. Instead of passing the entire structure to the functions, one can pass the address of the structure, thus makes it efficient. To execute an unsafe code of statements, pointers are used to locate the memory addresses. From the function, it returns more than one value. As it is not tracked by the garbage collector, its best suits the environment which is not managed. More efficiently and effectively it passes strings and arrays to the function. Mainly pointers are used in the linked list, queue, stack, etc. We should not forget the difference between unsafe keywords in function, context, and alternatives. While doing runtime checks, saves lots of time for correctness and type safety. You can always balance and utilize this feature to your advantage while developing an application in C#. For more abstract reference data types, the pointer is the perfect implementation. Recommended Articles This is a guide to How to Use Pointers in C#? Here we discuss a brief overview on pointers in C# language and its working along with different examples and code implementation. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – C# Versions | Top 10 Advantages Introduction to Variables in C# C# Data Types | Top 3 Examples Namespaces in C#

read more

Uses of C#

Introduction To Uses of C# The following article provides an outline for Uses of C#. Many of the web, desktop applications that are built with the .Net platform, use C# as a programming language. Being a strong object-oriented language, C# possess the features of an OOP language and thus has become one of the favorites among computer programmers. Be it a web application or desktop application for windows C# has grabbed the place of favorite development language. Being a top competitor to Java, C# has relaxed the beginners to learn the language easily and wide support makes it fun learning. If you want to develop a game or want to develop a cloud-based service, C# enriches your experience by providing all relevant support and features. Thus, C# becomes the most versatile development language that is widely accepted by the software industry also. Table of contentsIntroduction To Uses of C#What is C# Programming?Various Uses of C#Example of C# ProgramConclusionRecommended Articles What is C# Programming? C# pronounced as C Sharp is an advanced, object-oriented programming language that is widely used by programmers to develop general-purpose applications. Microsoft introduced the .Net platform and C# as part of it in 2000. Basically, C# was designed by Anders Hejlsberg and later led by Mads Torgersen and team. To work with C#, you require to have .Net framework installed on your machine and target machine. The latest version was released by Microsoft is Microsoft .Net 5.0 Framework version and C# with 9.0 version which is included in Visual Studio 2019. Although the .Net framework supports many other languages like Visual Basic, COBOL, C , C# is widely used across the applications by industry professionals. Here are the reasons for its wide fame: Perfect hybrid combo of C and Java. Easy to start. Wide community support. The versatility of C# makes it the perfect choice for cross-application development. It is fast and open source. The C# language compiler is easily available on GitHub. C# provides great support to almost all web browsers making web development an easy task. C# extends support for JavaScript through the TypeScript. Enriched tool library of C# makes it a comprehensive development language. NET allows developers to develop their code in Machine Language using C#. Various Uses of C# We know that C# is a multi-paradigm language that adopts the best feature of C and Java. This combination yields great features ability to C#. So, here are some highlighted uses of C#: C# is used to build different types of applications like desktop, web, mobile applications. C# is more popular among the gaming programmers because of the comparatively easy learning style and powerful Microsoft’s XNA framework support. Despite being a part of the .Net platform, C# is limited for developing Microsoft applications. The similarity between C# and C, C , Java makes it easy for beginners to learn programming an easy task. C# is a popular choice for developing cloud-based services among programmers. The strong object-oriented base and multi-paradigm features make the C# a strong contributor for developing Window services and Work Flow applications. C# also used to build console apps, blockchains, AI, and back-end services. Example of C# Program Given below is a sample C# program. In this program, we will enter a number and the program will display the sum of digits of the number. Code: /* *Program to take input a number and output as the sum of digit */ using System; using System.Text; using System.Linq; using System.Collections.Generic; namespace DigitAddition { class DigitAddition { static void Main(string[] args) { int inum, sum=0; int rem; Console.WriteLine("Enter a number:"); inum= int.Parse(Console.ReadLine()); while(inum!=0) { rem= inum % 10; //remainder is calculated here inum=inum / 10; sum=sum rem; } Console.WriteLine("The sum of Digits is:" sum); Console.ReadLine(); } } } Output: Conclusion After the great success achieved by C#, it has become the preferred language for developing mobile applications, games, and desktop applications. Learn the C# and enter the world of programming with a solid foundation. Recommended Articles This is a guide to the Uses of C#. Here we discuss the introduction, what is C# programming with example and code implementation along with its different uses. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – C# Versions | Top 10 Advantages Introduction to Variables in C# C# Data Types | Top 3 Examples C# Commands

read more

Python Commands

Introduction To Python Commands The following article provides an outline for Python Commands. In the world of programming languages, Python is one of the most famous programming languages currently being used apart from the most pronounced ones like Java and C. In the current technology market, Python is in high demand due to its characteristics and features like it being objected oriented, high-level and interpreted programming language. Python is also highly dynamic in nature due to its dynamic typing and dynamic binding capabilities. Thus, Python’s dynamic nature is also responsible for it being a multi-purpose programming interface that includes structured and functional programming. Python’s numerous capabilities also include, it supporting a strong and comprehensive standard library thus making it a very appropriate and expedient software development programming tool for any commercial or technological businesses. Table of contentsIntroduction To Python CommandsWhat Is Python?Different Commands In PythonIdentifiers In PythonReserved Words In PythonConclusion - Python CommandsRecommended Articles Key Takeaways We can deduce that python’s unique nature makes it a very reliable and dynamic programming tool that provides faster and much quicker software & web development service. Python is formed and operated based on several different command types and also consist of basic commands and identifiers which is there to perform specific tasks for the overall functioning of the python programming. Python’s versatility and fluency, makes it one of the most efficient programming languages in this modern IT (information technology) era. What Is Python? Python’s characteristics and basic definition includes it being an object-oriented, high-level and interpreted programming language That is why programmers using Python programming language find it very easy to write very clear and logical coding either for a big or a small project due to its highly coherent programming structure and an efficient object-oriented approach. The first version was released in 1991 and was developed by Guido Van Rossum. Due to its open-sourced nature, it is freely available for extensive usage in the overall consumer market. Python also acts as a scripting language just like Ruby and Pearl for the development of a wide variety of software and web applications. The main purposes of Python are for the development of web-based, internal or external software-based and also mathematical based applications. Python also controls database systems, where it handles a big amount of data & information, edits and modifies them also. The interpreter system present in Python helps programmers to write and execute programs a lot quicker which in turn helps them to develop faster software prototypes compared to other programming tools. Python is compatible with all the OS platforms like Windows, Mac and UNIX systems. Different Commands In Python Commands in python basically are a set of instructions and execution orders set to perform certain tasks for the functions and variables present in python. Python commands are used to dictate how to perform several different types of operations and tasks at the different levels in the overall python programming architecture. Basic Commands in Python: Command NamesDescriptionType FunctionThis command uses inbuilt functions to check variable types.ListsPortrays a bunch of values in square bracket.TupleAgain, lists values in an enclosed parenthesis.StringsDisplays a word or multiple words in double quotes.CommentsShows a sentence or a line in double quotes followed a # and the feedback comment for that sentence.RangeIt is used for the creation of integers.BooleanIt is used for authenticating the data, whether it is true or false.Variable and AssignmentIt mainly assigns values for variables using ‘=’ and ‘==’, first is used to assign values for variables and second is used test the variable quality.OperatorThere are different operators assigning different functions like add, subtract, multiply & divide.Comparison OperatorsIt is used to compare values to ultimately produce Boolean outputs. These are the basic commands which are being used by python to run all the different types of operations happening in the overall execution of a python program. Identifiers In Python Identifiers are mainly used in python for naming a certain entity or a group of entities. The identifier helps in distinguishing and differentiating one entity from another entity. These entities namely are the classes, variables, functions, objects and items. An identifier is comprised of or made up of the upper case and lower-case A to Z or a to z letters, digital symbols (_, @, #) and also numeric values from 0 to 9. These are some of the ways to identify an Identifier’sentity from each other. Reserved Words In Python The reserved words are actually the keywords here in python. Some of these reserved words or keywords of python are as follows: If Else Del True False Return While Break Class Continue Import These reserved words are generally pre-defined and pre-specified words with a pre-fixed meaning and purpose. Conclusion - Python Commands Thus, in this article we understood python commands. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Python Commands. Here we discuss the introduction, what is python, different commands, identifiers and reserved words. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Introduction to Python Uses of Python Careers in Python Advantages of Python

read more

C# Keywords

Introduction To C# Keywords The following article provides an outline for C# Keywords. Keywords are a set of specific words used in programming languages that are pre-defined in nature and are also unique in nature. Each keyword has its own definition and purpose which can be used in several places of a programming sequence as and when required depending upon its necessity. These are generally reserved in nature and have been created in that pattern by the developers of the programming languages to serve a pre-defined purpose. The keywords used in these programming languages are somewhat similar in nature whether it is C , Java or C# in .NET Framework as they were made with previously inscribed meanings and the same intent to serve their purpose although on separate platforms. Keywords In Programming Language Given below are the keywords in any programming language: Keywords in any programming language are a set of words like main, if, while, for, else, int, long and etc. These keywords being reserved words can be used only for a specific purpose for which it was built. Keywords implement specific characteristics of the programming languages only. They cannot be used as a user-defined identifier as they are already pre-defined in nature. Different programming languages have their own specific keywords set. Keywords in programming languages also cannot be used to name variables or even objects as they were made static in nature with a specific purpose and they being used for a different purpose will cause an error in programming sequences. Types Of Keywords In C# There are different types of keywords in C# depending upon the type of functions it has and the type of operations it needs to perform. The main keyword types of C# are: Modifier Keywords Access Modifier Keywords Statement Keywords Method Parameter Keywords Namespace Keywords Operator Keywords Access Keywords Literal Keywords Type Keywords Contextual Keywords Query Keywords Each of these keyword types serves a specific purpose in C# programming performing a set of task unique to itself and pre-intended. These keyword types contain several specific keywords each with its own definition and are used as and when required during the programming sequences. Some glimpses of such keywords are new, static, public, protected, switch, in, while, return, checked, do-while, out, sizeof, new, null, void, char, string, int, decimal, short, dynamic, set, join, where and several others. Examples Of Various Keywords In C# We have classified each of the keywords in a specific type as per their meaning and requirements in C# programming. Each of these keywords is pre-defined and is used accordingly when they are required by the programmers during their coding sequences. Below table shows the classifications and their grouping types: Keyword Types Of C# Keyword Types Keywords Modifier Abstract, const, event, extern, new, override, partial, sealed, static, virtual and volatile Access Modifier Public, private, internal and protected Statement If, else, switch, case, do, for, for each, while, break, default, continue, try, checked, unchecked, goto and return Method Parameter Params, ref and out Namespace Using, dot operator, :: operator and extern Operator Is, new, sizeof, typeof and stackalloc Literal Null, false, true, value and void Type Byte, char, class, decimal, enum, double, int, long, short, string and struct Contextual Add, var, dynamic, global, set and value Query From, where, select, join, orderby, let, in, equals, ascending and descending Conclusion Thus, after the discussions above we can surmise that keywords are a very important and crucial component of all programming languages and also C# programming language itself. These keywords play a vital role in shaping almost all types of programs in the programming world into a meaningful and structured form. Due to their specific nature of being pre-defined and static, they can be easily used by the programmers to write long & several lines of code smoothly and easily without any risks and errors. In a nutshell, we can say that the keyword acts as a vital backbone for the entire programming universe. Recommended Articles This is a guide to C# Keywords. Here we discuss the basic concept, various types of keywords in C# along with the classifications and their grouping types. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – C# Data Types | Examples Uses of C# | Top 7 Uses Introduction to Variables in C# How to Use Pointers in C#?

read more

Namespaces in C#

Introduction To Namespaces in C# The following article provides an outline for Namespaces in C#. Namespace basically is a set of names given to various objects each having a separate or different nature. These objects could be some type of symbols, system type, file systems and identifiers. Namespace follows a certain path and a hierarchical system or process where it can assign a unique set of names individual to each of these objects so that they can be identified easily and also the same hierarchy allows the repetition of the same names in totally different circumstances. In simple terms, each individual person in this world has a different name but also sometimes has the same names. Then how to identify each person with the same name separately? Here comes the family name or surname. Although few different people can have the same first name but what uniquely identifies them is their family name or surname. So, generally, that’s what makes namespace significant, it can make use of the same name for entirely different purposes and also provide separate names for separates functioning. What Do You Understand By Namespaces? Namespace is a uniquely identifier medium for different object types to be used in programming languages. To complete and write a program we use several types of objects in almost every line of code, although all of them have separate meaning and purpose of usage. But sometimes these objects have the same names although having different functionality altogether, so not to have confusion and accidentally use an object of a different meaning for a separate purpose in the lines of code while programming, we use namespace. Namespace’s uniquely identifier characteristics enable us to use the same names on different objects having different functionality without causing any error in the coding sequences. We can use separate names also for the objects. Thus, this distinctive nature of Namespace gives us a huge advantage for the usages of objects of different functions more easily and smoothly in overall programming’s which sometimes involve several thousands of lines of coding sequences. Need For Namespaces in C# Namespaces are designed to provide different ways to make each name and set of name uniquely different from each so not to confuse one from another. Namespaces in C# is used for the organization of several classes, having functionalities unique to each of them individually. For this reason, the class names of one namespace are not confused with the name of another class of a different namespace. Namespaces are used in C# programming on a huge scale and quantity as it involves the use of classes a lot. A namespace is mainly used to handle all these classes. In C#, the most commonly used namespace is the root namespace. How To Create Namespaces In C#? To create a namespace, we must use the namespace as a keyword, and then provide a name for the namespace to be identifiable. Syntax: Namespace namespace_name { Lines of codes…// } The usage of Namespace we are going to write a simple program as an example, how to create Namespace: Code: using System; // System is the namespace “System” of .NET Framework namespace Application // “Application” is the namespace name given here { class Program // “Program” is the Class name of the Namespace { static void Main (string[] args) { Console.WriteLine("Hello World!"); // “Console” is also a Class in namespace } } } Output: The above-mentioned program is a basic example to show how namespaces and class names are used properly by C# in the Microsoft .NET Framework. How Access Namespaces In C#? Firstly, namespaces and class names are accessed by using dot (.) operators as class names are identified by its own assigned namespaces. As already mentioned previously separate classes can have the same class names but not in the same space or namespace but it can be created inside two separate namespaces in the same program. Below is an example of Namespaces in C#: Code: using System; namespace Name1 { public class Sign { public void saySign() { Console.WriteLine("Hello First Name"); } } } namespace Name2 { public class Sign { public void saySign() { Console.WriteLine("Hello Second Name"); } } } class TestSpace { public static void Main () { Name1.Sign S1 = new Name1.Sign(); Name2.Sign S2 = new Name2.Sign(); S1.saySign(); S2.saySign(); } } Output: So you can see how namespace accessions are done while having the same class names but in different namespaces. Conclusion So it is clearly visible the significance of Namespaces in C# programming language and its implementation and also its usages. Overall, Namespace plays a vital role in C# coding sequences which involves thousands of lines of codes including several numbers of classes and methods having the same class names and also different. Namespace helps avoid conflictions and confusion among these classes having the same names but with different purposes all together to prevent any kind of error at the end of the programming that is Namespace helps in the overall organization of C# programming systematically and methodically. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Namespaces in C#. Here we discuss the introduction, need, how to create and access Namespaces in C#? respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – C# Versions Uses of C# | Top 7 Uses Introduction to Variables in C# How to Use Pointers in C#?

read more

ASP.NET Career

Introduction To ASP.NET Career In January 2002, Microsoft released version 1.0 of ASP.NET which is the successor to Active Server Pages (ASP) technology. To build the web applications it supports several programming models such as ‘Web Forms’, ‘Model View Controller’, ‘Web API’, ‘WebHooks’, ‘SingnalR’, ‘Handler’, ‘Ajax’, ‘Dynamic Data Scaffolding Extension’ and some other. ASP.NET runs on the server and backend and is a framework for running web applications. But it is incomplete without front-end scripting, which runs in the browser such as JavaScript. Various Career Options In ASP.NET Below are the different Career options in ASP.NET: Web Developer: Apart from creating and maintaining websites, a web developer is also responsible for to site’s technical characteristics, such as its capacity & performance, which determines how much the site can handle traffic and also measures the website's speed. Pursuing a career in the field of web development is a good option as it is growing constantly, and the demand for skilled web developers does not seem to decrease shortly. Mobile Apps in .NET: You can create native mobile .NET apps, written in C# for Android and iOS as well. Full Stack .Net Developer: Who can manage and built all the stacks of an application which includes version control, Front-end, APIs, database, server, and Back-end. Create a Custom Scope: While implementing we should check that it is thread-safe because scopes are used by multiple bean factories at the same time. Managing Development Life Cycle & Testing: SDLC involves several different stages, including planning, designing, building, requirements gathering, testing, and finally deployment. Analysis of Existing Issues and Identifying the Exact System Requirement: It bridges the gap between system requirements engineering and software design and also known as Requirement Engineering, which is the process to set user expectations for software being built. Programming the .Net Applications: Whether it is a Windows-based or web-based or mobile-based application while working, this framework provides the proper programming guidelines for development. F#, C , VB.Net and C# these are some programming language which works with this framework. Game Development by Using .NET: There is a vast career option in digital multimedia development, digital game development, and graphics game engine. IoT with .Net: It is a network of connected objects that can collect and exchange data using implant sensors. Like refrigerators, cars, Thermostats, lights, and more appliances can all be connected to the IoT. Angular JS Developer: AngularJS allows developers to develop applications in an ‘Angular’ way. To use the framework in the best way, and to develop applications that are robust and efficient, there are some set of practices and rules deployed to make the best of it. Now let’s see JS which is co-related with the .Net framework is a text-based programming language used both on the server-side and client-side that allows you to make web pages interactive. To reference an object's properties or methods keywords are being used. While implementing, each keyword has some specific meaning to it. Such as break void, case, catch, function, continue, debugger, else, default, delete, instance, do, with, finally, for, if, in, new, var, return, switch, this, throw, typeof, while, and try. Variables & Functions In ASP.NET Given below are the variables and functions in ASP.NET: 1. Variables A single letter is used to represent a variable which is a quantity that may change within the area of a problem or experiment. A variable in research can refer to an object, person, place, that you are trying to measure in some way. 2. Function For better modularity for your application, a function works as a block of organized, reusable code that is used to perform a related, single action. It provides a vast degree of code reusing. ‘Procedures’, ‘functions’, ‘routines’, ‘methods’, ‘sub’ all are the same in different programming languages. Function Declaration: It tells the JavaScript engine about a function's name, return type and parameters. When a function has been declared, we can use it anytime inside a class whenever it's been called or invoked. Function Expression: A JS function can also be defined using an expression. It can be stored in a variable and invoked or called using the variable name. Shorthand Method Definition: A shorter syntax or method definitions on objects initializers is introduced in ECMAScript 2015. Arrow Function or “fat arrow”: CoffeeScript which derives from a trans compiled language is a more incisive syntax to write function expressions. They are one-line mini functions that work similarly to Lambdas in other languages like Python or C#. Generator Function: Instead of a single value, with this function, the task of writing iterators can be simplified which produces a sequence of results. New Function: The new keyword constructs and returns an instance of a constructor function that binds a property or function which is declared with the same keyword to the new object. It lets developers create an instance of a user-defined object. Conclusion Apart from expertizing with .NET, it is very important to learn a scripting language. CSS and HTML are languages that give style and structure to web pages, but JavaScript gives web pages interactive elements. Many advantages of JS such as Light Weight Scripting language, Async Processing, Dynamic Typing, Platform Independent, Object-oriented programming support, Functional Style, Prototype-based, Interpreted Language, etc make it more efficient. This is the fact that there is a great demand for skilled web developers. Recommended Articles This is a guide to ASP.NET Career. Here we discuss the introduction, various career options and variables & functions in ASP.NET respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – What is ASP.NET? ASP.NET Versions ASP.NET Features ASP.NET Page Life Cycle

read more

Python Keywords

Introduction To Python Keywords The following article provides an outline for Python Keywords. Just like any other programming languages out there in the technological world, Python also falls in the same category of being a programming language, a very important and commonly used programming language most of all. Currently, in the technological market, it has a high demand due to characteristics and features such as it being an object-oriented, high-level and interpreted programming language. It is also dynamic in nature as it supports dynamic typing and dynamic binding. Due to its dynamic nature, multi-faceted programming interfaces including structured and functional programming are also supported. Python also contributes a strong and comprehensive standard library thus making Python a very useful and attractive programming language to develop various types of applications and software for the trending consumer market. Table of contentsIntroduction To Python KeywordsWhat Is Python?What Is Keyword In Python?Different Python KeywordsConclusionRecommended Articles What Is Python? The very basic definition of Python is that it is object-oriented, high-level and interpreted programming language. This means, i.e., the object-oriented approach and the programming structure is built and written in such a way that it helps programmers write a very clear, concise, logical and standard coding level for either small or big projects. It was created by Guido Van Rossum and the first stable version released in 1991. Python is also open-sourced thus making it free and easy to use for any purposes. Other features of python is that like Ruby and Perl, it is also considered as a scripting language thus it can be used to create dynamic web applications and content. Some of its usefulness are, web development, software development, mathematical tools developments and many others. Python can also be used to connect database systems to handle huge amounts of data, read and modify them. Its interpreter system enables it to write and execute codes very quickly thus it can create software prototypes faster than other programming languages. Python can also run on any platforms like Windows, Mac and UNIX systems. What Is Keyword In Python? Keywords in general, in the overall programming languages biosphere are a set of words and these are reserved words to be used for a specific purpose only which means these are pre-defined in nature and different programming languages have their own specific keywords also with some commonalities. Similarly, Keywords in python also plays a very vital role in the development of all python-based programming and software developments. Here also python keywords are all predefined words with a reserved meaning and a specific purpose otherwise they can’t be used for any other purposes. Python keywords aren’t easily available and are very restrictive. Keywords in python are used to define the various syntaxes and the overall structure of python. Python keywords are also case sensitive. There are about and around 33 python keywords present. Different Python Keywords Let’s see some of these keywords and their definitions: KeywordsDefinitionandIt’s a logical operator.assertIt is used for debugging.classUsed to define a class.defUsed to define a function.elseUsed in conditional statements.forTo create for loop.importUsed to import a module.lambdaUsed to create a anonymous function.notAnother logical operator.orAnother logical operator.passIt is a null statement which will do nothing.raiseIt raises an exception.whileCreates while loop.trueCreates a boolean value.falseCreates another boolean value. So these are some of the many keywords which are being constantly used by python for different purposes and usages, each with a specific definition of its own. Keywords play a vital role in the development and the creation of different types of and state of the art software applications, web applications and other commercial purposes tools also. none in python: The “none” keyword in python represents a null value or no value in the programming language. as in python: “as” keyword in python is used to create an alias at the time of programming. The “in” keyword in python is used to check or find out whether a value is present in the list or tuple or not. break and continue in python: “break” in python is used to break out or exit from a loop when required during the programming. “continue” in python is used when you want to continue or move on to the next loop iteration. async/await in python: “async/await” in python is used to define an asynchronous function at the time of the programming. Conclusion Thus the conclusion is Python is a very easily useable software development interface, it being free and available in the open market. Its unique structural composition and features like its object-oriented nature and also its syntaxes allows many programmers to write much larger and bigger programs using a lot fewer lines of code compared to other programming languages ultimately giving the same and sometimes better results also. Programmers also use python because it takes a lot lesser time to develop software applications compared to other platforms thus making Python a highly demanded and economic friendly development tool for the current and the future commercial and technological market space also. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Python Keywords. Here we discuss the introduction, what is python? what is keyword in python? and different keywords. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Introduction to Python Uses of Python Careers in Python Advantages of Python

read more

ASP.NET Framework

Introduction To ASP.NET Framework In simple words, ASP.NET is an open-source web framework. Here ASP stands for Active Server Page (ASP) and .Net is pronounced as (dot net). Basically, the ASP.Net is a framework or in simple terms a programming model developed by Microsoft, which enables building and running the applications for Windows devices such as Desktops, Phones, Servers, XML web services, and Azure. ASP.Net Framework comes with a large number of libraries in-built which is called Framework Class Library (FCL) and Common Language Runtime is known as (CLR). FCL provides the feasibility of using the code written in one language to be used in another language, CLR can be understood as an Application Virtual Machine, it helps in memory management, security services, and exception handling. These two CLR and FLC together create ASP.Net Framework. Let us discuss ASP.NET Framework. Why ASP.NET Framework Is Used? As we understand ASP.Net framework comes up with FCL which has lots of libraries inbuilt in it, which makes it desirable for web developers. There are many reasons why to use ASP.NET; it comes with vast language support, low cost, high speed. .Net Framework supports various programming languages such as C, C#, VB .Net, F#. The .Net Framework provides a Base Class Library which helps in programming areas such as Interface mapping, data access, data connectivity, cryptography, network communication, and web application development. FCL has a number of features which include database connectivity, data access, user interface, numeric algorithms, and network communication. The framework is used in most new applications that are created for Windows systems. Microsoft has provided an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) known as Visual Studio. Use Cases Of .NET Framework In a nutshell if one wants to know what one can do with the ASP.NET framework, so below are use cases of the .NET framework: Build end-to-end data driven ASP.NET web application or website from scratch. Implement Authorization and Authentication functionality. By using Code first pattern build Database and Migration. Make use of Entity framework core to interact with Database. Asynchronous programming and track changes with Git & GitHub. Setting as well as Publishing to Remote Database as well as IIS. A developer can set an automated Build and Release pipeline using Azure DevOps. Advantages Of ASP.NET Framework There are a couple of advantages with ASP.NET Framework which makes it a developer’s choice. Some of the advantages are given below: Reduces the effort drastically required to build the code for large applications. The applications build with .NET are safe & secure as they come up with built-in Windows Authentication. .NET offers better performance as it binds early and provides just-in-time compilation. It provides language independence, i.e. code written in one language can easily be used in another language. It is simple to use and performing common tasks like submission and authentication are quite easy with .NET Framework. It is easy to write and maintain as both source code and HTML are together, which makes it flexible for the developer. Deployment is easy as well. How Does Framework Work? In simple terms, one can understand the framework as it enables the source code to be executed on the Internet server. Basically, when a web page is requested by the user, the ASP engine will read the file, execute the code, and returns the results. Conclusion ASP.NET is a complete and great framework to develop web applications and websites. .NET Framework is easy to use, reliable, widely used, and of course, is available free of cost. Whether it’s a big project or small, ASP.NET provides you full control of the development. It is one of the most popular frameworks in today’s era. Recommended Articles This is a guide to ASP.NET Framework. Here we discuss the introduction, how it works and use cases of the .NET framework along with its advantages. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – What is ASP.NET? Introduction to ASP.NET Versions ASP.NET Features | Top 10 Features ASP.NET Career

read more

What does HTML Stand For?

Introduction To What does HTML Stand For? The following article provides an outline for What does HTML Stand For? HTML is a Markup language is used to describe web pages. HTML [Hyper Text Markup Language] is not a coding language, and it is a Markup Language. Markup Language means set of markup tags.HTML documents are also known as Webpages. HTML is the backbone for all webpages. The initial edition of HTML was written by Tim Berners-Lee in 1993. After that, there have been lots of different versions are coming in HyperText Markup Language. The most generally used version all over the 2000s was HTML 4.01 and it was a standard language officially in December 1999. What Does HTML Stand For? Hypertext Markup Language is an expansion of HTML. HTML is used for generating and editing wording, pictures, and other contents that are to be displayed on a web page. This language is based on the SGML [Standard Generalized Markup Language] which is useful to display the wording, links, and pictures on a page by using various tags and attributes. The pages of HTML are dispersed on WWW using HTTP [Hypertext Transfer Protocol]. Each HTML page is containing a set of various tags which are together with this in the angular brackets ['<' and '>']. Fundamentally, the tags in HTML comes in pairs, for example <h1></h1>, <html></html>, etc. The first tag in the pair is known as the opening tag (<p>) and the second tag is known as the closing tag (</p>). But, some tags not having closing tags such as <img>, <br>, <input>, etc. They are known as empty tags or unpair tags. Why HTML Is Used To Create Web Pages? HTML is dominating the web, and it is the most broadly acknowledged language for web design. It is easily familiar and interpreted by the well-liked web browsers.HTML is a very clean, straightforward language. This results in faster download times and constant viewing results. This is also very likable to search engines. Some important points Why HTML is used to create web pages are as follows: HTML helps us to display our documents and files on the website. HTML is a very simple language, so anybody can study it and can do a job. HTML is an effortless language to program. This helps programmers to write the code for their websites without any fault and any mistakes. HTML is open to use and simple to learn. Every browser support HTML language It is easy to edit HTML documents. HTML is simple and it is fundamental of all coding languages. Significance Of HTML The HTML having lots of significance in it. For web development, HTML is a basic coding language among other languages. HTML provides the most unique web pages, and also it determines which text should be highlighted in bold or italic and inserting the picture as the desired format, and also describe the appearance of the webpages in web designing. HTML having three important tags such as opening tag, closing tag, and Content tag. All tags are having different functions individually and act according to which is helping to create a document without any error. HTML is easy to learn. Because it contains libraries that are useful to work automatically and know where the opening tag should be placed and where the closing tag should be placed. For Programming HTML is trouble-free to understand. This helps programmers to write code devoid of any mistakes. Editing HTML documents is quite simple compared to other languages. HTML can be run on almost all platforms for example HTML is supported by all browsers. Conclusion - What does HTML Stand For? This article explains What is HTML and its uses and significance. Recommended Articles This is a guide to What does HTML Stand For? Here we discuss the introduction of HTML and its uses along with the significance. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – How HTML Works? Careers in HTML Introduction to HTML Commands Applications of HTML

read more

Introduction to HTML

Introduction To HTML The following article provides an outline for Introduction to HTML. HyperText Markup Language is shortly called HTML. HTML is mostly useful for developing web pages on websites. HyperText Markup Language consists of elements, tags, and attributes. HTML tags are used to create the structure of web pages. Many students want to become web developers but they don’t know where to start. HTML is the basis for any new technician if they want to generate any web pages using HTML and CSS. HTML was developed by Tim Berners Lee in 1999. He is the father of HTML. HTML language is constantly growing from 1991 to 2020. What Is HTML? Hypertext means that HTML makes it so that you can click on links in web pages. Markup language means that it’s somewhat that you use to mark up normal English to specify things. In every webpage of websites in web browsers, HTML plays an important role and its responsibility for the appearance and design of the webpages make it user-friendly. History Of HTML HTML was made by Sir Tim Berners-Lee in 1991. HTML could be a growing language and has evolved with numerous versions change. Every version has allowed its user to get websites in an exceedingly much easier and smarter means and build websites very economical. In 1993 HTML 1.0 was released to share data that will be comprehensible and accessible through internet browsers. However, some developers solely were concerned with making websites, that the HTML 1.0 was additionally not growing. The HTML 2.0, revealed in 1995, contain all the options of HTML 1.0 alongside few additional options, that stay because of the commonplace language for style and make websites till 1997 and developed various core options of HTML. HTML 3.0 was introduced by Dave Raggett. It enclosed increased new options of HTML, giving additional dominant characteristics for webmasters in planning websites. However, these dominant options of recent HTML block the browser in applying additional enhancements. HTML 4.01 is often used and was a made version of HTML before HTML 5.0. HTML 4.01 is presently discharged and used globally. HTML 5 is an associate degree complete version of HTML 4.01, that was discharged within the year 2012. Example Of First HTML Document Given below is the example mentioned: We have created the first HTML file that displays “First HTML Document!” by following the steps. Open up your computer’s plain text editor or notepad and build the latest file. Type following HTML code in the plain text editor or notepad. Code: <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <title>A simple HTML document</title> </head> <body> <p>First HTML Document! <p> </body> </html> Save the file on your desktop. HTML Elements Given below are some basic HTML elements as follows: <!DOCTYPE html>, it tells about the declaration of the document type, which is used to indicate the webpage belongs to HTML5 document. It is case-insensitive. The <head> is an element that has tags used to illustrate the file. The real content of the file is described by the element called <body>. The real content having paragraphs, links, images, etc. The most important elements of an HTML page are: A text header, defined by using the <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, <h6> tags. A paragraph defined by the <p> tag. A horizontal ruler defined by the <hr> tag. A link defined by the <a> (anchor) tag. A list, defined by the <ul> (unordered list), <ol> (ordered list) and <li> (list element) tags. An image defined by the <img> tag. A divider defined by the <div> tag. A text span defined by the <span> tag. Conclusion - Introduction To HTML Hope this article provides information about the basic of HTML, HTML document and HTML elements. It was useful to give a clear idea about the HTML who want to know about the HTML and want to study about the HTML. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Introduction to HTML. Here we discuss a brief overview on HTML, its history, HTML elements along with the example. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – How HTML Works? HTML Commands Applications of HTML Careers in HTML

read more

C# Commands

Introduction to C# Commands C# language is vastly used, to build mobile applications, web applications for windows-based games, and desktop applications. The major advantage of this language is that where an application is written in c# can be deployed in any operating system like windows, ios, android, or cloud platform. It gives an option to break the problem into parts, thus makes the operation easier for the developer. Here, we will go into the details of various commands used in C#. Before we explore the various commands used in c sharp, let’s understand first what is a Compiler? What is a Compiler? We write codes in the high-level programming language, which needs to be translated into a lower-level language or machine language so that it can be easy to execute the program. The compiler does this job. While performing a specific task, if you want to give direction to that program, then you need commands. Keywords, Expressions and Operators, Special Characters, Prior Processing Directives,   Compiler Options, Compiler Errors, are some command types used in C sharp. Commands Types in C# Below are some command types used in C sharp: 1. Keyword in C sharp For a compiler, while executing the program, it requires keywords, which hold some special meaning, which works as a predefined identifier. Listed below some reserved identifiers or keywords. Some of them are, false, as, volatile, base, virtual, ushort, readonly, throw, params, delegate, do, unchecked, string, extern, return, interface, internal, is, lock, long, ref, namespace, new, null, object, operator, out, override, stackalloc, private, protected, public, sbyte, sealed, short, sizeof, struct, switch, this, try, ulong, unsafe, using, void, while, True, etc. Apart from this, we have some contextual keywords, that are used outside the context as an identifier. New keywords are getting added in C sharp. Those programs are written in the older version, to avoid any conflict, all new keywords are added as contextual keywords. Some of them are, by, descending, equals, from, get, group, into, join, let, notnull, on, orderby, remove, select, value, var, with, yield, etc. 2. Expressions and Operators To perform a logical manipulation or to perform a mathematical calculation, we require some specific symbol that directs the compiler to execute the program. We call them operator or expression. There are some groups in the operator. Some of them are listed below. Equality Operators: It checks whether two correspondences are equal or not. Shift and Bitwise Operators: For the char type or integral numeric types, this operator performs shift or bitwise operations with the operands. Like binary shift operator, unary operator, etc. Boolean Logical Operators: Under the system. boolean structure of .NET, a value of the Boolean can be true or false. For the bool operands, if we perform a logical operation, then we require this operator. Comparison Operators: It compares the operators, and it is also known as the relational operator. Like, ‘greater than’, ‘less than’ or ‘equal’ are some examples. Arithmetic Operators: With numeric operands, it can perform various arithmetic operations. Like, ‘increment’, ‘decrement’, ‘plus’, ‘minus’, ‘subtraction’, ‘addition’, ‘remainder’, ‘division’, ‘multiplication’ are some examples of this operator. 3. Special Characters If we need to modify the program element, we need contextual characters or special characters. Like ‘@’ and ‘$’ are the examples. If we prefix @ character before the code element, the compiler would not consider it as a keyword rather it would interpret that as an identifier. If we want to incorporate expressions, then we need to prefix $. The character string is good for manipulating series of characters as a group. 4. Prior Processing Directives To embed links in C# source code, it provides information about commands of the compiler. This is helpful in conditional compilation while code execution. Like, #if, #define, #elif, #else, #endif, #endregion, #error, #line, #nullable, #pragma, #pragma checksum, #pragma warning, #region, #undef, #warning are some few examples. 5. Compiler Options It is responsible for .dll and .exe files that are executable. There are two forms in every compiler, ‘/option’ and ‘-option’. 6. Compiler Errors It contains some code snippets that do explain the cause of the compiler error while executing the program. It would generate an error and also guide how to rectify that problem. It starts from ‘Compiler errors CS0001’ to ‘Compiler errors CS8411’ and starts from ‘Compiler Warning (level 1) CS0420’ to Compiler Warning (level 1) CS8892’. Basic C# Commands Below are Some Basic C# Commands: '#namespace': If we want to refer or identify various kinds of objects, where we can give a unique name there we need this command. It does not conflict with the same class names which have been declared in another. '#new': If we want to create an instance of an object or if we want to create an object we use this command. '#as': If we want to check the compatibility of one object type with another then we need this command. Advanced C# Commands '#endregion': While developing big applications, there can be multiple blocks of code. If we want to separate these blocks we can use #region - #endregion. 'async': Asynchronous is used for asynchronous tasks, which is the only way to use the ‘await’ keyword, thus can only be used within an async method. 'dynamic': If we want to ignore the compile-time type checking, we need a dynamic type variable. While compilation, the compiler does not check the type of the variable. Conclusion With the constant update of frameworks of Microsoft’s .net core, it is always upmarket and ready to support most of the latest techniques to implement. Command gives more control to execute the program effectively. For a beginner, it is always better to start coding with easy commands and implement them. Try to go through the details of each command and its uses, it will save lots of time while developing the application and troubleshoot. It is equally important to understand the project requirement and correctly use commands. Recommended Articles This is a guide to C# Commands. Here we discuss the Introduction, various Command types used in C# like Keywords, Expressions and Operators, Compiler Errors, Special Characters, etc.  You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – C# Data Types Uses of C# | Top 7 Uses Introduction to Variables in C# How to Use Pointers in C#?

read more

ASP.NET Page Life Cycle

Introduction To ASP.NET Page Life Cycle The following article provides an outline for ASP.NET Page Life Cycle. Whenever you request a web page, it just doesn’t appear directly on your screen. There is a series of process that lets you view the page. Upon request, it is loaded into the memory and after going through some set of stages like (initialization, instance creation, restores state, maintain state, run event handler and render) and then it reaches your browser window. Understanding the life cycle is important before you can write appropriate code. To check the controls one can set trace as “true” in the page directive. Stages Of ASP.NET Page Life Cycle Stages in ASP.NET Page Life Cycle includes initialization of the event, instance creation, restore & maintain the state, execute event handler codes and render method. These life cycle events let the developer write code for dynamic web apps which helps dynamic communication between browser & server. A developer can use C#, Visual Basic.Net, or JavaScript as a language. Given below is the each stage of ASP.NET Page Life Cycle. 1. PreInit As the name suggests Pre of Init, is raised once the start page is complete and the initialization stage begins. It creates and recreates dynamic control. Dynamically sets page and theme property 2. Init Of course, after preInit, Init would come into the picture. It is raised once the controls are initialized. For each control, an Init event occurs before the Init event of the Page. 3. InitComplete It is raised at the end of the initialization stage of the page. It enables turning on the tracking of changes of view state. If the tracking is not turned on then any values added in the view state would be lost. 4. OnPreLoad It is raised once the page loads view state for self and all of its controls. OnPreLoad then processes the Postback data which comes with the Request Instance. 5. Load It calls the OnLoad method on page object, the same method is then recursively performed same for all the child controls. Load event for each control occurs once the Load event of the page has occurred. 6. PostBack PostBack is the process of submitting a page to the server. Check the IsValid property of each validation control, you can think of it as credential checking. IsValid property of the page (in case if it has the validator controls) is checked before performing any kind of process. 7. LoadComplete LoadComplete as the name suggests is raised once the event-handling stage has been completed. LoadComplete is used for the tasks where all controls on the page are loaded. 8. OnPreRender OnPreRender is raised once the object of the ASP.NET page has created all the controls (Child controls as well) that are required to render the ASP.NET page. The OnPreRender event of each control occurs once the OnPreRender for the ASP.NET page has occurred. The object of the page raises the OnPreRender event on the ASP.NET page object, and then recursively for each child control. 9. OnSaveStateComplete OnSaveStateComplete is raised once the view state and its control states are saved for the page and its associated controls. At this point, all the changes on this ASP.NET page will be ignored. 10. RenderMethod RenderMethod differs as it is not a method instead it is an event, an ASP.NET page calls RenderMethod on each of its controls. This RenderMethod is associated with each web server and writes control markups to be sent to the browser. 11. Unload Unload as the name suggests unloading or cleaning up. It is the last event in this life cycle. As it is the last event all the processing has been happened and now all the objects and controls can be disposed off. Unloading is performed for class instances, open files, database connections. Unloading occurs first for events and then for the ASP.NET page. Conclusion In this article, we have reviewed the whole life cycle of the ASP.NET page. We have seen once the web page is requested it goes through a definite process before it appears in front of the user. Recommended Articles This is a guide to ASP.NET Page Life Cycle. Here we discuss the whole life cycle of the ASP.NET page along with various stages of ASP.NET Page Life Cycle in detail. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – What is ASP.NET? Introduction to ASP.NET Versions ASP.NET Features | Top 10 Features ASP.NET Career

read more

Data Binding in ASP.NET

Introduction To Data Binding in ASP.NET Data Binding is a way of connecting the web application to the database of the business. This is not the same as displaying the data in the web application UI. The data changes are dynamic in nature (in most cases) and UI shall reflect the same changes as the database. So Data Binding provides this connection which makes this possible. The concept of data binding in ASP.NET can be implemented easily. Data Binding in ASP.NET offers a convenient, efficient and simple way to establish linkage between the application data and the server control. What Is Data Binding? Data Binding is a way to provide a linkage or connection between the application and the database. Let’s see some terminologies: Binding Source: Holds business data, it can be perceived as a variable that holds application data. Binding Target: It is the UI element or the server control to which data will be bounded. Dependency Object: It is associated with the Binding Target. Dependency Property: It is the attribute or the property of the dependency object to which the data will be bounded. Source Object: It is associated with Binding Source and is associated with the business data. Source Property: It is the attribute or the property of the source object whose value will be representing the actual data. Data Binding direction plays an important role in the propagation of data to and from between the Binding Source and Binding Target. In the case of one-way Binding, the changes made in business data will be reflected in the user interface but not the other way around. This is generally applied to the scenarios where data has to be read-only, and the use of user interface is for information purpose only, or in scenarios where the calculation on data are performed based on the user inputs. On the other hand, if there’s two-way binding then changes made in data on either side would be reflected for both source and target as well, both objects are synchronized automatically. This is helpful in the interactive user interfaces where changes need to be updated instantly. How To Perform Data Binding In ASP.NET? In ASP.NET a user can perform data binding with the form controls. Majorly two types of Data Binding can be performed in ASP.NET. Simple Data Binding Declarative Data Binding 1. Simple Data Binding: In simple data, we have a read-only section list and controls are bound to a dataset. The controls can be bound to an array or a list of fields(Column) from a database. Section list pulls two values from the data source or the database. Out of two values, one value will be displayed by the list and the second value will be considered as the corresponding value to display. 2. Declarative Data Binding: The process of data binding a component in the form of a Data Grid or record list or a list box is declarative data binding process. Declarative Data Binding is used when there are more than one element exists in the database. Advantages Of Data Binding There are several advantages of Data Binding some of them are displayed below: Applications based on data can be developed efficiently and easily. Size of code reduces by multifold without affecting the desired outputs. It improves the quality of the application. You can use events to have control over the Data Binding process. You can modify the code easily, it’s quite flexible. Developers enjoy the benefit of having the option for both abound and unbound approach for building any web application. Conclusion Data Binding is a way of connecting the web application to the database of the business. In this article, we have seen what it exactly means, how this can be done, and the advantages of the same. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Data Binding in ASP.NET. Here we discuss the introduction, what is data binding with its types along with advantages respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – What is ASP.NET? Introduction to ASP.NET Versions ASP.NET Features | Top 10 Features ASP.NET Career

read more

Arithmetic Operators Python

Introduction To Python The following article provides an outline for Arithmetic Operators in Python. Python is a popular computer programming language developed by Guido van Rossum in 1991 for the purpose of server-side web development, software development, system scripting. It is an interpreted and high-level language. Key Takeaways Arithmetic operators in Python give you the ability to perform various arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, modulus, etc. In python, these operators are used directly with the object values as like plain mathematical equation. If your program deals with complex and lengthy mathematical operations, you can include all formulae in a function and call that function at the proper place. Multiplication operator has the highest precedence in Python. Why Python Is So Popular? Python is widely popular among computer programmers because of the following reasons: Python syntax is similar to the English language so programmers find it easy to develop code. Developers can write code in few lines because of easy syntax. Python possesses properties of procedure-oriented, object-oriented, and function-oriented approach. It works on almost all leading platforms like Windows, Linux, Mac, etc. Python is an interpreted language that yields early prototyping. Operators In Python Python is a user-friendly language that performs various operations like arithmetic operations, logical operations, bitwise operations, comparison operations, and others. Python provides the following operators for the different operations: Arithmetic Operators Logical Operators Assignment Operators Comparison Operators Membership Operators Bitwise Operators Identity Operators Here we will elaborate on arithmetic operators in Python. Arithmetic Operators in Python There are different arithmetic operations supported by Python. Python provides capable operators for arithmetic operations: Imagine two variables: x=40 y=10 Sr. No Operator Symbol Purpose Example 1 Addition Adds two values. x y= 50 2 Subtraction - Subtracts the right-hand operand from the left-hand operand. x-y=30 3 Multiplication * Multiplies the two values on either side of the operator. x*y= 400 4 Division / Left-hand operator is divided by the right-hand operand. x/y=4 5 Modulus % Left-hand operator is divided by the right-hand operand and remainder is returned. x%y=0 6 Floor Division // Division of operands in which result is quotient in that digits after decimal sign are omitted. x//y=4 7 Exponentiation ** Raises the first operand to the power of the second. x**y Example Of Different Arithmetic Operators Given below is the example mentioned: Code: # Program shows arithmetic operators in Python A1=int (input ("Enter the first number:")) A2=int (input ("Enter the second number:")) Add=A1+A2 Sub=A1-A2 Mult=A1*A2 Div=A1/A2 F_Div=A1//A2 Exp=A1**A2 Mod=A1%A2 print("Addition is:  ", Add) print("Subtraction is: ", Sub) print("Multiplication is: ", Mult) print("Division is: ", Div) print("Floor Division: ", F_Div) print("Exponentiation: ", Exp) print("Modulus operation: ", Mod) Output: Operator Precedence The operator precedence decides the sequence of operators that need to be evaluated first. In normal calculus, multiplication has the highest precedence over addition. For example, the answer of 2 5*3 is 17 and not 21. If you want to change the precedence, you need to include the parenthesis in the equation like (2 5) *3. Conclusion - Arithmetic Operators in Python Like other leading programming languages, Python also provides a set of arithmetic operators that used to perform various operations on values and variables. This facilitates the developers to perform simple and complex mathematical operations. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Arithmetic Operators in Python. Here we discuss the introduction, operators in python, example & operator precedence. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Python Keywords Python Commands What is Python? Uses of Python

read more

Is Python Open Source?

Introduction To Python The following article provides an outline for Is Python Open Source? In modern web technology, Python is the most predominant language among all other languages. In 1991 Guido Rossum discovered Python, and it's derived from other languages like C, and C . Python is a high-level, interpreted, general-purpose programming and scripting language. It was available free open-source language which is helping reduce the cost of the many organizations especially startups, and small-scale business organizations. Python is used in web development particularly on the server-side, rapid prototyping in software development, system scripting and many more. Key Takeaways Python is a freely available, general-purpose, interpreted coding language derived from other languages. Easy to use, easy to learn, open-source, simple syntax, object-oriented, are the python features. Python can run the code without a compilation procedure. Python is used in startups, data-science, machine learning, financial industries, and many more. Complete Guide To Is Python Open Source? Given below is the complete guide to is python open source? 1. What is Python Programming? Python is interpreted, general-purpose programming language and python supports various platforms like Linux, Windows, and many more. Python is having syntax which is easily understood by everyone. Python does not need any compilation to run the writing codes which is helpful to save time and increase efficiency. Python data structures are built-in high-level and it’s united with dynamic typing and dynamic binding to make the applications very effective. Many programmers love python, that is many features like easy syntax, easy to learn, a wide variety of libraries which helpful to those who want to study python at a beginner level. Python's popularity is increasing day by day, because topmost organizations used Python as the primary language such as Google, YouTube, etc. 2. Features of Python Given below are the features of python: Open-Source: The most important feature of Python is an Open-source, freely available language that python program can be distributed freely and even a piece of python program can be used to develop the new program as well. Easy to Learn and Understand: Python is designed, that it can be easily readable and understood by everyone. The source-code of python is easily maintained compared to rested languages. For all commercial databases, python gives a perfect interface. Portability: It supports all platforms like Windows, Solaris, Linux, Sharp Zaurus, and many more. Interpreted: Python does not any compilation to run the code. Interactive: Python allows the developer to access the interpreter to write the codes. Object-Oriented: Python supports many object-oriented programs compared to other popular languages. Statements: Python has 21 unique statements. Embedded: Python can be embedded with other programs like C, C . Libraries: It has a wide range of extensive libraries that will give support to developers and beginners. 3. Where Python is Used? Python can be used in the following fields: Web Development: Python can be used in web development especially in the back end. Data Science and Scientific Computing: In scientific research python is used and it has science-based libraries like Astropy used in Astronomy, Biopython is used in Biology, Graph-tool is used in statistical analysis, etc. Python can also be used in Data Science that is parsing data. Machine Learning: Machine learning is a part of data science, and is used in python to detect voice recognition and many more tasks through machine learning libraries, like TensorFlow, scikit-learn. Startups: Python can be used by many startups because it can be easily learned and scalable as well. Finance: Many financial industries like banks, used Python as the primary language for their tasks. 4. Is Python Open Source? All versions of Python are open-source which are copyrighted under GPL-Compatible Licence. Python is certified by the Open Source Initiative. Conclusion - Is Python Open Source? Thus in this article we conclude Is Python Open Source? Recommended Articles This is a guide to Is Python Open Source? Here we discuss the introduction and complete guide to is python open source? respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Introduction to Python Uses of Python Careers in Python Advantages of Python

read more

R Operators

Introduction To R Operators In a programming language, Operators are symbols that help compiler to perform mathematical and logical operations. The R programming language comes with several built-in operators and supplies. Operators are capable of taking logical and mathematical decisions performed on a set of numbers, numerical, and integers. The R programming language comes with advanced operators like the model formula and list indexing for data manipulation. It mainly supports four types of binary operators. Types Of R Operators Listed below are the different types of R operators: Arithmetic Operators Relational Operators Logical Operators Assignment Operators 1. Arithmetic Operators With the help of arithmetic operators, one can perform operations for example subtraction, addition, division, multiplication, and modulo using arithmetic operators between elements. It can be scalar values, vectors, or complex numbers. The calculations are performed based on the positions of the elements. a. Addition operator( ): In the addition operator, both the vectors are added. Below is the example of an addition operator: Code: a <- c (2, 1) b <- c (3, 4) print (a b) Output: 5 5 b. Subtraction operator( - ): In this type of operator, the second vector values are subtracted from the first vector values. Below is the example of a subtraction operator: Code: a <- 7 b <- 2 print ( a - b) Output: 5 c. Multiplication operator( * ): In the multiplication operator, both vectors are multiplied with the help of the " * " operator. Below is the example of a multiplication operator: Code: B= matrix (c(6, 2i) , nrow= 1, ncol= 2) C= matrix(c(1, 1i) , nrow=1, ncol= 2) print(B*C) Output: [,1] [,2] [1,] 6 0i -2 0i Note: Corresponding numbers are multiplied. d. Division operator( / ): In this operator, the first vector is divided by the second vector with the help of the '/' operator. Below is the example of a division operator: Code: a <- 2 b <- 1 print ( a/b) Output: 2 e. Power operator( ^ ): The first vector is raised to the power of the second vector. f. Modulo operator( %%): In this operator remainder of the first vector divided by the second vector is returned. 2. Relational Operators With the help of relational operators, you can compare operations between two elements. If the first element satisfies the relation compared to the second element, it will return a boolean TRUE value. A TRUE value is greater than the FALSE value. a. Less than( < ): If the first element is less than the second element, then it will return a TRUE value. Otherwise, it will return a FALSE value. b. Less than equal to( <= ): If the first element is less than or equal to that of the second element, then it will return a TRUE value. Otherwise, it will return a FALSE value. c. Greater than( > ): If the first element is greater than the second element, then it will return a TRUE value. Otherwise, it will return a FALSE value. d. Greater than equal to( >= ): If the first element is greater than or equal to that of the second element, then it will return a TRUE value. Otherwise, it will return a FALSE value. 3. Logical Operators Given below are the logical operators: a. Logical AND operator( & ): It will return a TRUE value only if both elements are true. b.Logical OR operator( | ): It will return a TRUE value if either of the elements is true. c. NOT operator( ! ): NOT operator is also called a unary operator that nullify the value of elements. d. Logical AND operator( && ): It will return a TRUE value if both the first elements of the lists are true. e. Logical OR Operator( || ): It will return a TRUE value if either of the first elements of the lists is true. 4. Assignment Operators In the R programming language, assignment operators are used to assigning values to different data objects. Objects can include vectors, integers, and functions. There are two types of assignment operators: Right and Left. Conclusion In this article, you have seen about different types of operators that are supported by the R programming language. In the R programming language, operators play a crucial role as this is a basic building block. Recommended Articles This is a guide to R Operators. Here we discuss the introduction to R operators and the types of R operators like logical operators, arithmetic operators, etc. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more– Arithmetic Operators in Python MySQL Operators Is MySQL a Programming Language? R Studio Functions

read more

Is JavaScript Object Oriented?

Introduction To JavaScript Object-Oriented An object-oriented programming system (OOPs) is a programming model that works on the concept of an object. Here the design of the program is intended to work with characteristics of the object rather than function or logic. Below we discuss JavaScript Object-Oriented. The object is defined as an information set that has specific features or behavior and the objects can be divided by class. For example, a human being can be called an object. Human beings can be either male or female, thus this refers to class. Walking, running, talking, etc. these refer to the behavior of objects which both classes can perform but at the same time, some specific features like giving birth to a child cannot be a feature for the male class. Classes represent broad classifications, like for example car that shares some properties. These classes describe what qualities type will have like color, brand, fuel type. For example, consider class Car, it must-have color, brand, and model. Now, create an instance of a Car type object myCar to represent my car and elonCar to represent another car. Now we can specify our requirements of color, type, and brand without actually describing everything. We can use the same class to define another car as well. These classes act as templates in which we define our features as per requirements. This template can be used to specify any number of cars. The below image gives the illustration of class and features. JavaScript uses the OOPs principle. Characteristics Of Object OOP provides these characteristics to an object in JavaScript Object-Oriented: Abstraction Encapsulation Inheritance Polymorphism 1. Abstraction This refers to hiding the complex and huge details of the mechanism of the object and showing only the simple and easy mechanism in front. These will help to avoid large changes in the program. For an instance take the example of ATM. Our work is to just insert a card, input pin, and get the cash, it seems so simple, but when you see what is happening behind the machine is a complex mechanism, security systems, logics, etc. The person with drawing money need not know all these and it’s hidden, the same thing will be applied to objects and this feature is known as abstraction. 2. Encapsulation It means that all the important information is inside the object and it exposes only selected information to the environment. When an object is defined, data and methods are encapsulated in it. Encapsulation makes the complex system easier for the end-users. For an instance take the example of the car door. To open the door, the user just needs to lift the handle and the door opens. But, in the background, the latch (door locking system) is a very complex mechanism that synchronizes with the mechanism. These things, users need not worry and just lift the handle. The main difference between abstraction and encapsulation is that abstraction focuses on essential data and hides the rest. In encapsulation, it makes users use complex systems in a simple way and avoid details. 3. Inheritance Inheritance refers to that all the properties the parent possesses will be inherited by children. This property helps to reuse the codes for objects with similar properties. There will be some objects which share a common logic but are not completely the same. Thus, to make it easier the inheritance feature will help to reuse the codes. For an instance, we can take an example of planets revolving around the sun. When we say planet mars, it revolves around the sun but at the same time, all the things which revolve around the sun are not planets. Comets, asteroids, satellites are not planets. Thus here, the “revolving” feature is inherited to all the “planets”. 4. Polymorphism This refers to apply the same features in different objects or in other words objects behave differently for the same feature. For example: in a car, there are 5 gears, 4 for forward and 1 reverse. Here applying gear is the feature and the car moving forward gives 1 form and going reverse gives another form. Models In OOPs The 3 models of OOP methods are: Class Model State Model Interaction Model 1. Class Model: Class model describes the classes present in the system. The class diagram shows the class name followed by features followed by methods. The goal of this model is to capture perceptions from the real world that are essential for the application. 2. State Model: This defines the object’s activity at a particular time or sequence of operation. In this model, the activity’s operation is not considered and only the process is considered. 3. Interaction Model: This describes interactions between the objects and how they communicate and collaborate to achieve the objective of the system. It uses a case diagram, sequence diagram, and activity diagram to represent the interaction model. Conclusion - Is JavaScript Object-Oriented? This article helps to know about the Object-oriented programming system and their models along with characteristics. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Is JavaScript Object-Oriented? Here we discuss the introduction to JavaScript Object-Oriented and its characteristics along with models. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Is JavaScript Case Sensitive? What JavaScript Can Do? What is JavaScript? Uses of JavaScript

read more

Java Packages

Introduction To Java Packages Java is a very popular programming language is being used by many companies, from big conglomerate to small enterprises. It has attained its popularity because of its features, a reliable and secure application development platform for all types of corporate and industrial requirements. Speaking about its features, the toolkits and processes Java possesses make Java one of the most versatile and best service platforms available in the digital market. Java Packages or Packages in Java are one of those many distinctive processes or procedures available in JDM serving its function to give Java its overall unique and stable features. What Are Packages? 1. A package can be referred to as an interface, a process, a mechanism, or even a namespace in Java. It is mainly used to compress and store a group of classes, interfaces, and sub-packages. 2. In lame terms, a package is like a folder in our PCs where you keep different types of items for future uses, like storing pictures, audios, videos, and documents. 3. In Java, we need a lot of packages to store thousands of classes i.e. java programs sometimes contains millions of lines of codes which includes thousands of different categories of classes, we need packages to separate these different categories of classes to keep the programming sequence organized and in an orderly manner. 4. Packages are used to ease the usage and locating of classes of similar names stored in separate packages and similarly the same applies for other processes also like interfaces, enumerations, and annotations. 5. One of the features of a java package is it provides controlled access to the classes, similar or different types of classes. Packages can also be used to classify interfaces and classes for maintenance purposes 6. One of the biggest advantages of packages is it prevents errors from occurring due to having similar class names. 7. A sample program to show the creation of the package in java. Code: //save as Word.java package mypack; public class Word { public static void main (String[] args) { System.out.println("Create a new Package"); } } 8. Packages in java have been categorized into two types: Built-in Package User-Defined Package Types Of Java Packages Below are the types divided into two categories: Built-in Packages (It’s part of the Java API) User-defined Packages (Can create our packages) Built-in Packages consist of several categories of classes being a part of the overall Java API. Here, Built-in Packages has been divided into different types, these are: Java.lang: Consists of classes that support languages. Java.util: This one contains utility classes implementing linked list, date and time operations. Java.io: Supports input and output operations. Java.applet: Consist of Applet creating classes. Java.net: Consists of a class or classes that support networking functions. So these are the various functions of Built-in Packages divided into different types based on their category. User-defined Packages are those packages, which you can summarize from the name given to it, are the packages which are user-defined or defined by the user. A user can create and give a package name of its own. A sample program has been given below to showcase User-defined Packages: Code: //Here package name and the directory name should be the same. package myPack; // Here ‘myPack’ is the package name and also the directory name public class MyClass { public void getNames(String Pack) { System.out.println(Pack); } } So these are the two types available in Java. How To Create Packages? Creating a Java package is relatively very easy; with these few simple methods, we can create a new Java Package every time: Firstly, we need to choose a name to be given to the new package. Package command should be the first line of code in the source file of Java. This source file contains classes, interfaces to be used in the package. To create it we need to execute the compilation process. So these are the steps to be followed. Conclusion So, a package in java is an important Java Development toolkit that plays a very important function for the overall uses of java as the best application development platform. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Java Packages. Here we discuss the brief overview, what are packages and how to create packages along with its types. You can also go through our other related articles to learn more – Versions of Java Career in Java Applications of Java  What is a Java Interface?

read more

Versions of Java

Introduction To Versions of Java Let’s see by introducing Java and versions of java being one of the most popular programming languages currently in the world. Java is also one of the most used programming languages for developing any kind of software and applications for the consumer market. Millions of devices run on java-based software platforms around the world. From gaming to web apps to desktop apps, java plays a vital role in the development of all of these platforms. Java is your all-weather, dependable, tried and tested programming language which has been used ever since to deliver top quality and financially satisfactory products. What Is Java? Java is well and truly one of the most famous of all programming languages in the computer science universe. Its contributions are endless due to its designs and strengths. So let’s see the origins and the basic definitions of Java in the below-mentioned following points: First of all, Java is a class-based and object-oriented programming language. It was developed by James Gosling in 1995 at Sun Microsystems, now taken over by Oracle, one of the biggest tech giants in the world. Its nature of write code once and then you can run it anywhere makes it different than programming languages. It means that you can write the codes in a java compiler (compiler is a platform where each programming language can run its code, each programming language has its own compiler) but you don’t need the compiler to run the code necessarily, you can do it anywhere. This feature makes Java a better platform than C or C, although falling in the same programming language category. Fun fact, the name ‘Java’ was named after an espresso bean when it was being developed at Sun Microsystems and they were trying to come up with a name for the upcoming programming language back in 1995. Java-based applications are typically compiled in bytecode. Java programming language runs typically based on three important components: JVM (Java Virtual Machine) JRE (Java Runtime Environment) JDK (Java Development Kit) JVM being the virtual machine where Java bytecodes are executed. JRE is the physical interface where JVM runs those bytecodes. JDK being the overall platform where the programmer writes and executes the codes through the JRE in the JVM. There are currently four types of Java platforms available in the market: Java SE (Java Standard Edition) Java EE (Java Enterprise Edition) Java FX Java ME (Java Micro Edition) JEE or Java Enterprise Edition is the most used platform of Java, popularly known as Advanced Java in the developers or programmer’s community. Versions Of Java & Features The different versions of Java from its origins till date are listed below along with some of its features: JDK Alpha and Beta: Its developed in 1995 was the first version released but was very unstable at first and had highly unstable binary and programming interfaces. JDK 1.0: It was released in 1996, a year later. It was a much stable version that allowed the use of keywords like private and protected to perform basic functions. JDK 1.1: Its released in 1997 had features like JavaBeans, JDBC (Java Database Connectivity), Java RMI (Remote Method Invocation), and also the concept of inner class came into existence in the JDK 1.1 version. J2SE 1.2: Its commonly known as Java 2 Standard Edition released in 1998, its existence tripled the size of java as it had features like Java plug-in, Java IDL (Interface definition language), and the collection framework. J2SE 1.3: Its codenamed Kestrel was released in 2000 which had features like Hotspot JVM, Java Platform Debugger Architecture or JPDA and Java Naming and Directory Interface or JNDI. J2SE 1.4: It was released in 2002 codenamed Merlin was the first version to be released under the Java community process has to feature IPv6, Image I/O, logging API, and improved libraries. J2SE 1.5: Its codenamed Tiger was released in 2004, later it was renamed Java 5.0. It included many improved features like Unboxing, Enumerations, used Metadata and Static imports. Java SE 6: Its codenamed Mustang released in 2006 has scripting language support, improved web service support, generic API, and JDBC 4.0 support. Java SE 8: Its releases in 2014 were codenamed Spider had language-level support for lambda expression, annotation of java types, repeating annotations, and also provided date and time APIs. Java SE 9: It had money and currency API support, tighter integration with JavaFX, and automatic scaling and sizing support was released in 2017. Java SE 10: Released in 2018 has local variable type interfaces, time-based release versioning, additional Unicode Language-tag extensions, thread-local handshakes and garbage collector interface type features, and more. Java Applications Here are the various real-life applications of Java presented for you according to its popularity: Java Mobile Applications Java Web-based Applications Java Enterprise Applications Java Gaming Applications Business Applications Scientific Applications Java Desktop GUI Applications Java Big Data Applications Java Cloud-based Applications So these are the most important and popular applications developed based on the Java platform. Conclusion So we can surmise that Java is an all-weather, multi-faceted, broad-based, assertive, and dynamic programming language but at the same time is relatively easier and simple compared to C and C as its platform-independent nature enables it to execute multiples processes anywhere without the need of a compiler. These advantageous features of Java make it one of the most popular & widely used programming platforms by millions of this world. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Versions of Java. Here we discuss what is Java and the versions of java & its features along with applications. You can also go through our other related articles to learn more – Career in Java Applications of Java  What is JNDI in Java? Java Packages

read more

Python Variables

Introduction To Python The following article provides an outline for Python Variables. Python is a high-level, object-oriented, and interpreted programming language. Python supports dynamic semantics as well. It combines dynamic binding and dynamic typing, which makes it very lucrative for the developers for rapid development and scripting. Python has founded by Guido Van Rossum in 1991 (It recently completed 30 years). Variables in programming sense are nothing but the assignment of names to a particular data type and allocate memory space to it. In the case of python, the variables are names assigned to objects. In python, each data type is considered as an object. The basic need of using the variable is to give identification or a named location to a particular value and then you can use it in your entire code that value by just referring to the variable. Two variables can have the same value as well, there is no hard and fast rule. Key Takeaways Python is a high-level programming language. Variables are identifiers and memory allocators for any data type. How to name a variable and how not to? How to assign values to a variable and what different types of variables are available in python? Variable In Python In most programming languages, the variable is defined according to data types and then only that specific data type value can be assigned to a variable. But in the case of python it is really simple as all data types are considered as objects, one can just directly assign a variable to any data type say “int” and then can reuse it to assign it to another data type say “char”. There are some rules though that shall be followed when assigning the variable name. The variable name could be in lower-case (a_z). The variable name could be in upper-case (A_Z). You can use a combination of digits(0_9) but not to start with a number. You can use special character underscore (‘_’), but not others like @,$,%,#,&,*, etc. For example my_var, My_Var, My_Var_1 are valid but 1my_var, #_my_var are invalid. How To Assign Values To Variables? Variable assignment is super easy in Python. There is no need to specify explicit memory space, it happens automatically when a value is assigned to a variable. For assigning the value to a variable you just need to put an equal sign (“=”). You can assign values to multiple variables at once also. You can assign a different value to the same variable by reassigning it using an equal sign. Print A Variable In Python Given below are the examples mentioned: We will see 3 types of data types integer, float, and string. Code: print(4) Output: Code: print(4.5) Output: Code: print(“I love learning python”) Output: Variable Assignment: Single and Multiple Value Assignment. Code: a = 4 b = 4.5 c = “I love learning python” print(a) Output: Code: print(b) Output: Code: print(c) Output: Types Of Variables In Python Python has mainly five types of variables: Strings Numbers Lists Tuples Dictionary 1. Strings: Strings are nothing but a set of characters which in python are represented with quotes. You can print a slice of the string or assign it to another variable. 2. Numbers: Numbers could have 3 types of data types like int, float, complex numbers. 3. Lists: Lists are like compound data types, where you can have separate numbers, floats, or strings. Lists can also be sliced. It can also be understood as arrays in C. lists are enclosed with ‘[ ]’ 4. Tuples: Tuples are more or less lists but tuples are immutable. Tuples are enclosed with ‘ ( )’ 5. Dictionaries: Dictionaries in python are more or less like hash tables and contain keys and values. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Python Variables. Here we discuss the introduction, variable in python, how to assign values, print a variable & types of variables. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Introduction to Python Uses of Python Careers in Python Advantages of Python

read more

Python Programming Tips

Introduction To Python Programming The following article provides an outline for Python Programming Tips. Python is a high-level, object-oriented, and interpreted programming language. Python supports dynamic semantics as well. It combines dynamic binding and dynamic typing, which makes it very lucrative for the developers for rapid development and scripting. Python was founded by Guido Van Rossum in 1991 Today Python is the most widely used and most popular programming language among developers. So it is essential for a developer to know some best practices to get the most out of it. Python is easy to use and implement only thing is you shall know how to make use of it. Tips are something that can help you work efficiently, and you can apply these tips to solve complex things simply. It would help you in cracking the interview as well as to solve problems when working on live projects. Key Takeaways Python is the most popular programming language today, it’s easy to learn and implement. When you are writing programs, it is essential to write functions that can be reused. For this and create scripts for the logic. We have seen some tips which can help you in writing code easily as well as it will make the code interactive. One of the best coding tips is to code every day, code something and you will get better over time. How To Program With Python? To program with python, you must have python installed in your system. You can either use any IDE, or you can make use of the command prompt as well. If you are looking for machine learning and data science, would suggest installing Anaconda and make use of the Jupyter notebook for interactive use of python. When it comes to running a python program, it’s really easy to program, but the most efficient ways are to make reusable codes and write them in a form of functions. Once you are done with your functions, create separate .py files as scripts that can be used anywhere. Python Tips These tips would help you to make you a better programmer, and your code would be much more organised. 1. Work on writing python scripts, as you move ahead, it will be easy to reuse the code. 2. One of the good practices of programmers is they code every day and improve. Write lots of comments explaining the logic. So when in future you are going to need you won’t have to spend time again. 3. Use built-in function help to understand the use of different inbuilt functionalities. 4. Ask several questions,good questions: Give the context of the problem. Offer best guesses. Give a demo of what is happening. Use google as much as you want. 5. Contribute to open sources is one of the best ways to learn better. 6. Make use of enumerate() function. Enumerate lets you use index and value both in the loop, which makes it super easy to use the index as well as values. 7. Python has a set of operators which can make your coding easy. “==”: comparison “=”: assignment “ ”: concatenating the strings 8. Using in-place swapping using assignment operator. a , b = 5, 7 print(a,b) 5, 7 b, a = 7, 5 print(a,b) 7, 5 9. Use of indexing to reverse a string. my_str = “ABC” print(my_str[::-1]) CBA 10. Get the information of module path. import socket import os print(socket) print(os) You will get module path as output. 11. Make use of the set function to get unique values from a list. 12. Make use of true false as conditions. 13. Use pip install to install libraries. 14. Create virtual environments for your project so as it will not affect your other projects. 15. Make use of conditional expressions. 16. For debugging, you can make use of memory usages of the objects. import sys a = 1 print( sys.getsizeof( a ) ) 28 Recommended Articles This is a guide to Python Programming Tips. Here we discuss the introduction, how to program with python? and python tips respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Introduction to Python Uses of Python Careers in Python Advantages of Python

read more

Career in Java

Introduction to a Career in Java Java is a dynamic and multi-paradigm object-oriented programming language that is one of the most popular platforms currently being used by millions of users to develop several types of applications for large systems and also pocket-size devices. From this, we can ascertain that Java, in a way, has become the backbone of this age of technology and the computer world. With its simple yet precise and secure features, Java has become the most-demanded development tool kit in the world, giving it a global presence where it is being used to develop android applications, corporate-level software applications, and numerous types of web server tools. Hence, being a Java developer is not only lucrative but also a very profitable career opportunity due to the huge demand and scope for the Java tools platform in the current businesses and market trends. Career Path In Java First of all, we have to understand the directions we have to take and the correct path toward having a successful career in the Java platform. 1. The first and most important step is having a solid academic background i.e., having a computer science is recommended since high school. One must have a sound knowledge of all the programming languages, and after that having a bachelor’s degree in any of the computer streams is highly anticipated. 2. There are also many Industry based advanced certification courses available for Java depending upon the Corporate level job types; these are: Oracle Certified Associate Java Programmer or OCAJP Oracle Certified Professional Java Programmer or OCPJP Oracle Certified Expert - Web Component Developer or OCEWCD Professional Scrum Master Certification or PSM I Project Management Professional Certification or PMP AWS Certified Solutions Architect, Associate Oracle Certified Master Java Enterprise Architect or OCMJEA 3. Besides having these above qualifications, one of the basic requirements to become a successful Java Developer is having a robust knowledge of software development, oversight over modern technology, and the professional mindset of an innovator and a developer. 4. Some of the major responsibilities required to become a prosperous software developer are as follows: Writing and implementing structured and logical codes. Research, construct, develop and implement programming software. Assess, inspect and examine new types and variations in programs. Speculating areas that need upgradations & optimizations in certain programs. Ascertain a particular program’s real-life and practical value & need. Use & apply the best and most affirmative and guaranteed procedures for developing top-quality software and applications. Use of the various Java development toolkits, processes, and matrices is mandatory. Constantly and regularly maintain & upgrade the older versions into newer versions by debugging and fixing bugs and errors and also improving the lines of codes frequently. In today’s technological market, Java is leading the pack due to its unique and far superior programming nature. Its developers are at the forefront of creating the best enterprise software and lucrative android web applications. Java Career Opportunities The various and most common designations and posts available for someone to have a career path in Java developments are: Software Trainee Software Developer Java Developer Java Architect Associate Engineer Software Engineer Software Tester Developer Analyst Android Developer Web Developer Project Coordinator Full-stack Java Developer Android Application Developer Android Mobile App Developer How Much You Can Earn? The salary expectations vary from country to country, and the quantity of practical usage of Java-based software and applications in that particular country. Although the main criteria are strictly based on the years of experience, the level, and the number of Java-based projects a particular developer has worked on. Personal qualities and educational background also play a significant part in deciding the remunerations of a Java developer. An average expected remuneration ranges between 2.2 lakh p.a. to 4.4 lakh p.a. for mid-level Developers and Associates. For very experienced Professionals and Engineers, expected remunerations could range between 4.5 lakh p.a. to 12 lakh p.a. and sometimes even more also depending upon the standards of the Company also. Conclusion Career opportunity in Java is plenty vast and easy. It all depends on your capability and tenacity to pursue it and make it a successful and fruitful career path. Many big and reputed companies like Microsoft, IBM, Cisco Systems, Oracle, HP, and Amazon are looking to hire experienced Java developers & Professionals, thus making the career path in Java-based software development one of the best career options in the market currently. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Career in Java. Here we discuss the introduction and its correct paths toward having a successful career in the Java platform along with job positions. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Versions of Java Java Packages Applications of Java  What is Java?

read more

What is Java?

Introduction To Java The following article provides an outline for What is Java? Java is a high-level class-based programming language. It is an object-oriented programming language and it has a base from the C language. The syntax of the Java language is almost similar to C and C. It is developed by Sun Microsystems in 1995. James Gosling is known to be the father of the Java language. As Java is platform-independent, developers can run Java code on many platforms. Write code one time and run the compiled code anywhere. It supports Unix, Linux, Windows, and Mac OS. It is the most famous language because it is a more secure programming language.  Advantages Of Java Given below are the advantages mentioned: It is an easy language to learn, write code, compile, and debug.  It is platform-independent. You can run the program on any computer easily. It is object-oriented hence you can reuse the modules. It is a reliable and secure language. It supports multithreading to perform many tasks at a time. Java Object-Oriented Concepts Given below are the object-oriented concepts: 1. Objects and Classes: Classes are the set of properties and methods, whereas objects consist of state and behavior. 2. Constructor: A constructor is like a method and it runs when the instance is created. If there is no constructor defined then Java creates a default constructor at the time of object creation. 3. Inheritance: Using the Inheritance one class can acquire the properties of another class. The class that inherits the properties is called the derived class or subclass. And the class from which properties are inherited is called parent class or superclass. 4. Polymorphism: In polymorphism, we can perform a task in different ways. It includes two types of polymorphism: Run-time and compile-time polymorphism. 5. Abstraction: Abstraction is to hide certain details. An abstract class may or may not include an abstract method. An abstract class cannot use to create the object. The body of the abstract method is provided by the inherited class. 6. Interface: We cannot achieve multiple inheritance in Java but Java enables us to implement it using the interface. It declares methods but doesn’t implement the method’s body. The class can implement many interfaces. Java Supports Diverse Applications Given below are the applications of Java: 1. Mobile Application: It is compatible with android, so you can develop a secure mobile app with Java. 2. Desktop Application: It provides GUI for desktop applications through AWT, swing, and JavaFX. AWT provides a toolkit for GUI. 3. Web Application: By using it, you can develop dynamic web applications. Java supports servlet, JavaServerPage, JSTL technologies for web applications. 4. Gaming Application: jMonkeyEngine is designed for Java game developers to create 3D games. It is an open-source and developer-friendly game engine. 5. Enterprise Application: Java Enterprise Edition is a famous platform for banking applications. Because of the high-security, the developer’s first choice is Java for banking App. It supports network applications. 6. Scientific Application: It is used to develop scientific applications that contain many mathematical calculations. 7. Cloud-based Applications: It provides many cloud development tools such as Oracle Java Cloud Service, AWS SDK for Java, Google App Engine, etc. Java Technologies Given below are the java technologies: Java Technology Description Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) JDBC library provides API for database handling. Used to make a connection to the database. Java server pages (JSP) JSP is a server-side programming technology. Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) It is provided to develop highly secure, scalable, and robust enterprise-level applications.  Java Message Service (JMS) It is an API for message service to send and receive messages. Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI) JNDI is an API that provides services for naming and directory functionality. Java Servlet This technology is used to create web applications. Servlet handles any complex request from the web servers. Java Transaction API (JTA) JTA is an API for transaction management such as update and access data. Java Transaction Service (JTS) It is for the implementation of the transaction manager. Conclusion Java is widely popular among developers as it is a comprehensive language. The exceptional features make it a leading computer programming language. Recommended Articles This is a guide to What is Java? Here we discuss the introduction to java, its advantages along with applications & technologies. You can also go through our other related articles to learn more – Career in Java Versions of Java Java Packages Introduction to JavaScript

read more

What are JavaBeans?

Introduction to JavaBeans Sun Microsystems founded JavaBeans in 1996. On the Java platform, JavaBeans is called classes, and it is designed so that it can be reusable in different environments. As you will go further, you will learn more about it. Now, let us understand that, Table of contentsIntroduction to JavaBeansWhat are JavaBeans?Conventions of JavaBeans1. Several Conventions2. Components3. Classes4. Components of JavaBeans can be in the following modeUses -AdvantagesConclusionRecommended Articles What are JavaBeans? It is a software application on a Java platform that is platform-independent. It is portable, and its components are called beans. You can convert data structures or objects into a particular format that can be stored, transmitted, and reconstructed later by the user, which can be termed serialization. It has a zero-argument constructor, and you can access JavaBeans properties using getter and setter methods. It can be manipulated visually using an application builder tool. It can encapsulate different objects into a single thing. And the maintenance of this software is easy. Conventions of JavaBeans While considering JavaBeans, you must follow some conventions: 1. Several Conventions A default constructor (no arguments) is a must for JavaBeans. Serialization getter and setter methods Using the persistence feature, one can save the current state of a Bean. It can interact with the help of the EventObject EventListener model. The customization property will give you a step-by-step guide to using the component in a particular way. 2. Components Components are the class that stores the definition of beans. Classes contain design conventions. It includes persistence, events, properties, and methods. It consists of two types of components i.e., Non-GUI and GUI. 3. Classes Persistence: With the help of this class, you can store the state of JavaBean. Events: It is pretty alike to Swing event handling. Properties: It includes color, display, font, etc. It will also show the appearance and behavior of the bean and many more. Methods: You will find it exactly like the normal java methods. 4. Components can be in the following mode write-only mode read or write mode read-only mode Uses You can create and design any component. As it is reusable software, one can use it in any environment. It contains different functions like spelling correction and forecasting the stock market one can perform several functions. It also comes with a property of visible or invisible. The end-user can see it or maybe can't see it. It can work autonomously. It is also capable of showing a pie chart. JavaBeans has interactive capabilities that can provide support to a web-based application. It is user-friendly and system-friendly also. One can run JavaBeans on any operating system. One can run JavaBeans in several applications like word processors, browsers, and many more. Instead of writing custom components, you can use UI elements like graphical buttons, trees, and many more. Advantages The best thing about Java beans is that you have to write code only once and can run anywhere. You can work on several local platforms. The developer can control properties, methods, and events. At design time, a user can configure JavaBeans without any disturbance. It can easily be created. It is easy to write JavaBean. JavaBeans are light in weight. You don't have to make the extra effort to create a suitable environment to support JavaBean. JavaBeans are compatible in nature. Conclusion This article gives you comprehensive information on JavaBeans. If it is used effectively, it will give the best results. Database and technology like relational database and ActiveX, one can use JavaBeans with them. It is user-friendly software and can be written easily. One can reuse this software in any environment. Recommended Articles This is a guide to What are JavaBeans? Here we discuss an overview of JavaBeans, its Conventions, uses, and various advantages. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more– Career in Java Versions of Java Java Packages What is Java?

read more

Rooting Android Devices

Introduction To Rooting Android Devices The following article provides an outline for Rooting Android Devices. Android is very popular and widely used for a reason that it is highly customizable and can be modified easily. As it is open-source, it makes it available to all, and thus a lot of contributing hands. We can also see many variations in the Android Graphical User Interface. Android is customizable but all cannot customize it due to some restrictions from the manufacturer so there comes Rooting of Android. Rooting lifts up the restriction and gives the superuser access to anyone. What Is Android? The mobile devices that we are using nowadays, most of them are built and are working on Android. In layman's terms, one can understand Android as the operating system of mobile devices, it’s like Windows of computers. It was developed by Google in early 2007. “Android is an Operating system that is built on Linux and is open source, Android is used in mobile devices such as tablets and smartphones.” What Is Rooting Android Device? As we understand one can customize the OS of your Android, but can you actually customize with unrestricted access, well it has some restrictions from the manufacturer of the device. These restrictions are imposed by your carrier Android device so as to has its unique set of features and upon any issues faced they can provide solutions. But these restrictions can be overcome by Rooting. Once you have Rooted your Android device you would be able to unlock your OS and can customize anything on your Android Device. You can modify application settings, replace the firmware, underclock or overclock the processor, remove bloatware, replace the whole operating system or modify the software code. When done right you would get a new and your own customized Android device and if you mess up, you would end up with a messed-up device. Advantages Of Rooting Android Devices Well for some it seems why root the device, but if you do you will open up a true potential of Android and you will be awestruck with what you can do by just following some simple steps: You can download any app from wherever you want. Remove the pre-installed applications from the manufacturer which are of no use. You can block unnecessary advertisements from applications. You can boost the performance of the device as well as increase the battery life. You can have sole control of the kernel. Customize the appearance of your phone. You can edit system files or delete them if not required. Importance Of Rooting Android Devices It gives you full unrestricted access and makes you the master of your phone. It opens up a pool of opportunities to customize your device. Well, the only restriction one can find is from his own level of expertise in coding. Appearance Of Android Device: As rooting opens up visual customization as well, one can change the battery icon or customize the theme, different types of animation can be introduced in different places. Control Over Kernel: Once you have rooted your device you can underclock or overclock the GPU or CPU of your device, which can boost your performance. Master Of Applications: Rooting your device makes you the master of applications you want to use in your phone, you would have full control. You can fully backup, batch edit, or remove bloatware. Custom Firmware: Rooting an Android device lets you customize firmware also known as ROM, which allows an additional level of control over your device. Conclusion Android Rooting lifts up all these restrictions and then you will tap into the true potential of your android device. Android Rooting makes you a superuser but you will have to lose the warranty provided by the manufacturer on the device. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Rooting Android Devices. Here we discuss a brief overview on rooting android devices, its definition and what is rooting android device? along with advantages. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more– What is Android? Android Operating System Android Developer Interview Questions Android Architecture

read more

What is Android?

Introduction To Android As we understand Android is an operating system and it has some amazing features which make it the popular as you see it today. Android provides an approach for application development for mobile devices that is unified and once developed for one type of device it can be used by all the devices built on Android. Android came into existence in 2007, a beta version of Android SDK (Software development kit) was released by Google, later the first commercial version was introduced in 2008 which was called Android 1.0. Since then several Android versions have been introduced and updated. What Is Android? The cellphones/smartphones that we are using most of them are working on Android and this term is heard now and then associated with smartphones. In simple words one can understand Android as the operating system of mobiles, it’s like Windows of computers. It was developed by Google. “Android is nothing but an Operating system built on Linux and is open source, it is used in mobile devices such as tablets and smartphones.” Understanding Android basically moves around how it is built and what it does in general. To answer how the Android applications are mostly developed using Java language which makes use of Android software development kit. To answer what it does is pretty simple, once any Android application is developed it can be easily packaged and then can be sold over different platforms like Google play store, Opera mobile store, Slide ME, and Amazon App Store. It is used all around the world, billions of cellphones have Android. Around the world, it is used in more than 190 countries and numbers are adding on daily basis. Apple has its iOS, which is not open source and is very much restricted, on the other hand, Android is open-source and developers have the freedom to modify and customize their phones according to their choice. Layers Of Android Architecture To understand Android architecture one needs to understand the stack of software components associated with it. These components can be divided into 5 sections and can be described with 4 main layers as can be seen in below architectural diagram. Let’s see it from bottom to top: Linux Kernel: It basically provides the abstraction between the different hardware drivers present in the device such as a keypad, display, camera, etc. It has approximately 115 patches. Kernel basically handles the networking part and provides smooth flow for creating an interface between a vast array of drivers available in the device. Libraries: It contains a set of open-source libraries from Web Browser Engine also known as WebKit or libc. libraries are nothing but an already written set of logics that can be directly used and applied. As it is open-source daily new libraries are getting added and a much more smooth experience can be felt. Android Runtime: Well to run the application we need runtime right for Android it is Android Runtime it is basically a type of Java Virtual Machine but is known as Dalvik Virtual Machine. Application Framework: Framework can be understood as the set of services from the java classes and can be used in applications. Application: Finally the Application part of the apps that you use in your phone to make your life easier are Android applications, you can directly download them from Google play store or other stores, some are free others comes with some cost associated. Versions Available In Android Given below are the versions mentioned: Blender KitKat Jelly Bean Honeycomb Lollipop Marshmallow Conclusion Android is a widely used OS for mobile devices and is used by billions of users worldwide. In this article, we have seen the overview of Android, its architecture and named a few versions of Androids. Recommended Articles This is a guide to What is Android? Here we discuss the introduction to android, layers of android architecture along with different versions. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Rooting Android Devices Android Operating System Android Developer Interview Questions Android Architecture

read more

Android Operating System

Introduction To Android Operating System Android is the mobile operating system software, developed by Google, mainly used in smartphones and tablets. It is open-source software also known as Android Open Source Project which is based on the Linux kernel platform. It was September 2008 when it was launched commercially. Structure Of An Android Operating System Before proceeding, we need to be familiar with some terms such as API, APK, Module, Android library, AAR, and Custom ROM. API: API is an Application Programming Interface, software that works as an intermediate. With which two applications can talk to each other. For example, whenever you are using an app such as Whatsapp or Facebook you are using API. APK: For a developer, to easily write and deploy applications for Android smartphones, it is required to use an android framework that consists of a group of API. For the Android operating system, there are some specific file format packages used, mainly for installation and distribution of mobile apps, those are called APK or Android application package. Module: While developing an application in android, we need a specific container that can contain some vital information, such as Manifest file for android, Settings for app-level, Build a file of module-level, Resource files, Source code of the application. Android app modules act as a container to do this job. Android Library: If we observe the structure, then it is almost the same as the Android app module, but it does not compile code into an android application package, but with an android archive. AAR: For distributing packages, mainly libraries, Android Archive is a much better option to do this work. With Android Studio & Gradle it’s easy to create some metadata files, and the update built files in the app's Gradle. Custom ROM: It is a firmware that is rooted in the source code of android. The main function of this is, to offer the ability to do customizations on the tablet or smartphone. Like replacing manufacturer skin, eliminating bloatware, configuring permissions in applications, and so on. Android Framework To write and develop applications easily and efficiently, we need an android framework, which consists of several APIs. It incorporates many tools like image panes, text fields, buttons, media players, tools to design UI, phone controls, intents in system tools, etc. There are multiple steps involved while developing apps in the android framework. Building From Source Code: Unlike the pre-built version, it’s better to build apps from source code. One can easily download the source bundle and start working on it. Source Code Overview: When a developer writes a programming code that is only readable by people but the system cannot understand that language. When a compiler or an assembler translates that code into a source code that is only readable and executable by the system. Adding Platform Libraries: To access device components (physical), like touch input and sensors, we need platform libraries. There are some set of tools available in the Native Development Kit, by which a developer can use C or C code with android. Changing Startup Process: When you boot your android device, if you don’t want an application to auto-start or if you wish to make it freeze, then you can control that from the startup manager. Changing Permissions: When using the method called ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(), it would return either permission granted or permission denied. As per the requirement, it can be set. Modifying Frameworks: By adding new classes and modifying existing classes developer can modify the framework. Linux Kernel: Android uses the UNIX system kernel beneath the hood. Linux system is an ASCII text file; programmers may modify the UNIX system kernel to suit their wants. Linux system provides the programmer a pre-built, already maintained package kernel to start with so that they do not have to write down their kernel. Application programmers may interconnect mainly with two groups of services. One is the system and another is the media. System Services: Notification manager and windows manager are system services. For example, in an application, the notification manager sets down information in the title bar. A user can expand the bar and set off another activity. In a graphical user interface, if a developer wants to control the placement of windows or appearance then we need a windows manager. Media Services: In an android framework, it is mainly involved in recording and playing media. It layout application interfaces. Benefits Of Android Operating System There are many advantages while working with the Android framework. It is easy to integrate, royalty-free, customizable, open-source advantages, easy access in the android application market, cost-effective and booming job opportunities. But at the same time, it is very important to learn java, because it is the standard way to develop the program in Android. An android device runs on Linux, and java protects the native code from any type of memory leaks. Java is not mandatory but the simplest option for developers while an android application can be developed using other programming languages such as HTML, Python, C, or C. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Android Operating System. Here we discuss the introduction to android operating system, framework, various benefits and its structure. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – What is Android? Rooting Android Devices Android Developer Interview Questions Android Architecture

read more

Applications of Java

Introduction To Applications of Java The following article provides an outline for Applications of Java. As you know that Java is a very old programming language and it is still one of the most popular programming languages amongst programmers and developers. In spite of many new programming languages, the user still enjoys working on Java. Java was developed and designed by James Gosling. Java was introduced to the world in 1995. The reason behind Java's popularity is that it can run on any platform. You can write a code on one operating system and can run on another operating system. Java is an object-oriented and class-based programming language. Java is very simple and easy to learn. Java programming allows you to process and execute multiple codes. Real-World Applications of Java You must be wondering where all do programmers and developers use Java. There are many applications of Java that are used in the real world. To build an e-commerce website, the Java programming language is used. Various other uses are to build android apps, gaming apps and many more. 1. Used in building Android Apps: Most of the Android apps that you are using are written in the Java programming language. The working of Google's Android API is similar to JDK. That is why those who are Java programmers can become Android developers. 2. Server Apps: In Financial Services Company, Java programming language is used to build an electronic trading system, use in making data processing projects and various other server apps. Earlier, Java Swing was also used for building GUIs for traders. 3. Building Web Applications: Java programming language is popular in building an E-commerce website and developing web applications. Several other education, healthcare, governments and many other industries built their web applications in Java. There are many software tools, for example, NetBeans IDE is written in Java programming language. Also, desktop applications are written and developed in Java. Trading application, a third-party app, also uses Java to write the code. It is used in the Finance Industry like Bank. 4. GUI Applications: Developers and programmers develop GUI applications with the help of Java. They make use of APIs like Swing, AWT and JavaFX. GUI stands for Graphical User Interface. AWT stands for Abstract Window Toolkit, it is used in developing window-based applications. It is not completely a java-based application. Swing is known as a widget toolkit and with the help of AWT, it can provide advanced elements like tabbed panels, trees and several other components. With the help of JavaFX, you can build a desktop application. It is a modern technique to build and develops applications. JavaFX is entirely different from Swings and AWT. 5. Enterprise Applications: Enterprise applications are built for the corporate world. This application is a large software. The Enterprise application is designed to fulfill the organization needs. Java comes with robust features that is why it is helpful in building Enterprise applications. 6. Web Applications: You can use Struts, JSPs and Servlets to support web applications. Using these advanced techniques and technologies, developers can build several kind of web applications. As you know that Java programs are easy and simple to write, you can easily code the Java program. Java programming language also provides high security to their applications. It is widely used in education, insurance and many other industries. 7. Mobile Applications: Java programming language is used in writing and developing Mobile applications. Java is compatible with Kotlin and Android Studio. Java Micro Edition, a cross-platform framework helpful in building Mobile applications. 8. Web Servers: The web server supports servlets like Apache Tomcat, Rimfaxe Web Server, and many more. The Java programming language has also given rise to Commercial application servers like WebSphere, WebLogic. Conclusion If you are planning to make a career in Java, you can start from scratch and can reach the advanced level. The future of Java programmers is bright. Java will open many doors for different career options. If you like coding, then Java programming language is for you. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Applications of Java. Here we discuss a brief overview on applications of java programming languages and its real-world applications. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more– What is Java? Career in Java Versions of Java What is JavaBeans?

read more

How to Install JDK?

Introduction To Install JDK The following article provides an outline for How to Install JDK? Java was founded by Sun Microsystems in 1995. Initially, it was termed Oak but later changed to Java 1 in JDK 1.0.2. The latest version of Java is Java standard edition 15 LTS (20.9) (JDK 15) which was announced in September 2020. The Java Development Kit(JDK) is used for writing and running java programs. Another name for JDK is Java Platform Standard Edition (Java SE). Now, JDK is owned by Oracle. Anyone can use this software freely as this is open-source software. It is has been observed that many people get confused about JDK and JRE. JRE stands for Java Runtime Environment and used for running Java programs. On the other hand, JDK is used for both writing and running Java programs. JDK is known as a development kit that also includes JRE and development tools that are used to get output in the Java programs. We can conclude by the above information that JRE is a subset of JDK. So, it is important to install JDK for writing and running programs. Rules Of Java Specifications We will also find many other JDKs that are available for several platforms. All these JDKs follow basic rules of Java specifications. 1. Maintenance Stage Listed below are the JDKs that are in the development or maintenance stage: Open JDK/ IcedTea IBM J9 Azul Systems and many more 2. JDKs Being Discontinued Blackdown Java Apache Harmony JVM or JDK - MAC OS and many more 3. Prerequisites For Installing JDK If you want to install JDK on 64-bit Windows operating system, It should have around 800 MB disk space, 128 MB memory space. This is the basic prerequisites required to run programs. But, if the size of a software increases, it will require a large memory size to run the program smoothly and effectively. 4. Downloading and Installation Process Step I: Before installing, firstly download it from the official website. You can refer to the below points for downloading the JDK. Visit the website https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase-downloads.html. Under the "Oracle JDK" tab, you will have a click button on "JDK download". After following the second step, go for the "Windows x64 Installer" and download it. Installation Part: Step II: Complete step by step installation process: Windows Platform: You will have to click on the run button to run the installer. You will see the accept button, by clicking on the accept button, it means you are accepting all the defaults. Follow the instructions that are appearing on the screen to successfully complete the installation. JDK always installed in the directory(C:.....). After following all the steps above, you will have to launch "File Explorer". Lastly, navigate it (C:....). Step III: You can ignore step III for JDK 15. Otherwise, you will have to incorporate the "bin" directory in the path. You can also edit the PATH variables. Go to the Control Panel. Click on "System and Security". Click on "System". You will see "Advanced system settings". Click on the "Advanced button". Click on the "Environmental Variables" tab. You will "System Variables". Click on the "PATH" variable. Lastly, click on the "Edit" tab. To know whether Java is working or not, you have to open the Command Prompt and type the command "java version". If it is running successfully, it means that it has been installed successfully. Conclusion - How to Install JDK? This article gives you comprehensive information on the installation process of JDK. If JDK is used effectively, it will give the best results. You can install JDK on platforms like Windows, Ubuntu and macOS. It is user-friendly software and can be written easily. One can use this software in any environment. Recommended Articles This is a guide to How to Install JDK? Here we discuss the introduction to install JDK and rules of java specifications along with the installation process. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more – Career in Java Java Packages Applications of Java  What is Java?

read more

Android Architecture

Introduction To Android Architecture The following article provides an outline for Android Architecture. Android is the mobile operating system software, developed by Google, mainly used in smartphones and tablets. It is open-source software also known as Android Open Source Project which is based on the Linux kernel platform. It was September 2008 when it was launched commercially. Here, we will go into detail of the architecture of this operating system, and also explore the framework components and the various libraries of this operating system. Components Of Android Architecture An android device needs certain components, which include a software stack. These software stacks carry Linux Kernel, which is a collection of C /C libraries. These libraries are exposed through the application, runtime, and services of the framework. Android architecture's main components are Linux Kernel, Applications, Application Framework, Android Runtime, and Platform Libraries. 1. Linux Kernel Being a bottom layer, it is responsible for managing all the drivers of the android architecture. Drivers are mainly required during the runtime, like display drivers, memory drivers, camera drivers, audio drivers, Bluetooth drivers, etc. It is the bottom layer and also responsible for resource access, memory management, device management, power management, etc. In between the remainder of the stack and device hardware, it provides an abstraction layer. It is open-source and gives the developers an option to modify the kernel as per the requirement. This is the main component in android architecture, and it is impossible to run an application without Dalvik Virtual Machine or DVM. 2. Applications In android architecture, it is the top layer that manages third-party and native applications such as the gallery, contacts, clock, email, home, email, games, music, etc. Within android, the application layer runs using services and classes of an application framework. 3. Application Framework While creating an application, we need to create some particular classes which are helpful. To meet this requirement, all the services for class creation done by the application framework itself. Activity manager, packet manager, NFC Service, Location Service, Windows Manager, Notification Manager, Content Providers, View System, telephony service, etc. all these are part of an application framework. 4. Android Runtime This is the most important part of the android architecture, as it holds components such as Dalvik Virtual Machine and Core Libraries. And also includes Zygote and Android Debug Bridge. It acts as an engine that powers the libraries and the applications under the hood of an application framework. To run efficiently multiple instances, Dalvik Virtual Machine is optimized and designed in a specific way. Core libraries provide a good opportunity to build an application by using standard JAVA programming language. 5. Platform Libraries It includes Java-based libraries and core libraries of C /C which enforce support while developing android applications. Like Surface Manager, Media Framework, SSL, SGL, OpenGL, Media Library, Graphics, Web-kit, Freetype, SQLite, etc. For 3D or 2D graphics we need OpenGL SGL and Graphics libraries, for database support, we need SQLite, for display management we need surface manager library, for recording and playing different video and audio format we need media library, for front support we need Freetype, SSL required for internet security, for web browser support we need Web-kit. Android Libraries Given below are the various android libraries: 'android.view': This is mainly used to create an interface for user applications. 'android.os': This is used for inter-process communication, messages, and system services. 'android.content': Works as a mediator between application components and application to publish and access messages. 'android.database': It uses classes of SQLite database management to access data published by content providers. 'android.text': In a display of a device it is used mainly to extract and manipulate content. 'android.WebKit': Within an application, allow web-browsing capabilities we need this, which consist of a set of classes. 'android.app': This is the foundation of all Android applications. It gives access to the application model. 'android.widget': It contains a collection of user interfaces that are pre-built components like radio buttons, list views, buttons, layout managers labels, etc. Although there are many benefits while working under android architecture, some of them are important and should be remembered. It is platform-neutral, easy to integrate, flexible, royalty-free, customizable, open-source advantages, etc. At the same time, it is important to understand the frontend and backend concept of an android application. Because of its line of benefits, android architecture is rapidly growing and job opportunities are increasing day by day. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Android Architecture. Here we discuss the introduction and the framework components along with the various libraries of this operating system. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – What is Android? Rooting Android Devices Android Operating System Android Developer Interview Questions

read more

Android Developer Interview Questions

Introduction To Android Developer Interview Questions In this section, we will go into details of the various interview questions being faced for an aspiring Android developer. We will start from basic interview questions and move forward towards advanced questions. Part 1 – Android Developer Interview Questions (Basic) This first part covers basic Interview Questions and Answers. Q1. What do mean by Android OS? Answer: It is an operating system for mobile, developed by Google, based on a Linux platform and written primarily in Java, used for devices such as smartphones, tablets, etc. With a unique user interface, android is also used in smartwatches, cars, and televisions. Q2. What do you mean by Android Architecture? Answer: The android architecture consists of certain components, which include a software stack. These software stacks carry Linux Kernel, which is a collection of C /C libraries. These libraries are exposed through the application, runtime, and services of the framework. Android architecture's main components are Linux Kernel, Applications, Application Framework, Android Runtime, and Platform Libraries. Q3. What is Android Framework? Answer: To write and develop applications easily and efficiently, we need an android framework, which consists of several APIs. It incorporates many tools like image panes, text fields, buttons, media players, tools to design UI, phone controls, intents in system tools, etc. Q4. What is the function of Containers? Answer: A container mainly holds widgets and objects. It may also hold buttons, fields, or labels. It is a container for views, which is a collection of multiple view classes. Q5. What is the purpose of Orientation? Answer: To represent a row or as a column for the Linear Layout, one can use the setOrientation() method. It is used to set a value as vertical or horizontal. Q6. What advantages are there for Android in the current mobile technology? Answer: There are many advantages of Android. It is easy to integrate, royalty-free, customizable, open-source advantages, easy access in the android application market, and cost-effective. Q7. What is ADB in Android? Answer: It is Android Debug Bridge, which gives the power to run remote shell commands. From and towards the emulator port, it controls the communication. Q8. What is API in Android and how does it work? Answer: API is an Application Programming Interface, software that works as an intermediate. With which two applications can talk to each other. For example, whenever you are using an app such as WhatsApp or Facebook you are using API. Q9. What is the function of the Android Library? Answer: Its main work is to observe the structure, it is almost the same as the Android app module, but it does not compile code into an android application package, but with an android archive. Q10. How can you modify a framework? Answer: By adding new classes and modifying existing classes one can modify the framework. Part 2 – Android Developer Interview Questions (Advanced) Let us now have a look at the advanced Interview Questions. Q11. How can I control Startup Process? Answer: When you boot your android device, if you don’t want an application to auto-start or if you wish to make it freeze, then you can control that from the startup manager. Q12. What is the situation when the onStop() method gets invoked? Answer: In a front of activity, if another activity takes over and if the old activity is not visible to the user, then for the old activity onStop() method gets invoked. Q13. What does the AndroidManifest.xml file do? Answer: Before executing codes, the system should know some basic information about the application, and the root directory information.  AndroidManifest.xml file contains this information. Q14. What is ANR? And when does it occur? Answer: UI treads run in Android. When a UI is blocked for a long time then ANR or ’Application Not Responding’ then the error occurs. Q15. Can you add Platform Libraries? Answer: To access device components (physical), like touch input and sensors, we need platform libraries. There are some set of tools available in the Native Development Kit, by which one can use C or C code with android to add platform libraries. Q16. What is the difference between Notification Manager and Windows Manager? Answer: Both are system services, but the notification manager sets down information in the title bar, where a user can expand the bar and set off another activity. But, in a graphical user interface, if a developer wants to control the placement of windows or appearance then we need a windows manager. Q17. What is the main component in Android Architecture? And why? Answer: Linux Kernel is responsible for managing all the drivers of the android architecture. Drivers are mainly required during the runtime, like display drivers, memory drivers, camera drivers, audio drivers, Bluetooth drivers, etc. It is responsible for resource access, memory management, device management, power management, etc. In between the remainder of the stack and device hardware, it provides an abstraction layer. Linux Kernel is the main component in android architecture, and it is impossible to run an application without Dalvik Virtual Machine or DVM. Q18. What Platform Libraries consists of and how do we use them? Answer: It consists of Surface Manager, Media Framework, SSL, SGL, OpenGL, Media Library, Graphics, Web-kit, Freetype, SQLite, etc. For 3D or 2D graphics we need OpenGL SGL and Graphics libraries, for database support, we need SQLite, for display management we need surface manager library, for recording and playing different video and audio format we need media library, for front support we need Freetype, SSL required for internet security, for web browser support we need Web-kit. Q19. What are the core Components in Android Application architecture? Answer: Below are the components of android application architecture: Content Providers Resource Externalization Services Notifications Intent Q 20. For an activity, there are four essential states. What are they? Answer: Active: The activity is at the front. Paused: If the activity is in the background and still visible. Stopped: If the activity is covered by another activity, or if it is hidden or not visible. Destroyed: If the activity is completely terminated or if the process is killed. Each month, users of android, download more than 1.5 billion games and apps. There is much importance of Android in today’s world, as the cost is low for Android, and the performance is better. Because of its open-source framework and its openness, it is much more dearest to developers and consumers. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Android Developer Interview Questions. Here we have studied the top Android developer Interview Questions and Answers so that the candidate can crackdown the Interview easily. Here in this post, we have studied top Android developer Interview Questions which are often asked in interviews. You may also look at the following articles to learn more – What is Android? Rooting Android Devices Android Operating System Android Architecture

read more

What is JNDI in Java?

Introduction to JNDI in Java JNDI stands for Java Naming & Directory Interface. It is the product of Sun Microsystems Ltd. JNDI is an application programming interface (API) that is useful for developers to create applications. JNDI enables developers to provide different naming & directory services. The applications that are developed in Java, use JNDI for naming & directory service. JNDI works with the servers to fetch files from the database using naming conventions. It can also use in developing web applications. JNDI helps to locate the distributed components of applications. Without finding these distributed component applications can’t work. In this article, we discuss What is JNDI in Java? JNDI offers naming & directory functionality to applications written using Java. It is independent of directory service implementation. It provides a common interface to all naming services. The main purpose of the naming service is to assign a name to an object and provide a way to access that object. Naming services keep the information in a central place so everyone can use it. Advantages of JNDI in JAVA Below are the Advantages of JNDI: You can develop portable code for applications using Data Source registered with JNDI. Using JNDI it is easy to maintain and edit the code. The most useful advantage of JNDI is connection pooling which means connections can reuse rather than creating new connections. JNDI enables the use of password encryption. Architecture of JNDI JNDI application consists of both application programming interface (API) and service provider interface (SPI). JNDI API allows java to get access to different naming & directory services. Levels of JNDI Architecture: Some points about the JNDI architecture: In this table, you can see the levels of the architecture. All levels of the architecture are connected to the java application. API provides a mechanism to bind an object to a name and to access naming & directory services. The SPI allows naming & directory services to be plugged in transparently. The last level shows the directories that are connected to the interface. Directories SPI Below are the Directories Supported by the SPI: Directory Name Description Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) This protocol helps to manage, maintain, and retrieve the distributed information about the directory over the internet. Domain Name System (DNS) It is a hierarchical naming system that helps to find the website for internet users. Network Information Service (NIS) This protocol allows you to maintain data such as user and hostname. Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) This protocol provides a platform for distributed objects to communicate with one another. Remote Method Invocation (RMI) This API allows an object of one machine to access an object on another machine. Packages of JNDI Below are the Packages of JNDI with Description: Packages Description javax.naming This package provides classes & interfaces which are used to access the naming services. javax.naming.directory This package supports the functionality of the directory service. It extends java.naming package. javax.naming.event This package provides the package & interfaces for the notification of events in naming & directory services. javax.naming.ldap This package provides classes & interfaces that support specific features of the LDAP v3. javax.naming.spi This package is useful only for system programmers. Provide support for multiple naming systems, java objects, plug-in architecture. To use JNDI you must have a service provider. JNDI package includes classes & interfaces below table shows classes regarding the packages. Packages Classes Regarding the Packages javax.naming Context, InvalidNameException, LimitExceededException, LinkException, Name, NameClassPair, NameParser, NamingEnumeration, NamingException, NamingSecurityException, RefAddr, Reference. javax.naming.directory Binding, Context, InitialContext, Name, NameClassPair, NamingEnumeration, NamingException. javax.naming.event Binding, Context, Name, NamingException javax.naming.ldap Context, InitialContext, NamingException, ReferralException. javax.naming.spi CannotProceedException, Context, Name, NamingException. Example to Implement  JNDI in Java Below is the basic program to access attributes in JNDI: Code: import javax.naming. *; import javax.naming.directory.*; class RootDSE { public static void main (String args[]) { DirContext ctx =new InitialDirContext(); Attributes attrs = ctx. getAttributes( “cn = john, ou= people”); System.out.println(“ name is “ attrs.get(“nm”).get()); } } Output: Conclusion JNDI is an application programming interface provided by java. By using JNDI you can save and retrieve distribute objects over the network. It provides functionality for naming the object and directory operations. It is useful to develop more portable applications. Recommended Articles This is a guide to What is JNDI in Java?. Here we discuss the introduction, Advantages, Packages, Architecture and Directories Supported by the SPI. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more – Applications of Java  What is Java? Career in Java Versions of Java

read more

JavaScript Tools

Introduction To JavaScript Tools JavaScript is one of the popular programming languages in the world. It was developed by Netscape to add dynamic elements to websites. It is an object-oriented scripting language for web pages. Thus, to create an application from JavaScript, we need a platform to create it and these platforms are the JavaScript tools that aids to create applications. Different tools have different significance based on applications. Types Of JavaScript Tools Given below are the types of JavaScript tools: Documentation Tools: JSDoc Toolkit, jGrouseDoc Debugging Tools: Debug bar, Drosera Testing and Validation Tools: J3Unit, JSLitmus, JSLint, Mocha Imaging and Graphic Tools: Reflectionjs, flot Code Optimization Tools: JSMIN, JSMinifier, Scriptlizer Security Tools: jsfuzzer, AttackAPI Authoring Tools: Google Web Toolkit, jx Backend Tools: Node.Js, Express.Js Frontend Tools: React, AngularJS, Backbone.js Task Runners: Gulp, Grunt Package Managers: npm, Yarn JavaScript Frontend Tools The front-end is the part where the end-users interact to get their task done. Thus the programmers need to make it very handy and easier for the end-users to work or get their task done. Developers make sure that the application, a browser should be pleasing to the eye, catchy texts to attract users, have a user-friendly environment. Thus to attain these JavaScript tools are used. Web Component These are the APIs that allow to the creation of reusable custom elements which are encapsulated HTML tags and these can be used in web pages and web apps. The main intention of Web components is to avoid code collisions, have code reusability thus making programmers easy to concentrate on a project rather than the code platform itself. Some are major features of web components are encapsulation, extensibility, scoping, interoperability, maintainability, etc. The 3 main technologies of web development are: Custom Elements: These are JavaScript APIs that allow to use of their templates, tags, and behavior and have flexibility with the bottom-up approach with HTML elements. Shadow DOM (Document Object Model): This is used for encapsulation in web components. In this functionality of DOM will be controlled and rendered by shadow DOM and the main DOM will not be affected. In this way, element’s features can be kept in private and the fear of collision is avoided HTML Templates: This helps to insert HTML elements into the web browser. To enable backward compatibility, a JavaScript library, Polyfill can be used. Some of the widely used browsers are Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Opera, etc. TypeScript JavaScript was presented as a language for the client-side. With the development of Node.js JavaScript became the leading server type technology. As we know that the code gets messier as JavaScript code develops to an advanced level and thus there is a delay in compile-time and error checks, this restricts JavaScript to work as fully-fledged server-side technology. Thus, keeping this in mind, TypeScript was developed. So, in short, TypeScript is JavaScript for application/service-based development. It is a typed superset of JavaScript developed by Microsoft. Advantages Of TypeScript Below are the advantages of TypeScript: It helps in finding out the errors in codes: In JavaScript you need to write the whole code and then test it which may take a long time to find out the errors, this problem is avoided in TypeScript. Strong static typing: This is optional for TypeScript if JavaScript’s dynamic typing is preferred. JavaScript is not strongly typed and thus you need to write the whole code and check for errors. TypeScript being static type, compiling can be done for each code. The type interface system is done through TLS (TypeScript language service) for static typing. Similar features of JavaScript: Some of the similar features are OOP, DOM manipulation, ES6 features. It’s open-source and runs on any browser. ReactJs React was developed by Facebook and is one of the most popular front-end JavaScript libraries for creating reusable UI components. React is used in Facebook, WhatsApp, and Instagram. React can be used on both the client-side and server-side. It uses data patterns that improve readability and improves the speed of the applications. Many websites nowadays are created using MVC architecture (model view controller) where V is the react and architecture is provided by Flux and Redux. React JS uses components as their basic block and thus it is the heart of all ReactJS applications. It consists of multiple components and each component can be a reusable piece of HTML code. These components can be nested with other components to create complex applications. Whenever a webpage is loaded DOM (document object model), an object is created. Thus for every reloading of page DOM will be created, this repeated object creation is unnecessary and there is memory wastage which in turn reduces the performance of the application. Thus to overcome this ReactJS was built. ReactJS uses virtual DOM and it changes individual DOM elements instead of refreshing the entire DOM. In this, the applications are divided into various components and the web page uses React to work on virtual DOM rather than the browser’s DOM. Thus when the browser is refreshed, only the changed or updated data will be loaded to the main DOM and the data with the same information will be left behind, thus the creation of unnecessary data will be avoided. AngularJS AngularJS is an open-source JavaScript framework developed by Google for web development applications and is used for single-page applications. It’s used for creating Rich Internet Application (RIA). Provides the advantage of writing client-side applications using JavaScript MVC. It’s used for large-scale, easy handling, and high-performance applications. It has data binding capability to HTML. It is unit-testable and has reusable components. Conclusion In this article, we have seen several tools of JavaScript. We saw the introduction to JavaScript, we also saw various tools of JavaScript like JavaScript Frontend tools in which we saw some tools in detail like Web Component, Typescript, ReactJS and AngularJS. Recommended Articles This is a guide to JavaScript Tools. Here we discuss a brief overview on JavaScript tools like frontend tools, backend tools, security, package, debugging and many more tools. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Is JavaScript Object Oriented? What JavaScript Can Do? Introduction to JavaScript Uses of JavaScript

read more

What is a Java Interface?

Introduction To Java Interface Java is a widely popular and robust programming language. It is an object-oriented programming language. Java is easy to learn for students as it provides a modular structure for programming. To achieve good command over the Java language, students need to understand the basic concepts of object-oriented programming such as object, class, polymorphism, abstraction, inheritance, etc. This article helps to understand the interface concept in Java. The interface is similar to the class. It is a set of methods and variables. A class implements the interface to inherit the methods and variables. It is possible to implements multiple interfaces. Hence, users can achieve abstraction and multiple inheritances by using the interface. The writing interface is almost similar to the class. All methods of the interface need to define in the class. How Interface Is Different From Class? The main difference is that you cannot create an instance for the interface. It is implemented by the class not extended by the class. Methods declared in the interface by default they are abstract. It does not contain a constructor. An interface can extend multiple interfaces also can extend from one more interface. An interface can declare in another interface called a nested interface. Interface stores as a .java file. Examples To Implement Java Interface Given below are the examples of Java Interface: Example #1: Declaring Interface By default, interface and methods in an interface are abstract there is no need to use the ‘abstract’ keyword. You can declare an interface by using the interface word. The variables of the interfaces must be initialized at the time of interface declaration. The class has to define the methods declared in the interface. Code: public interface Earth { public void human (); } Example #2: Implementing Interface by the Class The class can implement an interface by using implements keyword. And can implements any number of interfaces. The class needs to override all methods declared in the interface. Code: interface Planet { public void Earth (); } class Galaxy implements Planet { public void Earth () { System.out.println("Earth is a planet"); } public static void main (String args[]) { Planet g = new Galaxy (); g.Earth(); } }; Output: Example #3: Extending Interface An interface can extend another interface by using extends keyword. An interface can extend many interfaces. Code: public interface Earth { public void AB(); } public interface Jupiter extends Earth { public void DC(); } class Planet implements Jupiter { public void AB() { System.out.println (“I am Earth”); } public void DC() { System.out.println(“I am Jupiter”); } public static void main (String[] args) { Planet p= new planet(); p.Earth(); p.Jupiter(); } } Output: Advantages & Disadvantages Of Java interface Given below are the advantages & disadvantages mentioned: Advantages: It achieves full abstraction. It avoids repetition of code and allows to reuse of the code. Provides modular structure to the program. Using the interface can break up dependencies and achieve loose coupling. Disadvantages: Java interface saves signature of methods only not the definition. Interface makes slow execution of the program. Important Points Of Interface Given below are important points of interface: Through interface can provide the specification for method prototype. Java does not support multiple inheritances hence using the interface can achieve multiple inheritances. An Interface can point to an object of classes. An Interface cannot be instantiated. Variables declared in the interface by default are static, final, and public. Conclusion Java is an object-oriented programming language. All the concepts of object-oriented programming are interesting to learn. The interface is also one of the most important concepts in the Java language. The interface is the default abstract class and having only abstract methods. The interface contains the behavior of the class. It is a reference type in java. Recommended Articles This is a guide to What is a Java Interface? Here we discuss a brief overview on java interface, its concept, advantages & disadvantages along with examples. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more– Career in Java Versions of Java Java Packages What is JNDI in Java?

read more

Android User Interface

Introduction To Android User Interface The following article provides an outline for Android User Interface. Android is basically a platform for web applications and cloud-based software which are created based on the theory of mobile operations i.e., movable digital interface. In short, we can say, Android is a mobile operating system. It was written using the likes of Java, C and C programming platforms and developed based on the upgraded version of Linux Kernel. Android can also be defined as a smart platform based on the theory of machine learning, that is, it’s programming (Android) makes it capable of assessing and implementing tasks on its own or by itself. Well, Android can also be referred to as the precursor of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics. Well, we all know what Android is, from waking up to going to sleep; it literally directs our day-to-day life. A platform specifically developed for the people, by the people and of the people. Lets see the Android User Interface: The basic purpose of Android is to establish the connection between a user and an electronic/digital device. Android is unlike any other operating system developed previously, its flexible and versatile i.e. mobile. Android is the amalgamation of several different software development platforms like Java, C and others. Similarly, it also leads to the creation of multi-category and multi-purposed software types and packages. It is also free and open-sources based making it far reached, widely used and a collective platform/product. Android was initially developed by Open Handset Alliance and it was largely sponsored and later upgraded into a finer and sophisticated product/platform by Google. The first and official commercial purpose release was in 2008 making the ‘Android’ name an intellectual property of Google only. Fun fact, mostly around 70% or more Android-based mobile devices or smart devices run on Google systems. Since its beginning, Android has been developed into one after another upgraded and even more sophisticated versions like: Lollipop Kitkat Jelly Bean Ice cream Sandwich Donut These versions or variants of Android are being used on a wide range of electronic and digital-based devices like games, digital cameras, smartphones, smart TVs, digital sound systems and several others. Applications of Android are limitless and vast and it is still growing based on the multi-faceted commercial and consumer market out there. What Is Android User Interface? First of all, Android produces the best and a superlative User Interface, top of the class that is why so many consumers and users prefer Android-based platforms and devices. Developers of Android make it a priority, top priority actually, to research and develop Android applications and devices with the best look and also the feel of the devices and also the applications in it, it’s those nuances, caricatures overall styles i.e., the attention to details makes Android User Interfaces probably the best in the business, if not the best. So to simply explain what Android User Interface is, it is developed based on two operating types, the Layouts i.e. the overall structure of an Android App and the Widgets which are basically the components like buttons and text boxes, image boxes, etc. These two, Layouts and Widgets are generally categorized as ViewGroup and View Classes. Now, both the ViewGroup and View classes are defined by the XML or Extensible Markup Language. It is upon the XML files these Layouts and Widgets are generally established and created. How An Ideal User Interface Should Look Like? The more lucrative, attractive and appealing the Android User Interface looks, the greater are the chances of it being a successful commercial product in the consumer market. The looks, features and application tools present in the Android UI plays a vital role in the overall outreach and the triumph of an Android device or platform. Some of those features and tools in an Android User Interface are: Structured UI layouts Notification overviews App bars Control of the UI visibility Development of a perfect navigation system Implementing that navigation system Addition of swipe up to refresh features Introducing Pop-up message views Copy and Paste features Drag and drop options Menu options Searching options Compatibility with external devices How Developer Can Create An Ideal User Interface? To be a well-versed and experienced developer of Android UIs, one must have the basic familiarities like: In-depth knowledge of Java and XML. Knowledge of SQL for any backend operations. The familiarity with the best App development kits and tools. The knowledge of the components to develop the app. Correct and timely selection of the development kits and tools. Along with these a developer should also have the perseverance and tenacity to develop the best Android platforms available. Conclusion Android User Interface System is the best UI system in the digital market without a question; it dominates the entire digital/web/cloud-based platforms for the consumer market. This platform has been producing the best-selling devices of all types since its introduction to the commercial market space by Google. It has not only doubled but quadrupled financially and also the continuous revenue stream and hunger for far more sophisticated and viable products by the daily users of it has propelled further R&D and inventions. So we can say that the best Android system is yet to come and the future of Android looks bright. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Android User Interface. Here we discuss the introduction, how an ideal user interface should look like and how a developer can create an ideal user interface. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Android Architecture Android Operating System Rooting Android Devices What is Android?

read more

Android Developers for Beginners

Introduction To Android Developers for Beginners The following article provides an outline for Android Developers for Beginners. Android is the operating system developed by an open handset alliance led by Google and other companies like Sony, Dell, Motorola, LG, Samsung, etc. It is open-source and built on Linux Kernel and programmed by using JAVA for mobile applications. Thus, today over million smartphones are led by android which gives tough competition for Apple’s IOS. Its specially developed for touch screen phones and aids for touch gestures like swiping, pinching, tapping, manipulating the on-screen objects and thus have a good user interface. Versions Of Android Developers Given below are the versions of Android Developers: Some Of Good Facts About Android Android was first developed for the digital camera platform. All versions are named after Desserts and sweets except for the first 2. HTC was the first company to launch an Android phone. Android represents male robot whereas female robot is known as Gyonid. Google had to make deal with Nestle for using the Kit-Kat version. However, it was not monetarily dealt and Nestle made a huge profit from Kit-Kat branding. Android is open source and anyone can modify the code and make creative features. A smartphone application is developed by an android developer. The android developer requires knowledge of Java programming and some android development tools for its development. Applications Of Android Development An android developer needs tools to create an application, some of the good tools are as follows: Android Studio Eclipse Android SDK 1. Android Studio It is an integrated development environment (IDE) developed by Google and it’s based on IntelliJ IDEA. In IDE developers can program a code and convert it into an APK file and can be installed in Android devices. It provides the programmers with code editing, testing, debugging and thus has all the basic necessary features which provide smooth development of the application. Features of android studio: Applying changes: It helps to make changes in code and check without restarting the application or system. Code editor: Helps to edit the code with suggestions, code analysis, automatic completion. Rich in the emulator: Helps to stimulate the code and test as a real-time scenario and acts as prototyping of program. In this, hardware features can be simulated like GPS, motion sensors, touch screens, etc. Good templates and themes: It provides a good amount of pre-installed templates which can be used to create the App. It also provides the provision to import fully functional templates from other sources like GitHub. Testing and analysis: It enables highly efficient testing methods which help to avoid basic bugs, errors and thus saves time. And analysis frameworks include over 360 lint checks across the app. Work with the team: It has a provision to sync the data and also allow your team members to work on that project simultaneously. Optimized for Android devices: It is designed such that it is compatible with smartphones, tablets, Android TV, android wear, etc. Some of the other features of the android studio are APK analyzer, translation features, layout editor, C and NDK support, cloud support, etc. Because of all these features. Android studio is the first preferred choice for any android developer. 2. Android Eclipse Android Eclipse helps in android development by the usage of ADT (Android development tools). It aids in providing rich features like open resources, Java search, Junit integration, widgets and thus facilitates in creating UI for the app. Android Eclipse is one of the oldest methods of android development which used plugins for creating features. But, with time IntelliJ ID took over the Eclipse and Android Studio became popular because of its good interface and graphics.  3. Android SDK (Software Development Kit) It is a package that has software development tools. With every update of the Android version, a corresponding SDK update will also be released. SDK has a set of development tools that helps to create applications and features in the android platform. Android SDK comes as an integrated package with other software tools like Android Studio which helps the tools to run and test applications on android devices.  Features Of SDK: Faster deployment of applications. Offline mapping of locations with help of google maps android API. A single package is enough to build an application. Does not negatively affect CPU, battery, or data. Compatible with other SDKs. Conclusion - Android Developers for Beginners Android takes whooping 71% of market share with the next competition of IOS. No doubt it’s leading in smartphone OS. Thus, lots of android development tools are in the market like Fabric, Flow-up, Genymotion, RAD Studio, Vysor, etc each of which has it’s own features and developers use them according to their requirements. Thus new android developers are advised to understand their requirements and use the correct tool properly with proper knowledge of Java. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Android Developers for Beginners. Here we discuss the introduction to android development for beginners and some of the good facts about android along with the various features. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Android Architecture Android Operating System What is Android? Rooting Android Devices

read more

Android Marshmallow Features

Introduction To Android Marshmallow Features The following article provides an outline for Android Marshmallow Features. Marshmallow is 6.0 and 6.01 version and 13th release of Android. It was released on 5th October 2015 and Google Nexus was the first to receive it. There were some good updates from previous versions which involved security, data backup, optimized battery, etc. Features Of Android Marshmallow Given below are the features of Android Marshmallow: 1. Security Permission improvements: Whenever the app is downloaded, the app is used to take full access to the camera, mic, phone, etc without the consent of the user or it would be mandatory to accept some of the permissions. In the Marshmallow version, it allows users to choose in the list as to which all the personal information to be given permission. The app continues to work even after disabling the permissions. Warn for firmware: Marshmallow has the privilege to warn for any firmware and OS that has been modified from the factory version. Auto-backup: Auto backup for the apps and accounts to avoid data loss.  2. Privacy Fingerprint sensor: It Allows the user to set fingerprint sensors to any application or modify the password to fingerprint. Thus fingerprints can be used for bank transactions, Google play store, Apps. Before, the fingerprint was used to lock and unlock phones and very little application. 3. Google Now on Tap Search anything from the home button: One of the most innovative features of Marshmallow which allows the user to get data from the website without leaving the screen. Be it restaurant address, general knowledge, or your homework, just touch and hold the home button, it directs you to the required site for answers. 4. Battery Backup Doze: If the mobile is not used for a while, Marshmallow will help to doze the phone and in turn reduces the battery consumption. App standby: Restricts the Apps in the background and turns to standby mode if not used for a long time, thus increasing the battery backup. 5. MicroSD Card Full Support Allows the user to use SD card as a hard disk. Users can install the apps inside the SD card only. 6. Productivity Improved user regarding text and typesetting. Duplex printing support. Undo-redo, smart text selection, text actions closer to fingers. Better translation features. 7. Connectivity Power-efficient BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy). Hotspot-2. Bluetooth: Take calls in carphone. Wi-Fi with 5GHz frequency bands. 8. USB Type-C/3.1 Support Allows for faster data transfer and at the same time charges the phone. The phone charge speed is also high. Other Good Random Features New languages added: Azerbaijani, Gujarati, Kazakh, Albanian, Urdu, and Uzbek. Compatible for USB MIDI devices. Improved multitasking. Apps will automatically jump into the application rather than opening in the website. Simplified volume controls for Alarm, Music, and Phone. Easy toggling of Do Not Disturb feature from quick settings. If a person calls repeatedly for 2 or more times within 15 minutes, the user can enable the option to ring and keep enable the Do Not Disturb feature. Automatic enabling of Do Not Disturb feature for custom time blocks or events on user’s calendar.  Good and optimized google launcher app with the search button, fast alphabetic scrolling, app suggestions, etc. Conclusion There were quite improvements in Marshmallow but it seems that more importance was given to security and privacy than looks, thus by visual more or less it feels like a Lollipop version. The features of Now on tap, fingerprint, and battery life were some major changes. However, some of the features will take major RAM, and phones with less RAM may lag in some cases. The new features are more matured in the higher versions and look like will improve with time. In short, not many improvements were seen in Marshmallow from Lollipop other than 2-3 features. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Android Marshmallow Features. Here we discuss the introduction to android marshmallow and the various features along with the explanation in detail. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Android User Interface Android Architecture Android Operating System What is Android?

read more

Android Security Applications

Introduction To Android Security Applications The following article provides an outline for Android Security Applications. Android phone usage has been increasing over the years and so is the usage of the internet. With that security issues with the users have also increased. With every click of websites or applications, there might be some malware, virus which might hamper or get the personal information of the user to the hackers. Thus android security is one of the important concerns that need to be addressed properly by android users. Android Security Threats Android is been designed as a permission-based system that manages and controls third-party apps. The third-party apps may cause threats to users in some cases as they may ask permission for access to personal data. Some of the threats which are bound to occur are: Information Leakage: As soon as an application is installed, some permissions need to be provided to the application for its working on smartphones. Due to this some of the personal information will be leaked to them.  Privilege Escalation: It is utilized by taking advantage of Android Kernel vulnerabilities to attain major access to resources that are usually protected by apps. Such activities can be a source of many sensitive information leaks.  Repacking Apps: It is done by reverse engineering applications and disassemble the apk file and insert malicious code. After insertion, the app will be repacked and given to users which is difficult to differentiate between original and fake.  Colluding: This is usually occurring from the user side. Users activate applications having similar certificates and grant many permissions. The applications then have access to all other applications because of shared UID. Solutions For The Threats Android security systems are of 2 types. Static: They are fast but need to check the outcomes sensibly.  Dynamic: They are time-consuming but useful to get complete protection from threats. Some of the android solutions are: 1. Crowdroid: It uses a behavior-based malware detection system. It uses 2 mechanisms i.e., a crowdsourcing application that is deployed on user devices and malware detection which is in a remote server. 2. AndroSimilar: It uses a similarity digest hashing mechanism that detects the complicated code malware. This can be used in countering repacked apps. 3. Firedroid: It is a policy-based android solution. It monitors and tracks the policies and helps to accept or reject them. At runtime, it identifies whether the app is legitimate or not and thus avoids the potential threats by interrupting the system. 4. Droidscope: It is a VMI (virtual machine introspection) used for a dynamic analysis framework. 5. RiskRanker: It is used to recognize malicious apps. It accesses the security risks caused by unauthorized applications. Android Security Applications Some of the good security applications for android are below: Bitwarden password manager: It’s mainly used for storing passwords. This app encrypts the password and keeps it safe from hackers accessing it. It also helps in creating a strong password and sync it in devices. Bouncer: It is used for managing the permissions. The permissions can be set temporarily and thus avoid the 3rd party apps to track users continuously. Find my device: It is developed by Google. It helps to track the location of the user’s mobile phone if it is lost or theft. With the user’s Google account, can track the phone and know where exactly it is. It also helps to erase the data and thus avoid unauthorized people from accessing the data. ResilioSync: It helps to create the user’s own cloud storage. Information can be stored in the cloud and can restore as and when required. It works the same as dropbox or Google drive. Android Security Tips Given below are the android security tips: Note down the IMEI number as it comes in handy if it’s stolen. Keep SIM lock feature to avoid unauthorized usage. When discarding the mobile phone, make sure to erase every single piece of information. Have a strong password for the phone and sensitive information like a bank account, media, etc. Make sure to view the permissions which are given to the app. The common permission which users usually will have to provide are media, location, contacts, and camera. Avoid rooting of the phone as it gives much access for the hackers to get information and also may cause the phone to damage. Avoid as many 3rd party apps as possible. Before giving contact details make sure whether the app has 2 step authentications for better security. Back up the phone regularly. Avoid unauthorized Wi-fi networks. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Android Security Applications. Here we discuss the threats in android security, solutions for the threats, security applications along with security tips. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Android Developers for Beginners Android Marshmallow Features Android Architecture Rooting Android Devices

read more

Pointers in Python

Introduction To Pointers in Python The following article provides an outline for Pointers in Python. We already know Python’s basic definition, it is an object-oriented, high-level and interpreted programming language. This means the programmers who use Python programming language as the base language for their projects, big or small, can write very clear, logical and standard coding because of its programming structure and its object-oriented approaches. It was first developed by Guido Van Rossum and the first version was released in 1991. Python is freely available in the market as it is open-sourced thus making its usage applications extensive. Just like Ruby and Pearl, Python is also considered to be a scripting language to develop several different types of web and software applications. It is mainly used to develop software applications, web applications, algorithm-based software applications of sorts and several other types. Python’s multi-faceted interface enables it to handle database systems which involves maintaining big data’s, reading and modifying them also. Python has an interpreter system that helps programmers to write and execute codes in python a lot faster than others thus helping them further to quickly develop software prototypes compared to using other programming languages. Python is a multi-platform compatible programming language, thus we can run it on Windows, Mac and UNIX systems also. Key Takeaways Python is a very dynamic programming language in its overall architecture and building as it supports several features and systems which has been a tremendous help to the software developers to create much faster and better software or web applications. We all know python has several different types of features like variables, objects and pointers in it which has their own set of tasks for the overall functioning of Python. So the takeaway is that the features of python makes it unique and dynamic in nature making python’s application in numerous and also highly demanded in the current technological ecosystem. What Is Python? Python in simple words is a programming language just like any other programming languages like Java, C, Ruby and Perl and most importantly it is a highly and commonly used programming language platform nowadays. As per the current market trends, demand for the Python programming language is very high because of its features and attributes such as it being object-oriented in nature and also it being a high-level and interpreted programming language. Python also pertains to dynamic typing and dynamic binding capabilities. This dynamic nature of python also supports multi-paradigm programming interfaces including structured and functional programming. Python also has a strong and extensive standard library making it a very interesting and convenient programming-based software development, web development tool for the commercial market system. What Is A Pointer? Pointers are basically a virtual location in a programming language that is used for storing memory addresses. It is in fact a variable that acts as a storage space for the various types of variable and memory item addresses.  Pointers can be found in all the different types of programming languages like C, Java and like Python here. What Are Pointers, Variables And Objects In Python? Given below are the pointers, variables and objects in Python: 1. Pointers in Python The real question arises is does Python actually have pointers or support it? The real truth is, it is debatable and doesn’t give us a clearer picture. Also, the features and the characteristics of pointers like in C and C programming matches perfectly, the usage of pointers is explicit and vital to the development of C and C programming, that is pointers actually help increase the efficiency of C and C coding but Python is already efficient and dynamic in nature thus the relationship between Python and Pointers is implicit in nature. Pointers may exist natively or by default at the time of the creation of Python language but it has no significance at all. Pointers tend to have a complexity in their usage but Python is a more dynamic type coding language that was developed for fluency and speed. So we can see that Python doesn’t really support the usage of pointers in its programming structure. 2. Variables in Python Variables are actually memory locations where data values are stored. What type of data values are stored in these memory locations, it is determined by the data types of those variables. The values can be of integer, character or decimal types, thus the variables can store different types of data values in python to be used for specific purposes whenever required accordingly. 3. Objects in Python In python, almost all things are an object type like variables, classes and also functions. These object types contain three parameters of data which are reference count, type and value, each performing separate tasks like memory management, type safety at the time of execution and finally giving the actual value related to the object sequentially.  Recommended Articles This is a guide to Pointers in Python. Here we discuss the pointers in python and also discuss its definition, variables, pointers, objects and its description. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Python Variables Python Programming Tips Arithmetic Operators in Python Python Commands

read more

Is Python a Scripting Language?

Introduction To Is Python a Scripting Language Python is scripted and Python is a high-level, simple, interpreted scripting language that is helpful to make several tasks in several applications such as dynamic typing, dynamic binding and data structures, etc. Python is used in complex application development which is useful to connect components. Guido van Rossum creates python in 1991. Python is an open-source language that is freely available and it has various libraries to make the tasks easier. Python is also called a universal language because python was found in an almost wide range of applications and it also supports various platforms like Mac, Windows, etc. Python is easily understood even it is easy for beginners as well. Key Takeaways Python is a scripted, high-level, interpreted, general-purpose programming language. Programming language cannot be run without compilation and it takes more time to develop. Scripting language doesn’t need compilation for a run, and it’s faster to write the code. For beginners, Python is a good choice to learn, and it also useful for career growth. Types Of Scripting Language Writing the scripts is known as Scripting language which has a set of commands interpreted one by one at runtime but in programming language compiling is made firstly before running. In a web world scripting language is most useful in web development that is used to produce many web applications. There are two types of scripting language a server-based scripting language and a client-side scripting language. Server-Side Scripting Language: It is run on the server which is useful to reduce the workload of the browser that is the functionality of the browser decided by the server-side scripting language. The most popular server-side scripting languages are Ruby, Python, Perl, PHP, etc. Client-Side Scripting Language: It is run on the client-side that is your browser. The most popular client-side scripting languages are jQuery, CSS, JavaScript, etc. Why Python Is So Popular? Python is the most popular scripting language compared to others because it has various positive qualities in it. Here we see why python is so popular: Python is simple and easy to learn which is very useful for beginners, they can easily write code using python. Python is an open-source programming language, it is freely available which is used to reduce cost. Python has a variety of libraries in it, which is used to execute the codes very easily. Python is very fast enough that is python 3 to 5 times faster than other languages. Python was used by many popular organizations like Google, Youtube, Pinterest, etc. Key Difference Between Scripting And Programming All scripting languages are programming language, but all Programming languages is not a scripting language. The scripting language can run without compilation, but the programming language can run only after compilation. Here we list out the difference between scripting and programming language as follows: The programming language is generally formal, it has a set of instructions that feed into the computer to produce a specific output. Scripting language supports scripts, which programs written for a particular runtime environment to automate the execution of the particular task. Programming languages are not interpreted with other languages, but scripting languages are written in one language and interpret with another program. Programming languages are designed to make full-fledged code, but scripting language is designed to make coding faster in a simpler way. The programming language has five categories like 1st, 2nd, 3.rd, 4th, and 5th generation, whereas scripting language has only two categories, like server-side and client-side. Programming languages are self-executable not need a host, whereas scripting languages need a host. Consider the speed, programming languages are faster than scripting languages. Development of a particular task would be easy in a scripting language, not a programming language. Is Python A Scripting Language? Python is a scripting language and it also belongs to a high-level general-purpose programming language. It also supports the object-orient programming approach. The python files are having different types of extensions like .pyw, .pyc, .py, .pyz. Python was influenced by various languages like Go, Ruby, Swift, CoffeeScript, etc and it also a multi-paradigm programming language. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Is Python a Scripting Language? Here we discuss the introduction to python scripting language, its types and also discuss key difference between scripting and programming. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Python Variables Python Programming Tips Arithmetic Operators in Python Python Commands

read more

What is Python Programming?

Introduction To Python Programming Python is a high-level, interpreted object-oriented programming language with built-in data structures, joint with active typing and active binding which is helpful for Rapid Application Development and also used as a scripting language to combine accessible workings. Python is a simple language that is helpful to learn easily and reduces the cost as well. It supports various modules and packages and it has an extensive library that is available freely as a binary form and freely distributed. Many programmers love to work in Python because its productivity is high and is not having a compilation step and also the edit-test debug cycle is very fast. Key Takeaways Python is a high-level, interpreted, simple, open-source, and scripting language. Python programming is used in many organizations, for example, python is the main primary language in google. Python class is a blueprint for an object. For beginners, Python is the best choice to learn. What Is Python Programming? Python program is generally known as a scripting language that is used for the development of a prototype, website coding, write code for the applications, image processing, analyzing the scientific data, etc. Python is a high-level Open-Source Programming language used for general purposes and it was used widely compared to other languages like JavaScript, Ruby, etc. Python support all operating system such as Windows, Mac, and Linux. Python is worked three to five times fastly compared to other languages, which means its codes become faster than other languages such as C and Java. Python Program can be found in many social networks like Google search, Pinterest, etc and it also a base program for many websites. What Is Python Class? A class is a Prototype or user-defined data from which objects are created. Classes give a means of bundle data and functions. Creating a new class from the new type of object and allows the new instances and it can have attributes attached to them to maintain the state of the new type of object. Class instances also have the methods to modify their state. Simply say, A class is a blueprint for a particular object. Some key points of the class are listed as follows: Keyword class has created the class. The variable belongs to the class known as attributes. Attributes are forever public and they can be accessed using the dot operator (.) Ex: Myclass.Myatrribute. Advantages & Disadvantages Of Python Given below are the advantages and disadvantages of Python: Advantages: Easy to learn: Python Program is easy to learn because it's having English syntax which helps read and understand the code. Productivity: Python is giving productivity that is useful to programmers to write the code without spending more time. Interpreted language: Python is an interpreted language it means it executes the code line by line till any error occurred which is useful to make debugging easier. Open-source: Python is freely available. Library support: Python is having huge versatile libraries, here you can find all the functions that you need. Disadvantages: Slow in Speed: Python is an interpreted language so that it executes the code line by line which leads to slow in the process. Memory: Python needs a large amount of memory compared to other languages. It can be difficult in building applications. Mobile computing: Python is weak in mobile computing because it’s generally used server-side programming. DataBase: Python is lacking in interacting with the databases. Recommended Articles This is a guide to What is Python Programming? Here we discuss the introduction to python programming, what is python class along with the advantages & disadvantages. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Python Variables Is Python Open Source? Python Keywords Python Commands

read more

Is Python Object Oriented?

Introduction To Python Object Oriented The following article provides an outline for Is Python Object Oriented? In the modern world, Python is one of the most popular languages compared to other languages. Python is a high-level, interpreted general-purpose coding language, and it’s become more popular among developers because of its simple syntax and easy-to-learn methodology, and it saves time in developing applications. Python is mostly used in web technology, for creating web applications. Python has a wide variety of libraries which makes the tasks easier. The topmost organizations are used python used as their primary language for coding and another purpose. Key Takeaways Python is an associated object-oriented, high-level, coding language. In Python, the class is categorized as the blueprint. Polymorphism, Inheritance, and Encapsulation are the most important significant options of Object-Oriented Programming. Is Python Object Oriented? Python is an object-oriented programming language, and object-oriented is a type of computer programming that uses a particular object to represent a specific method. This method has a unique approach in that it can create a reusable code as a substitute for an outmoded one. Every object is unique, each object represents a particular part of applications, and it’s having own data to communicate itself. Object-oriented programming is having two specific characteristics called attributes, and behavior. For example. If we take a bird as an object, then its color, age, the name is referred to as attributes, and its singing, and dancing are referred to as behavior. OOP Features OOP is a short form of Object Oriented Programming language, it has unique features that are given below: Encapsulation: Encapsulation is prevented data from modification directly, which restricts access and also ensures modularity in good code that keeps routines separate, which is helpful to conflict with one another. Inheritance: Inheritance is used to create a new class with the help of the existing class, generally, a new class is called a child class, and an existing class is called a parent class. Polymorphism: Polymorphism is a method used to create a common interface for multiple terms, for example, if we want to give the same color for different shapes, polymorphism can be used. Examples of implementing Python Given below are the different examples of python: Example #1: Creating Classes In Python, a Class is generally defined as an object blueprint. The python class is created by keywords, and it's followed by the class name. The syntax of class in python. Syntax: class ClassName: 'Optional class documentation string' class_suite In python, the class is combined with a documentation string which is used to access by using the class name. The class_suite contains fields, constructors, functions, etc. An example of creating the class in Python is given below: Code: class Employee: empCount = 0 def __init__(self, name, salary): self.name = name self.salary = salary Employee.empCount =1 p1 = Employee("John", 36000) print(p1.name) print(p1.salary) print(Employee.empCount) Output: Example #2: Creating Objects Creating objects in python is helpful to access the various attributes which are used to generate new object instances of the particular class. The procedure of making the object in python is the same as a function call. Following is the example of creating the object in python. Code: class Employee: def __init__(self, name, salary): self.name = name self.salary = salary def myempfunc(self): print("Welcome " self.name) p1 = Employee("John", 36000) p1.myempfunc() Output: Example #3: Python Object Oriented Python is an object-oriented programming language, using python, we can create classes and objects, and we can also access and modify variables, and even we can also delete the properties of a particular object. In the above, we can see create the class and object here, we can see how we can access and modify the variable inside the class. Code: class Dog: breed = "Alaskan Malamute" age = 10 d=Dog() print(d.breed) print("------------") d.breed="Labrador" print(d.breed) Output: Recommended Articles This is a guide to Is Python Object Oriented? Here we discuss the introduction to python object-oriented, OOP features along with the examples and code implementation. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Python Variables Python Keywords Python Commands Careers in Python

read more

Python Programming

Introduction To Python Programming The following article provides an outline for Python Programming. Everyone is not an Engineer but you don’t have to be an engineer to code. We know coding can make a lot of things easier for us. Coding helps in automating the stuff that we do repeatedly. Unlike C, C , and other languages you don’t have to remember syntaxes, it’s like giving normal instructions like you are explaining it in English. Yes, there are some advanced techniques but that also, you will get used to as you practice. There are a lot of non-engineer applications of python where you can make use of it. For example, you have a lot of files in your directory and it is hard to organize them or you want to modify the name of all so that it suits the purpose. Knowing python can help you best in this case and will save you from a lot of hassle. You can apply the python coding to do different tasks such as automating scripts, password protecting the files, downloading the YouTube videos or mp3 files or images, with no fear of viruses. Key Takeaways Python is easy to learn and anyone can learn it in some time. Python can be used by non-engineers to do stuff like: automating scripts, Password protecting the files, downloading the YouTube videos or mp3 files or images. Python is very popular because it is very flexible and adaptable. It doesn’t restrict developers at least from developing any kind of application. Less line of code is required to accomplish the task with python scripting compared to other languages. What Is Python? Python is a high-level, object-oriented, and interpreted programming language. Python supports dynamic semantics as well. It combines dynamic binding and dynamic typing, which makes it very lucrative for the developers for rapid development and scripting. Python has founded by Guido Van Rossum in 1991 (It recently completed 30 years). What Is Scripting Language? It is a programming language only with a runtime environment that takes care of automating the execution of tasks. Scripting languages are interpreted languages rather than compiled. Python is interpreted, general-purpose and high-level language, python is used as a scripting language as well. Why Python Programming Is So Popular? Python has some awesome features which make it very popular: Python is easy to use and learn for new beginners. Python has various libraries which can save a lot of time and energy compared to other languages. Python has got a supportive and mature community, as it is developed 30 years ago. It is quite mature now. Python has got renowned corporate sponsors for Python. Google has also adopted the Python language. Python is versatile, widely used in Machine Learning and cloud computing. Difference Between Scripting And Programming All scripting languages can be assumed as programming languages. The only main difference to point out here is the programming language first is compiled and then put to run. A scripting language needs not to be compiled before running. It is general fact that compiled programs are faster in execution than interpreted code. The purpose of most scripting languages is to automate the tasks. Just write a script and it will sequentially complete the tasks. You can write a script to extract useful information from a document. On the other hand, programming is extensive and is used for writing logics and build mathematical models. Is Python A Scripting Language? Yes, Python can be used as a scripting language that also supports object-oriented programming. Some features of scripting languages. Scripting languages can automate tasks easily. You can directly use the command prompt to run the code with no need for IDE. It is easy to learn use and implement. Conclusion - Python Programming Thus we saw python programming in detail. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Python Programming. Here we discuss the introduction to python programming, its definition and also discuss key difference between scripting and programming. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Python Variables Python Programming Tips Arithmetic Operators in Python Python Commands

read more

Python Data Types

Introduction To Python Data Types In python, every value is considered as an object but all have their data types as well, which will fall in one of the below categories: Strings: Set of characters for e.g., ‘I love Python’. Numbers: It could be int, float, or a complex number. Lists: Compound data types, can be thought of as arrays in C. Tuples: More or less like arrays but are immutable. Boolean: True or False. Set: This data type represents a set of unique values. Dictionary: It is like a hash table that has a key and its value/ values. Key Takeaways Python is a high-level, object-oriented, and interpreted programming language. Though python considers each value as an object but different kinds of data types available in Python such as Numbers, Strings, Boolean, lists, tuples, sets, and dictionary. Discussed basics of practical programming, and how variable assignment plays an important role in writing code. We wrote code for interest calculation using simple interest rate formulae. We also wrote some code using the python function. What Is Python? Python is a high-level, object-oriented, and interpreted programming language. Python supports dynamic semantics as well. It combines dynamic binding and dynamic typing, which makes it very lucrative for the developers for rapid development and scripting. Python has founded by Guido Van Rossum in 1991 (It recently completed 30 years). Practical Python Programming In practical scenarios we do not use these data types directly we assign it to a variable and then use it in programming. Practical programming is dynamic in nature and all these data types are used in programming, assigning variables to make code reusable and easily modifiable. In practical cases, we deal with data and apply different logic to accomplish a specific task. In some cases, we need input from the user so we can limit the user to what type of input we want. What Are Python Programs? Programs written in python language are python programs. Variable assignment plays an important role in programming. Examples To Implement Python Data Types Given below are the examples mentioned: Example #1 We know simple interest formulae Interest = Principle * interest rate * time let’s implement a program for it. Let’s say you took INR 50000 on loan at a simple interest of 7.5 % annually for 1 year, How much you would have to pay back at the end of the year. Code: P = int(input()) ## Assigning a variable to take Principal amount as input in int IR = float(input()) ## Assigning variable to take interest rate as input in float T = int(input()) ## Assigning time variable to take number of years as input Total_interest = P * IR * T / 100 print(“Simple Interest:”, Total_interest) The above example is a simple python program to calculate interest. Output: Example #2 The beginner shall start writing code with functions the above-written code can be implemented as a function which then can be used anywhere. Let’s see how to build a function with the above code. Code: def calculate_simple_interest(P,IR,T): print("Principal amount is :", P) print("Interest rate is :", IR) print("Time in years is :", T) Total_interest = P * IR * T / 100 print("Total Interest is : ", Total_interest) return Total_interest P = 50000 IR = 7.5 T = 1 calculate_simple_interest(P,IR,T) Output: Conclusion - Python Data Types Thus we saw Python Data Types in detail. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Python Data Types. Here we discuss the introduction to python data types, its definition along with its examples and code implementation. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Is Python Object Oriented? Pointers in Python Python Programming Tips Arithmetic Operators in Python

read more

Python IDE for Windows

Introduction To Python IDE for Windows The following article provides an outline for Python IDE for Windows. Python is an object-oriented, interpreted, interactive programming language. It is a general-purpose programming language that supports data structure, dynamic typing, dynamic binding, and many more. Key Takeaways There are many IDEs for python. Most of them support many languages. Hence, they are heavier for the system. Some features to review the Python IDEs: Configurable key binding Code completion and code analysis GUI builder Call tips Keyboard macros Evaluate arbitrary expressions Features Of Python Below are the different features of python: Python is similar to the English language hence it is easy to read and learn. Python supports cross-platform. It can run on various platforms. Python provides a large library. It is an open-source programming language. It is a garbage collector as it supports automatic memory management. It is widely used for web development, game development, data analysis, machine learning, and desktop applications. Python IDE Integrated development environment (IDE) designed for software developments. IDE includes various tools to support development using python. It provides an editor to handle code, debugging tools, and execution tools. Download Best Python IDE For Windows: Most of the IDE’s support both free to the community and paid for professionals to use. Different features of different IDEs: IDLE: When you start developing and installs pythons then IDLE comes default with python installation. It provides a python shell window, auto-completion, syntax highlighting, and an integrated debugger.it is lightweight and simple to use. PyCharm: It is one of the powerful IDE for Python. It is useful for the community as well as professionals. It is available for both free and paid editions. PyCharm editor is much faster and easy to use on windows. You can write code directly, just open an editor and start writing code. PyCharm provides all the essential features that are required for development. It supports code completion, code refactoring, code inspection, and debugging. PyCharm is a most favorite IDE of python developers. Spyder: It is an open-source IDE useful for data science workflow. Spyder is widely used for scientific development. It is a common IDE with a robust syntax highlighter. Spyder includes the Anaconda package manager distribution. Visual Studio Code: It is an open-source IDE for Python development created by the Microsoft Corporation. Visual Studio is a lightweight package. It comes with various features such as code completion, debugging, and unit testing. Jupyter: It is a Data science IDE. It is an open-source IDE. Jupyter is best for Numerical simulation, data cleaning, machine learning, statistical modeling, and data visualization. It comes with an integrated data science library. Jupyter supports many programming languages. Thonny: Thonny is an open-source IDE for learning and teaching programming. It is developed by the University of Tartu. It allows the developer to view their code. It provides a simple debugger. Thonny is the best IDE for python as it provides the feature for evaluating an expression. Wing Python IDE: The Wing is one of the best IDE developed for python. It provides more code and fewer worries about the code. Wings deep python code analysis helps to avoid common errors. It inspects python code to check bugs and code quality. With refactoring wing helps to clean code. PyDev: It is an IDE for python that enables eclipse to be used. It supports Iron Python and Jython. It provides an advanced technique for code completion, code analysis, refactoring, tokens browser, integration, and debugger. ATOM: ATOM is a free text editor that supports macOS, Linux, and Windows. It supports code indentation and code highlighting. It provides many third-party plugins for catching errors. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Python IDE for Windows. Here we discuss a brief overview on python IDE for windows, its features, along with different features of different IDEs in detail. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more– Python Programming Is Python a Scripting Language? Pointers in Python Arithmetic Operators in Python

read more

Python Frameworks

Introduction To Python Frameworks The following article provides an outline for Python Frameworks. Python is a much popular and powerful programming language. It is a high-level, open-source, interpreted, and object-oriented scripting language. It is developed as highly readable. Its code is almost similar to the English language. Hence it is called a beginner’s language. Key Takeaways Django is a high-level web framework that is useful for rapid development. Allows users to develop web applications quickly. Provides fast development. With less coding. Providers don’t repeat yourself (DRY) principle. Strictly maintain clean pragmatic design. History Of Python Python was developed in 1990 by Guido van Rossum. He was Dutch programmer and started developing Python in 1985. Python source code is available under GPL (General Public Licence). Python 2.0 was released in 2000 and the Python 3.0 was released in 2008. Python is generated from the C, C , ABC, UNIX shell, and other famous scripting languages. Important Points Regarding Python Frameworks Given below are some important points regarding Python Frameworks: Python framework is a structure or set of packages and modules. It makes developer’s life easier by automating the general implementation of code. It is possible to develop web applications so quickly using the framework. The framework is similar to the library but using a framework is easier than the library because to needs to learn all functionality while using the library but in the case of the framework, there is no need to learn all functionality as it provides in-built functionality. There are three types of the framework in Python and each framework contains a set of advantages. Types Of Python Framework Given below are the types of Python Framework: 1. Full-Stack Framework The full-stack framework is a set of all development needs. The full-stack framework provides the best and easier environment for web development. It is useful for developing, optimizing, and maintaining websites. 2. Microframework Microframework is a framework with limited functionality. It is a lightweight and minimalistic web application framework. It doesn’t provide many functionalities such as database abstraction, authentication, input validation, input sanitation, and web template engine. 3. Asynchronous Framework It is the latest framework and became popular. Using asynchronous framework developers can manage and handle a large set of concurrent connections. 4. Python Web Framework It is a collection of packages to help developers to write web applications. It provides functionality to interpret requests, produce responses, and sort data. Framework Type Details Django Full-stack To develop apps in less time and with less code. It uses the DRY (don’t repeat yourself) principle. TurboGears Full-stack To develop database-handling and ready-to-extend applications. Web2py Full-stack It provides IDE with it you can develop, debug, deploy, test the database. CherryPy Microframework It is an oldest and minimalistic framework. It is developed for extensibility and provides hooks and extensions. Sanic Asynchronous It offers fast HTTP responses through asynchronous response handling. 5. Python GUI Frameworks Python provides diverse options for GUI: Framework Details Kivy It is a library for innovative and fast development of applications. PYQT It is a set of v2 and v3 bindings for the QT application. QT includes Unicode, SQL database, SVG, OpenGL, threads, and XML. PySimpleGUI It supports the python3 version. It is simple to create a custom GUI. Pyforms Framework for developing GUI. It provides a python layer of desktop forms. This framework allows application on the desktop. TKinter It is a standard GUI package. It is available on UNIX and Windows. 6. Python Testing Framework Python is becoming famous among the tester: Framework Details Robot It is useful for acceptance testing and robotic process automation. Pytest It is for unit testing, functional testing, and API testing. TestProject You can use test automation for mobile app and web apps. PyUnit It is the default testing framework that comes with the python package. Conclusion Python is taking momentum because of its framework. It provides in-built code for developers to ease their work. Using framework users can develop applications as fast as possible. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Python Frameworks. Here we discuss a brief overview on python frameworks, history of the python, along with different types in detail. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more– Python Programming Is Python a Scripting Language? Pointers in Python Arithmetic Operators in Python

read more

Advantages of Python

Advantages of Python Programming The following article provides an outline of the Advantages of Python. Today most of the work is done remotely. For example, grocery orders, bill payments, booking movie tickets, train tickets, money transfers, and so many things. How is it possible? Yes, it is possible by programming language. There are so many programming languages like C, Java, etc. Here we see the most popular language named, Python. Because Python works on various platforms like Windows, Mac, Linux, etc. Python is a high-level programming language invented by Guido van Rossum, in 1991. Python is a very simple language compared to other languages. Table of contentsAdvantages of Python Programming Benefits & Advantages Of Python Programming LanguageConclusionRecommended Articles Benefits & Advantages Of Python Programming Language Given below shows the programming language in detail to get a clear understanding of the functions and their uses. 1. What is Python? A general-purpose, object-oriented, interpreted, high-level coding language with dynamic semantics is called Python. Python data structures are built at a high level for rapid application development. Python is an easy language, easy to learn syntax that emphasizes readability. So that the cost of program maintenance also very less compare to other languages. Many software programmers like to work with python, because: Python program is easy. No complication step. The edit test debug cycle is extraordinarily fast. (Simple approach, very effective). 2. Where is Python Used? Python is a very simple and effective language, that is used in many places. Python is used as a scripting language, for Web applications, and is also used in the development of interactive games. Python is used in software applications and also used in Data Science and Data visualization. Python is used in scientific and mathematical computing and AI projects. Python is used in software products like 3D modelers and animation packages. Python is also used in Business Applications such as e-commerce, ERP many more. 3. Various Benefits of Python Computer languages are used for different purposes. But some languages are worldwide and have a large range of applicability. Python is one such language that is implicit and chosen in many places of the world for development. Many Businesses are preferred python as their programming language. Given below are the various advantages of Python: Python is an open-source language and is still free, and doesn’t require any subscription. Any desktop and laptop are well-suited to Python. Tools and essential IDEs (Integrated Development Environments) are also free. Reduced costs are beneficial to businesses. Python has a very simple syntax and requires only 3 lines in Python. Python having a smaller code, requires less space and less time and thus helps in cost reduction and gives more profits. Python is suitable for all kinds of businesses like small, medium, and startups, and it has the ability to develop applications and software quickly. When compared to object-oriented programs like Java, C, and Python, the codes are simple and shorter, thus easy to rework and optimize. 4. Which Organizations use Python? Python program is used in many organizations to analyze data, build web applications, automate operations, and create reliable enterprise applications. Many Financial institutions are widely used python for data analysis and web application development. For example, Goldman Sachs, and PayPal. Large technology companies use python either as a primary language or that helps the other languages fit together. For Example, Uber, Twilio, Netflix, Google, Facebook, Instagram, Reddit, etc. Government Agencies is used Python in widespread. For example, The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), NASA, The United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), etc. Python is also used in various industries. For example, business industry, For Astronomers, Humanities, Social scientists, etc. Conclusion This article gives an overview of the python programming language, including its advantages, and where python is used. For a beginner in programming, Python is the best option to learn basics, that is easily understood, and yet its capabilities are vast. Recommended Articles This is a guide to the Advantages of python. Here we discuss the introduction and benefits & advantages of the python programming language. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more– Python Frameworks Python IDE for Windows Is Python Object Oriented? Arithmetic Operators in Python

read more

Careers in Python

Introduction to Careers in Python The following article provides an outline for Careers in Python. If you are a computer science student or a working professional, then Python will not be a new word for you. Python is a general-purpose, high-level language that offers various benefits to its user. Features like easy to read, code, and learn, free and open-source, and portability makes the language a favorite among business users. It has become one of the most popular programming languages, especially for applications requiring rapid execution. Table of contentsIntroduction to Careers in PythonGuidance To Careers in PythonConclusionRecommended Articles Guidance To Careers in Python Given below is the guidance for careers in Python: 1. Why is Python a Good Career Option? There are many programming languages that already exist, and new languages are being introduced after a period of time. One may think that is why we should go for Python, then. Is Python considered a good career option? Easy to code: For a new bee, easy coding can be a great relief. The easily scripted language decreases the development time significantly. Free and open source: The language comes as open-source, so the scalability aspect is well-handled. Object-oriented language: Python is a pure object-oriented language, so it offers all the features of an OOP language, like inheritance, class-object structure, polymorphism, and many others. Because of the features that are mentioned above and others, Python becomes a strong competitor for other programming languages. Many companies prefer Python for their GUI-based applications, web frameworks, and application prototyping. If you are a beginner in a programming career, you can prefer Python, which offers various benefits and has wide acceptance. With a Python career, you can design a great programming career, and that too with a good package. Latest jobs and salary trends for python: As everyone is talking about AI, Big Data, are you also excited to join the parade? If yes, and you know Python, then these advanced technologies can be a piece of cake for you. The latest job market has seen a continuously rising demand for professionals in these sectors and forecasted that the rise will be the same in the coming years. According to HR professionals, there is a scarcity of good Python resumes. The leading job portals like Naukri, the monster has around 20,000 to 50,000 job postings for Python professionals. If you see the average salary drawn by a Python professional in India, it goes up to 6-7 LPA. Below is the image that will illustrate the salary and job openings in 2019. Exploring various career opportunities in python: If you are thinking of choosing Python as your career option, then you can have a wide span of job profiles. Python is an in-demand language from a job point of view. If we analyse the job market, the ratio of Python and Java developers is 50:10. Some of the major profiles with Python resumes: Sr. No Job ProfileResponsibilities1Software Engineer/Developer Analyse the requirements. Develop and test the code. Edit the existing coding according to the requirement. Client consultation and convey the highlights to the staff. 2Senior Software Engineer Design software architecture. Review and debug the code written by other software developers. Consult with the testing team in validation and verification testing. Manage the version controlling and design patterns. 3DevOps Developer Deployment of updates and fixes. Handle the technical issues. Maintenance and troubleshooting process design. Automate the visualization by script. L2 support. 4Data Scientist Data source identification and collection automation. Designing predictive models and machine learning algorithms. Data pre-processing and analysis to find out the trends. Suggest solutions to various business challenges. 2. Why is Python so Much in Demand? Python has seen continuous demand, although it is one of the oldest languages. Its collaboration with advanced technologies like Big Data, networking, and AI has made it an apt option for many organizations. a. Big Data: As data has got enormous importance, the requirement of applications that processes this huge amount of data has increased. Python has been a great contributing factor in Big data growth. Python provides various libraries like: Pandas IPython PySpark NumPy SciPy b. Networking: It is an easy task with Python to configure routers and switches. Networking automation has been an easy task with Python libraries. Netmiko NAPALM Pyeapi PySNM Ansible c. Artificial Intelligence (AI): The most taking over technology supported by Python. For AI applications, Python is the ultimate choice. Python is in-built with various libraries, frameworks, and tools that make it the most suitable language for AI applications. ML: PyML, scikit-learn, MDP Toolkit, MIPy, PyBrain General AI: EasyAI, SimpleAI, AIMA Neural Networking: ffnet, neurolab, PyAnn Conclusion The following article concludes Careers in Python. Python is an interpreted language that forms a solid base for AI, ML, and Big Data applications. It opens many doors to a career in the programming world. Be a Python expert and get ready to enter the future of the computer era. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Careers in Python. Here we discuss the introduction and guidance to careers in python for better understanding. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more - What is Python? Uses of Python Python Keywords Advantages of Python

read more

Applications of HTML

Introduction to HTML The following article provides an outline for Applications of HTML. HTML or Hyper Text Mark-up Language is a standard markup language that is widely used in document design across web browsers. It designs the structure of the web page. Many elements collectively make an HTML page. These elements specify how the content is displayed on a browser page. Many times, HTML is used in collaboration with CSS and JavaScript to give a furnished look to the page. The elements of HTML can describe any content, like an image, table structure, list, and others that are necessary to present the data. Table of contentsIntroduction to HTMLGuidance for Applications Of HTMLConclusionRecommended Articles Guidance for Applications Of HTML Given below is the guidance for applications of HTML: #1. What is an HTML Application? HTML is used for proper formatting of the content for your browser. Without HTML, the browser cannot understand how to present the images or other key elements. The HTML application typically consists of HTML, dynamic HTML tags, and when interpreted by the browser, delivers a graphical interface that describes the content. Every page we see on the internet is a version of the HTML page. A typical HTML page consists of many key elements. These key elements outline how a page should look when viewed on a browser. An HTML application possesses the following features: Easy to learn and use Easy to code Platform independency Easy to embed various elements like images, links, videos Static functionality #2. Various Tools Available for HTML As a page is completely described in HTML tags, it may be difficult for beginners and students to maintain consistency throughout the page. So, to release this load, some tools available will help you embed an application in HTML. Notepad NetBeans CoffeeCup HTML editor Visual studio code Komodo edits #3. Uses of HTML HTML is a widely used markup language and serves versatile programming needs. When used with JavaScript and CSS, the heavily utilized languages become an incomparable match for web page design and web applications. The following are some striking uses of HTML: Creation of web document Development of web pages Internet navigation Responsive images on web pages Offline capabilities usage Storage at the client side Game development Data entry support Native APIs usage to enhance the website #4. Overview of Commonly Used HTML Tags The page may contain different tags that are meant for specific purposes. Any tag is written with the opening tag and has a closing tag with / enclosed in it. An overview of the major elements of an HTML page. HTML TagPurpose<html> … </html> It is the root tag of any HTML page. It is the starting of any page. All other tags are enclosed between these two tags. <head>…</head> The document head tag describes information about the web page. Other vital information such as title, link, meta, script comes under this tag. <title>…</title> It describes the title of the page. You can include the title of the page that is displayed in the title bar of the browser window, and also in the bookmarks. Each page title should be unique. <body>...</body> It occurs after the head element. The major information you want to display like text, image is displayed within the body element. There can be only one body element per page. <p>…</p> This is paragraph tag. Information when presented with proper paragraphs becomes easy to read. You can have multiple paragraph elements on a page. <a>…</a> Anchor link elements create a link to other content. This link can be internal or external. <img>…</img> This image element helps you to add an image to your webpage. This comes with an alt parameter that specifies alternate texts. All these elements along with other elements like div, h1, h2, span make a perfect GUI page. HTML5 is widely used by page designers as various advanced features are introduced in the latest version. Conclusion HTML can be considered the king of all markup languages and will continue to serve the purpose of web page design and development with its advanced features. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Applications of HTML. Here we discuss the introduction and guidance to applications of HTML respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – How does HTML work? Careers in HTML HTML Commands Introduction to HTML

read more

Uses of Python

Introduction To Uses of Python The following article provides an outline for the uses of Python. Technology had a maximum necessity in every aspect of the world. In a digital world, most modern facilities and services run on a bit of code. Modern technology has a list of coding languages, but in the Real-World one such coding language that had a major impact named Python. Guido Van Rossum created Python in 1991. In general, it’s a dynamic, interpreted, and high-level coding language that also has easy-to-learn and read syntax. Python is a coding language used for web applications, video games, Machine learning, Artificial Intelligence, Data Science, and many more. Why Is Python Best? Python was the most popular and preferable language in Real-world. Python program is easy to use syntax to develop applications by using standard libraries, and the interpreter executes python code line by line, which makes it easy to debug. Python runs on any type of platform like Mac OS X, Windows, and Linux. Python is OOP (Object Oriented Programming) language, this feature is used in real-world application programming. Python codes also combine with other Programming languages like C, C, Java, CORBA, etc. Python gives interfaces to all commercial databases. Python can be used in scripting language as well as compiled to byte code for building large applications. Applications Of Python Python was used in many Real-World applications, some real-world applications are listed below: Web Development: Web development is one of the ideal applications of Python that comes with a wide array of frameworks and content management systems (CMS) to simplify web development. Python also supports various web protocols like HTML, XML, and FTP. It also gives other benefits like security, easy scalability, and convenience in the development process. Game Development: Python comes with tools and libraries for game development, like web development. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: Vast collection of Python libraries facilitate the development of models and algorithms that run modern AI and ML systems. Desktop GUI: Python’s logical syntax and a modular coding approach are creating super fast and responsive GUI Business Applications: Python has used business applications, it is suitable for delivering high-performance custom solutions. Web Scraping: Python has used web scraping applications, that is collected numerous data from the internet with the help of python code that can be used by analysts, researchers, and organizations for a variety of tasks. Software Development: Software engineers used python as a supporting language for project management, building control, and testing. Operating Systems: A combination of python and C is used in the design and develop the operating system. Embedded Applications: Python is run on embedded hardware, which is a tiny computer created to perform limited tasks. Other Python Applications: Computer Vision, Robotics, Data Science, Automated testing, Language development, etc. Benefits Of Python Python is one of the preferable languages that is used in many places in the Real World. Python is a free coding language. Cost reduction is beneficial to businesses. Python has very simple and easy to learn. Python is suitable for startups, and any kind of business to develop applications and software. Python has extensive support libraries that reduce the length of code. Python contains several third-party modules that are used in the act together with other languages and platforms. Examples 1. Web Development – You can use Python to create web applications on many levels of complexity. 2. GUI Desktop Applications -You can also create graphical user interfaces with Python as you do with Visual Studio in C# or Java but using the native library Qt instead since it's multiplatform compatible with almost any operative system out there (Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, etc.). 3. Scientific & Numeric Computing -Python has powerful tools for data manipulation, including integration with MatLab modules as well as great libraries such NumPy and SciPy, which provide numerical routines optimized for speed and accuracy so you're able to work faster on complex operations usually related to mathematics or physics problems when compared directly against regular or conventional languages such as Java/C++/C# versioning Microsoft .Net Framework(TM). Uses of Python Career tips It can be used as a scripting language to automate tedious tasks or as a general-purpose programming language for building complex applications. With Python, you can develop websites, desktop applications, GUI tools, games, scientific programs, and more. Companies like Dropbox and YouTube heavily rely on Python for their development process. Moreover, career opportunities with Python skills have increased significantly in recent years due to its wide range of usage in modern software engineering concepts such as Machine Learning (ML), Artificial Intelligence (AI), etc. Professionals skilled in Python are one of the most sought-after professionals today, given their ability to understand new tech challenges rapidly in these areas, gainfully employed by top tech companies around the world. Furthermore, working with Python can open immense possibilities that would otherwise remain out of reach had one chosen another mainstream programming language over this versatile tool set. Conclusion Python is a tremendously strong and all-around coding language that is quickly gaining recognition among developers from a variety of sectors. It is capability to organize into virtually any field is significant, thanks to its huge network of different libraries. In this article, we tried to share the uses of Python in the Real World. Recommended Articles This is a guide to the Uses of Python. Here we discuss why python is best. and some real-world applications of python along with the benefits. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Python Commands Advantages of Python Arithmetic Operators in Python Careers in Python

read more

HTML Commands

Introduction to HTML Commands HTML [Hypertext Markup Language] is a code that is used to structure and content of the web page. HTML is used in all Webpages and also HTML is the default language of websites. HTML was invented by Tim Berners-Lee in the early 1990s. HTML is a markup language that is different from programming language contains a series of elements that are used to decide how to display the content in a webpage HTML element is distinct by a start tag, content, and end tag. This article will showcase the HTML Document and HTML Commands. HTML Document Below we want to Know the Basic HTML Document: HTML is a markup language, used to format the content using tags. Tags are enclosed with angle braces. Most of the tags having closing tags except in a few tags like empty elements. In HTML tags are in lowercased recommended by world wide web consortium. A basic HTML Document uses the following tags: Each hypertext markup language document begins with a hypertext markup language document tag <!DOCTYPE html> like, that's a declaration tag to grasp the version of the hypertext markup language employed in the document. All hypertext markup language code should be along with these basic hypertext markup language tags<html>. It’s having opening-closing tags. The head tag <head> contains the header info of the document. The title of the document victimization the title tag <title>. The body tag <body> is most vital among all the tags, it contains the particular (content) of the document which can be noticeable by the user. HTML Commands Below are the Basic HTML Commands: An HTML Command is called a tag. Tags are contain within < >. Previously, we have seen some necessary tags are used in HTML documents. Here we will see some Basic Html commands are as follows: Heading Tags: Every documents must start with heading, and we can use various sizes for headings.HTML have six levels of headings, such as <h1> <h2><h3><h4><h5><h6>. Preserve Formatting Tags: Using this tag <pre> we preserve the format of our source HTML document. Linebreak Tags: This tag is anything following and it is starting from the next line. This tag is <br / > an empty element, not having open and closing tags. Paragraph Tags: This tag is used to create your text into different paragraphs having open and closing tags. Horizontal line Tags: This tag <hr / > is another empty element, and it gives a horizontal line between two paragraphs. Centering Content Tag: This tag <center> is used to center your text of the document. Advanced HTML Commands Below are the Advanced HTML Commands: In Advanced HTML commands, We will see some advanced tags are used in HTML to structure the content of the document. Attributes Tag in HTML: An Characteristic of the HTML element is defined by the attributes, which are having extra information like name, value Ex: align, background color, width, height. Formatting Tag in HTML: HTML formatting tags is used to indicate the how text can appear in HTML. Ex: Bold<b>, Italilc<i>, Underlined<u>,etc. Phrase Tags in HTML: This tag is used in an advanced level like emphasize text using <em> tag, <mark> tag is used to mark the test using ink, etc. Meta Tags in HTML: This tag is giving additional information like describing properties of HTML documents such as author, expiry date, etc. It’s an empty element, it does not affect the physical appearance of the HTML document. commands in HTML: HTML command is a piece of code to indicate the section of the document by using <!-- … --> Images tag in HTML: This tag is used to insert the image in an HTML document by using <img> HTML images are also used to set the image location and width/height, alignment. Tables tag in HTML: HTML tables are arrange the text like images, link and tables by using <table> tag in which <td> tag is used to create data cells and <tr> used to create rows. There are so many Advanced HTML Commands are using in HTML. In the above, we will see important HTML commands mostly used in HTML. Conclusion Finally, this article is explaining briefly about the HTML document, basic and advanced HTML Commands. I hope you will gain a piece of knowledge about how to use HTML commands in the HTML document after reading this article. Recommended Articles This is a Guide to HTML Commands. Here we discuss the brief overview. Also, discuss Basic HTML Documents and Basic, Advanced HTML commands in detail. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – How HTML Works? Applications of HTML What does HTML Stand For? Careers in HTML

read more

Careers in HTML

Introduction To Careers in HTML HTML is one of the oldest languages used widely in the computer programming world. Though it is not a perfect programming language, it is the base of all web pages and web documents. Almost all computer courses include HTML language in their curriculum. Today’s world is the internet world, so it is important to learn the technologies that are widely used in making web applications, web pages. After completion of your computer academic courses, you can make a debut in your professional life with HTML, you are just opening a wide range of opportunities. Consider these 3 careers in HTML can give you opportunities to work with the web development team that will strengthen your HTML skills and let you shine. Basic Skill For Careers in HTML Given below are the basic skills for a great career in HTML: Now, if you have decided to have a career in HTML, let us tell you what are the basic skills required. Almost all companies look for candidates with basic and advanced skills so that they can give better project exposure. HTML programmers are required to have a thorough knowledge of HTML along with the knowledge of other technical skills. As it is the responsibility of an HTML designer to translate the designs into the code, the programmers must possess basic soft skills. Following table shows what technical and soft skills are required to have if you want to be an HTML programmer/designer. Technical Skills Soft Skills HTML, HTML 5 Teamwork CSS Communication skills JavaScript Adaptive AJAX Flexibility What Are The Various Career Paths In HTML? As HTML is widely used in web applications, web development, there are numerous job profiles you can apply for. A web page consists of different co-related technologies like HTML, AJAX, CSS, JavaScript. Same way, if you develop yourself with these languages, you can get a better job prospectus instead of just an HTML developer. 1. HTML Developer This may be perhaps your first job title if you are a fresher in the industry with HTML specialization. This post fetches as much as 1-3 Lakhs per annum as their responsibilities are limited. HTML developers are normally front-end designers and work with the back-end team in collaboration. Design the page according to project requirements and standards. They embed document tags while page designing to present their UI appearance. HTML developers have to ensure cross-browser functionality. Meet the design deadlines. 2. Web Developer Even though HTML used mostly in page designing, if you have an interest in designing and creating websites, then Web developer is the best option for you. A web developer may be a generic term for a web designer, web architect. If you have an interest in page design, you can design page style, color combination, text effects so that the page becomes user-friendly and attractive. Senior-level web developers may involve in deciding the design strategies, deciding the technologies for the page design, and other high-level tasks. In many organizations, a web developer is responsible for testing and maintaining documentation of the software. A web developer will work closely with the logic and design teams. 3. Software Developer If you have a strong coding base along with HTML skills then, you can apply for the Software Developer post. Software developer works closely with the design and coding team. They are an integral part of any development team. Participate actively in the page design process. Rectify the validations at page and element levels. Develop the coding for the functionalities and test it. Troubleshoot the application issues and make sure it meets the client requirements perfectly. Responsible for making changes in existing software according to the client change request. Salary Structure For Career in HTML The salary structure of a professional of HTML are as follow: HTML developers are mostly hired by the companies that are involved in web development. As an HTML developer is a part of the design team, the package offered for the post ranges from 2-6 Lakhs per year in India. If you are a beginner or having 1-4 years of professional experience, you can get on average 2-3 Lakhs per year in India. If you enhance yourself with other skills like CSS, JavaScript then the salary graph definitely rises up to 3-4 Lakhs per year at beginning of the career. If you upgrade your skills with advanced technologies, you can get a better hike. With the growing experience and exposure to advanced skills, your salary bar can raise to 7-8 Lakhs per year. Conclusion The internet has changed the computer programming world significantly. The Next era will revolve around web pages, web products, web applications. To make the best fit in this fast-growing industry, horn your HTML skills and land a safe job. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Careers in HTML. Here we discuss a brief overview and its various career paths in HTML along with its salary structure. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – How HTML Works? Applications of HTML What does HTML Stand For? Careers in HTML

read more

What is ASP.NET?

Introduction To ASP.NET In the world of full web apps, there are many applications and frameworks that developers can choose from. Each framework has its unique features and benefits to choose from. ASP.NET is an interesting open-source web development app that was designed by Microsoft to allow programmers to build dynamic web sites and services. ASP.NET allows developers to create web apps and services. These are dynamic content-driven websites. Benefits Of Using ASP.NET The very first benefit is its high speed and low operational cost. Also, it is built into a familiar Windows ecosystem. It requires less setup and configuration than other web development apps. ASP.NET Different Programming Models Given below are the ASP.NET different programming models: Web Form: This is an event-driven programming model. It lets you build websites with drag and drop features. This model targets those developers who prefer declarative and control based programming. It is the most popular model of ASP.NET. Also, a user does not require a deep understanding of HTML, CSS or JavaScript for this model. With the basic knowledge of this model, you can start developing your apps. This model also provides rapid development of web apps and websites. 1. ASP.NET MVC An ASP.NET web form is officially known as web forms. ASP.NET forms can be written in any programming languages which supports the Common Language Runtime, such as C# or Visual Basic. MVC helps you to manage complex systems because now you can focus on one aspect of time. But for using this model, you need a worthy knowledge of HTML, CSS and JavaScript. 2. Web Pages These are the easiest programming models for developing ASP.NET web pages. This model enables users to combine HTML, CSS and JavaScript and Server code. It will be very easy for developers who have already worked on ASP.NET before. First of all, it is easy and fun to learn. Secondly, it is built around web pages. It is very much similar to PHP and Visual Basic. It has Full HTML, CSS and JavaScript Control. Components Of .NET Framework Given below are the components of .NET Framework: 1. Common Language Runtime (CLR): The .NET Framework caters to users who need a runtime atmosphere, known as Common Language Runtime (CLR). The program runs effortlessly under the “Common Language Runtime”. CLR helps in managing memory and threads. If we try to understand it in technical terms, the CLR makes space for new memory. 2. Framework Class Library (.NET): It is generic for all kinds of applications. The .NET Framework is the same for all types of library classes and methods in VB.net and C#. 3. Common Type System (CTS): The common type system guarantees that the objects are interactive. Communication among programs created in .NET compliant languages, compatibility for the type is necessary. 4. Common Language Specification (CLS): The Common Type System specifies a set of rules that needs to be followed or satisfied by all language compilers targeting CLR. It helps in cross-language inheritance and fixing. .NET Framework Architecture The .NET framework architecture is a programming model for the .NET platform that provides class libraries and reusable components. It is used to develop desktop applications and Windows Programs. The basic architecture is as shown: 1. Language: WinForms ASP.NET ADO.NET 2. Library: It consists of a framework library. 3. CLR: It stands for Common Language Runtime. The architecture of the .NET framework is based on the following components: Common Language Runtime Class Library Languages Conclusion The .NET platform has been developed by Microsoft. It was designed to build applications which can run Windows Platform. The .NET programming language is used to build applications that require a user to enter a value into forms. It is used to develop Web-based applications and web services. Finally, developers also have the option of choosing languages available on Microsoft’s platform. The VB.NET and C# are the best examples of efficient languages. Recommended Articles This is a guide to What is ASP.NET? Here we discuss the introduction, ASP.NET different programming models, components & framework architecture of .NET. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – ASP.NET Versions ASP.NET Career ASP.NET Features ASP.NET Page Life Cycle

read more

ASP.NET Features

Introduction To ASP.NET The following article provides an outline for ASP.NET Features. In January 2002, Microsoft released version 1.0 of ASP.NET which is an open-source server-side application and the successor to Active Server Pages (ASP) technology. To build the web applications it supports several programming models such as ‘Web Forms’, ‘Model View Controller’, ‘Web API’, ‘WebHooks’, ‘SingnalR’, ‘Handler’, ‘Ajax’, ‘Dynamic Data Scaffolding Extension’ and some other. ASP.NET runs on the server and backend and is a framework for running web applications. From time to time with various updates and new and extended features are added to cope up with the technological trends and to deliver high-performance web applications. Various Features Of ASP.NET Given below are the various features of ASP.NET: 1. High Performance ASP.NET is one of the fastest web application frameworks in current time. With the redesigned asp.net, this gives the advantages such as asynchronous programming model. It is much more fast and lightweight while performing. 2. Cross-Platform & Container Support With the release of .NET core it is now much easier to create and deploy applications in other platforms such as macOS, Linux, and Windows. 3. Asynchronous Most of the application nowadays takes much time to process a request as it waits long for database queries. With the help of asynchronous patterns of ASP.NET which works within the Kestrel frameworks and new MVC, it processes requests real fast. 4. Multiple Environments With the multiple developments and environment modes it becomes easy to differentiate parts of the code like production, staging, etc. Before ASP.NET there was no standard way to do this work. 5. Dependency Injection While working with ASP.NET MVC, it makes an easier way to implement database contexts, logging, contexts, and whatever passed into the MVC controller. 6. WebSockets It is good for long connections while communicating through the browser. SignalR plays a crucial role here. Like in a browser, while viewing the current data from a server; if it receives new data then it immediately pushes it to the browser. It allows seeing the update in real-time. 7. Cross-Site Request Forgery Protection It prevents hijacking users authenticated session and performing another action that the user didn’t initiate. It is a good example of security. 8. “Self-Hosted” Web Applications With the help of ASP.NET you can make a web application that can easily run on a desktop that is not a server running ISS. For example Profiler and Prefix. 9. Action Filters It is used to specify error handling, caching, authorization, or any custom logic which is required to implement. The best way to implement functionality to that controller without modifying the entire action. 10. Extensible Output Caching To save time in future requests, this feature cache the output generated by a page and serves the cached. It stores the data that is not updated frequently and any output is required it specific data from that particular cached location, thus saves time. There are various fields in web technology wherein ASP.NET is used vastly. There are many sub-segments, like a web developer who creates and maintains websites, a full stack developer who builds all the stacks of the web applications, a person who manages the web development life cycle with proper planning and design, an ASP.NET testing and final deployment, Programming ASP.NET application by using C#, VB.NET, C , and F#, IoT with asp.net to connect multiple components at the same platform, JavaScript for front end work and many more. There are various advantages of using ASP.NET for web development. It supports cross-platform, it saves time as coding work is much lesser, maintenance is easy, it supports Cloud-Based Web Application, it’s performance is much improved compared to other applications, it is Customizable and Extensible, it supports CSS, XML, and other web standards, It is language-independent, deployment is very easy in ASP.NET, it provides better performance by early binding, native optimization, just-in-time compilation, and caching services, it works efficiently with ADO.NET using data-binding & page formatting features. Whether, if it is a web development application or embedded desktop application, the requirement for ASP.NET developer has never experienced a reduction since initiation. The requirements are regularly increasing as the demand for reliable and scalable architecture is only surges daily. An ASP.NET developer with good interpersonal skills in non-verbal and verbal communication is much getting absorbed in the IT sector. Recommended Articles This is a guide to ASP.NET Features. Here we discuss the introduction and various features of ASP.NET for better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – ASP.NET Framework ASP.NET Career ASP.NET Versions What is ASP.NET?

read more

Is JavaScript Case Sensitive?

Introduction to JavaScript JavaScript is an object-oriented, lightweight, prototype-based interpreted scripting language for web pages. Similar to other programming or scripting languages, JavaScript also has a set of rules while writing the code and one of such rules is Case sensitivity. Case sensitivity refers to that keywords, variables, function names, and some identifiers need to have the same capitalization of words. For example, the keyword “while” needs to be typed with the same spelling and the same word capitals. It can’t be typed as “While” or “WHILE,” where words are the same but capitalization is different. This condition is called Case sensitive, and JavaScript is Case sensitive. Now we know that in JavaScript, functions and keywords need to be case-sensitive. Table of contentsIntroduction to JavaScriptGuidance to Is JavaScript Case Sensitive?1. Keywords in JavaScript2. Variables in JavaScript3. Functions in JavaScript4. Invoking a FunctionRecommended Articles Guidance to Is JavaScript Case Sensitive? Given below shows guidance to Is JavaScript Case Sensitive: 1. Keywords in JavaScript These are reserved words that cannot be used as variables or function names. These are just syntax in JavaScript which will be used to write code. Syntax: const x = ‘hey world’ Here “const” refers to keyword, and “x” is a variable, and const cannot be used for anything else other than the syntax for code. Given below are some of the keywords for JavaScript: abstractdefaultfunctionnullthrowsargumentsdeletegotopackagetransientawaitdoifprivatetruebooleandoubleimplementsprotectedtrybreakelseinpublictypeofbyteenuminstance ofreturnvarcaseevalintshortvoidcatchfalseinterfacestaticvolatilecharfinalletswitchwhileconstfinallylongsynchronizedwithcontinuefloatnativethisyielddebuggerfornewthrow  2. Variables in JavaScript Variables are used for storing information as they act as a vessel. The variable can be declared using the keyword “var” and is case-sensitive. Example: Code: var a = 10; var b = 5; var c = a b The variable ‘a’ will be stored as 10. The variable ‘b’ will store as 5. The variable ‘c’ will store as 15. The JavaScript version ES6-ECMAScript 2015 will have the privilege to use “const” and “let”. For const, variables used once cannot be reassigned. For let, the variables are defined with restricted scope. 3. Functions in JavaScript Function Definition: These are used for performing a particular task. Functions take users' input, do some computation, and then generate output. Commonly and repeated calculations or tasks can be performed using functions, and writing the same code repeatedly can be avoided, and it saves a lot of time for programmers. Function Syntax: To create a function, we need to use a function keyword, followed by a function name, followed by parameters which are placed inside common brackets(). Function names can be letters, digits, or dollar signs (same rules as variables). The code to be executed by function is placed inside flower brackets {}. Syntax: function functionName(parameter1, parameter2, ….){ //code to be executed } Example: Code: function sumNumber (number1, number2) { return number1 number2; } In the above example, we have created a function named sum number. This function receives 2 numbers as parameters and gives the output as the sum of these 2 numbers. 4. Invoking a Function After writing a function, the next step is to utilize the function. We can invoke a function by using the function name parted by the parameters enclosed between common brackets and a semicolon at the end. Syntax: functionName(parameter1, parameter2, ..); Example: Code: <script type = "text/javascript"> // Function definition function welcomeMsg(name) { document.write("Hey" name " welcome to EXAMTURF"); } // creating a variable var nameVal = "Admin"; // calling the function welcomeMsg(nameVal); </script> Output: Return Statement: These are used to return the function after the task is completed. This is an optional statement; most of the time, it’s the last statement in a JavaScript function. In the above example of a sum number, the function calculates the sum of 2 numbers and then returns the result. syntax return value; Local Variables: Variables assigned within a JavaScript function become local to the function. Local variables are only identified inside their functions. Thus, variables with the same name can be used in different functions. Local variables are created when a function is called and canceled when the function is completed. Example: Code: // code here can NOT use watchName function myFunction() { var carName = "Sonata"; // code here CAN use watchName } // code here can NOT use watchName Recommended Articles This is a guide to Is JavaScript Case Sensitive? Here we discuss the introduction and guidance to JavaScript case sensitive. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – What Can JavaScript Do? Introduction to JavaScript Uses of JavaScript What is JavaScript?

read more

C# Data Types

Introduction To C# Data Types Data in computer programming possess various attributes. One of the major attributes is the data type. It tells the compiler or interpreter how the user wants to use the data. There are various basic data types used in almost all programming languages like integer, float, string/character, and Boolean. All these types have unique identity and data stored in that features the identity. Like, an integer data type variable can hold only integer value, a Boolean variable holds either true or false value. Being a strongly typed language, data types have enormous importance in C#. In strong typed language, the compiler strongly checks all operations for type compatibility. This checking is important. Different C# Data Types C# has two in-built data types: Value Data Type: A value Data Type variable contains an actual value such as a number or string, or fraction. Reference Data Type: This type of variable contains the address of another value variable. 1. Value Types Like other programming languages, C#, too has some value types that are used to hold a value. These data types are derived from System.valueType class. The value type variables are normally stored on the stack are passed by copying them. The below table illustrates the various value types in C#: Data Type Description Size int Holds value within the range -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 4 bytes long Holds value within the range -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 8 bytes float Used to hold fractional value. Stores 6 to 7 decimal digits. 4 bytes double Used to hold fractional value. Stores up to 15 decimal digits. 8 bytes decimal Holds value within the range 1E-28 to 7.9E 28. Widely used in monetary calculations. 16 bytes char Holds single character that is encapsulated by single quotes 2 bytes string Stores an array of characters, encapsulated by double quotes 2 bytes per character bool Holds value either true or false 1 bit byte It is unsigned integer that ranges between 0 to 255 1 byte short It is signed integer that holds value between -32768 to 32767 2 byte 2. Reference Types Reference type variable holds a reference to other value variables. These variables are stored on a heap and passed by creating a reference. The below table illustrates the various reference types in C#: Data Type Description String It represents a sequence of zero or more unicode characters. Arrays It holds the number of elements. Delegate It has a return value and has any number of parameters. Use Of Pointer Types A pointer is not a new word in computer programming. A pointer holds the address of another variable. Like any other variable, the pointer variable must be declared before use. Pointer variables are declared with a slight difference as: Syntax: Type *variable_name; Example: Code: int *a; // pointer to an integer Examples Of C# Data Types Given below are the examples of C# Data Types: Example #1 Code: Using System; Using System.Text; Using System.Collections.Generic; Using System.Linq; Using System.Threading.Tasks; Namespace DatatypeInCSharp { Class Program { Static void Main(String[] args) { int var1=15; //integer variable double var2=15.24; //fraction variable Boolean var3=true; //Boolean variable String var4= “C#”; // string variable Console.WriteLine(“Integer variable:” var1); Console.WriteLine(“Double variable:” var2); Console.WriteLine(“Boolean variable:” var3); Console.WriteLine(“String variable:” var4); Console.Readkey(); } } } Output: Example #2 Reference Type. Code: Using System; Namespace ReferenceTypeTest { Class RefTest { String str_var1= “Hello”; //string variable declaration str_var1 = “World”; //appending strings Console.WriteLine(str_var1); Object obj_var; //object variable obj_var=50; Console.WriteLine(obj_var); Console.WriteLine(obj_var.GetType()); } } Output: Example #3 Pointer Type. Code: using System; using System.Text; using System.Linq; using System.Collection.Generic; namespace PointerVariable { Class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { int var_1; Invalid { int var_1=50; int* pointer_var=&var_1; Console.WriteLine((int)pointer_var); //to display memory address Console.WriteLine(*pointer_var); //Display the value at the memory Console.ReadLine(); } } } } Output: Conclusion With these data types, you can use various types of variables in your project or application. Recommended Articles This is a guide to C# Data Types. Here we discuss the introduction, different C# data types, use of pointer types and examples respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Namespaces in C# C# Commands Objects in C# C# Versions

read more

Uses of JavaScript

What is JavaScript used for? JavaScript is an interpreted scripting language, and also the most well-known language for the development of web pages. It can be used in both server-side and client-side developments. It contains a customary library of stuff like Data, Math, and Array, and also has a set of language elements such as control structures, statements, and operators. Brenden Eich creates JavaScript in 1995. JavaScript is initially named LiveScript. In this article, we learn the basic functions and Uses of JavaScript, which is used to make dynamic web pages and web applications. Top Functions Uses of JavaScript Given below is the JavaScript used to dynamically modify HTML and CSS. JavaScript gets all the ability it has to produce dynamic HTML: JavaScript will modify all the markup language components within the page. JavaScript will modify all the markup language attributes within the page. JavaScript will modify all the CSS designs within the page. JavaScript will take away existing markup language components and attributes. JavaScript will add new markup language components and attributes. JavaScript will react to all or any existing markup language events within the page. JavaScript will produce new markup language events within the page. HTML provides the raw tools required to structure content on an internet site. CSS, on the other hand, helps to style this content thus, it seems to the user the approach it had been supposed to be seen. These language area units are kept separate to make sure the websites area unit is designed properly before they are reformatted. JavaScript is employed to regulate the behavior of various components. Internet Applications Of Javascript Below are the applications of JavaScript for Web Development: JavaScript is a client-based programming language that is employed to develop dynamic webpages by custom client-side scripts for web developers. In Javascript, web developers may write server-aspect code by victimization Node.js. Web developers will produce web pages by mixing hypertext markup language, CSS, and Javascript. JavaScript has vital options for developing internet applications as follows: Javascript client-side scripts are wont to produce webpage interactively and react to users forthwith. JavaScript simplifies the development of complicated internet applications by permitting developers to change the application’s composition. JavaScript wont to optimize web content for mobile devices, and therefore the developers ought to merge CSS, markup language, and JavaScript to make the online pages responsive. Many Transpilers like CoffeeScript, TypeScript, DukeScript, and Vaadin will extend JavaScript. The functionality of JavaScript will be extended by employing a range of libraries and frameworks. Mobile Applications & Uses Of JavaScript Below are the applications of Mobile using JavaScript: JavaScript might be a popular programming language in 2019. in step with StackOverflow’s 2018 Developer Survey revealed that most of the developers utilize it quite the other language. In mobile app development, JavaScript frameworks square measure well-suited, that are used across a style of platforms, likewise as Android, and Windows, iOS. JavaScript frameworks for mobile applications in 2019 are as follows: React Native: The flexibility of React Native makes it a chief various for human action with completely different programming languages and adding new choices to existing applications. Ionic: Ionic uses a hybrid app codebase, so apps are also built for multiple platforms, which reduces development costs and additionally the app’s time to plug. NativeScript: NativeScript uses a “write once, use everywhere” approach that saves developers time by facultative code to be reused. Apache Cordova: Apache Cordova to boot, referred to as PhoneGap, permits developers to form apps from one code base, and it’s well-suited to come with a tiny low budget. Titanium: Titanium’s integrated surroundings make it an ideal framework for creating prototypes. jQuery Mobile: Is also accustomed to building effective applications that load quickly. These six JavaScript Frameworks can all suit fully completely different businesses depending on their desires and comes. Server Applications & Uses Of JavaScript Below are the Server Applications using JavaScript: JavaScript created its means from the browser into the server by using Node.js. Node.js is adopted by firms like Walmart, as a neighborhood of rear infrastructure. Node.js is an associate application that permits using JavaScript (that wont to be a client-side programming language) for building server-side applications that have access to the package, classification system, and everything else to be fully functional. Node.js is constructed on Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine associated it uses an event-driven, non-blocking I/O model to be lightweight and economical for server-aspect applications. JavaScript on the server is speedy and reduces development expenses while raising the speed and code quality. Conclusion JavaScript is the leading common programming language in the world. Although it had been designed to assist front-end internet developers to produce interactive components, the utilization cases of JavaScript have speedily expanded to incorporate things like back-end internet development, game creation, and even mobile app development. Learning JavaScript can lead you to be more employable, can provide you with the possibility to become a businessperson or a freelancer, and can provide you with an entire heap of additional job security. Recommended Articles This is a guide to the Uses of JavaScript. Here we discuss the introduction, the basic functions, and the  JavaScript along with its applications. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – What Can JavaScript Do? What is JavaScript? Introduction to JavaScript Is JavaScript Case Sensitive?

read more

What is Python?

Introduction To Python In terms of programming language Python is an interpreted, general-purpose, high-level programming language. Language first appeared 30 years ago in 1991, it was developed by Guido van Rossum. Python provides awesome code readability, and nowadays it is used widely by programmers and developers all across the world. Python Language: As we know it is a high-level programming language that means a person can understand it easily. It is easy to learn and use, it’s just like you are giving instructions in English. It requires fewer numbers of lines of code compared to other programming languages. It is an interpreted language that is one can execute one line of the code after the other one, and can easily be debugged. Advantages Of Python Language Given below are the advantages mentioned: Python code has quite a good readability and has many features like object-oriented, dynamic, high-level, portable, and interactive. It incorporates a diversified portfolio in terms of programming be it game development, web frameworks, graphic design, or language development. Some of its advantages are as below: Extensive Library Support: One can use libraries that are used for string operations, Internet, operating system interface, and web-service tools. In Data Science and Machine Learning, it has many libraries which make it most famous among Data Scientist and Machine learning engineers. Productivity: It has strong integration features & unit testing frameworks which enables increased speed for most of the application and its productivity. It is good for scalable network applications. Integration Components: It has the capability to integrate enterprise applications, which enables invoking COM and COBRA components from web services. Community Development and Open Source: It is free and can be distributed even for commercial purposes. Communities from all around the world are collaborating in its development. This simply is awesome. Friendly Data Structures: It has built-in data structures like lists. Tuple, dictionary which can be used for fast runtime. It also provides provisions for dynamic high-level data typing. Latest Version Of Python Given below are the latest version mentioned: Since its inception python has released numerous versions the latest version for python as of now is 3.9.1 which was released on Dec 7, 2020. It also has released preview version 3.10.0a3 on the same day. Features Of Python Given below are the features of python: Easy to Code: It is like giving instruction in English it is that easy to write. It is user-friendly and anyone can learn it in a couple of days. There are lots of sources available online today to learn the language. GUI Support: It supports Graphical User Interface, it can add flair to your code make results more visual. It can support many GUIs easily. Free and Open-Source: It is freely available and has community development support which is making it more popular among programmers. High level and Integrated: When coding with python programmers don’t have to worry about coding structure and memory management python does it internally without explicit directions. Extensive Library Support: It has support from many inbuilt and open source libraries which makes it adaptable and keeps up the pace with new inventions. Supports Other Languages: It is built-in on C language, it supports execution of codes written in other languages like C, C , or java. Conclusion It is widely used today in almost all areas of programming or can support them. In this article, we have discussed many advantages of python, which makes it a desirable choice for programming. Also, it is easy to learn and adopt. Recommended Articles This is a guide to What is Python? Here we also discuss the definition of python language, advantages of python language, latest version along with its different features. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more- Introduction to Python Uses of Python Careers in Python Python Frameworks

read more

What is JavaScript?

Introduction To JavaScript JavaScript is the most used computer coding language. It was mostly employed in web content, to permit client-side script used to act with the user and create dynamic Web pages. It's associate taken coding language with object-oriented capabilities. It was first named LiveScript, then it had been become JavaScript by Netscape. In 1995, JavaScript within the name of LiveScript created its unveiling in Netscape 2.0. The general use of the coding language has been embedded in web explorer, Netscape, and alternative browsers JavaScript High-Level: Java contains core libraries, a compiler, and a Java virtual machine. Java runtime permits to put in writing of program code in different languages than the Java writing language that still runs on the Java virtual machine that is helpful to software system developers. The Java platform is mostly related to the Java core libraries and Java virtual machine. Properties Of JavaScript It had been designed with the subsequent properties: Platform independent: It is platform-dependent, and programs extremely transportable, and don't access the software system directly. A Java program t run on all supported platforms, e.g., Windows, Linux. Object-orientated programming language: It’s an Object-orientated programming language except for components and also the primitive knowledge varieties, in Java area unit objects. Strongly-typed programming language: It is typed strongly-, e.g., the kinds of the used variables ought to be pre-defined and strict in the conversion to different objects, e.g., it can be completed by the engineer. Interpreted and compiled language: Java bytecode format is transferred from the java ASCII text file, that doesn't rely upon the target platform. These bytecode directions are going to be taken by the Java Virtual machine (JVM). The JVM contains a thus called Hotspot-Compiler that interprets performance crucial bytecode directions into native code directions. Automatic Memory Management: The memory portion of java is maintained Automatically and JavaScript is also deallocating for making new objects. Java not having direct access to the memory. What JavaScript Can Do? The merits are as follows: Even offline its works very well in web browsers. It creates accessible interfaces that are used to improve the user experience and gives active functionality, without waiting for the server and show another page. It is easy to employ, like put the code in an HTML document and notify the browser that is JavaScript. its can't test for what can be possible in your web browser, and react accordingly which is called defensive scripting. Whenever the user needs, it can load the content into the document without reloading the entire page, which is called Ajax. Browser problems can be fixed by JavaScript. Ex: CSS layout in browsers. Use Of JavaScript On Web Pages JavaScript could be a programming language using text that is employed each on the server-side and client-side that permits you to create interactive sites. Wherever CSS and hypertext markup language is languages that offer vogue and structure to sites, however, it offers interactive sites that have interaction with a user. Samples of it that you just could use day by day include the search box on Flipkart, refreshing your Twitter feed. It improves the user expertise of the net page and JavaScript adds actions to sites. Conclusion JavaScript is an amazing knowledge and it’s also versatile. It plays nicely with alternative internet technologies like HTML and CSS and might even act with Plugins like Flash. It makes extremely responsive user interfaces, stop frustrating page reloads, and even fix support problems for CSS. The speed of JavaScript as compared to alternative languages brings up more and additional uses for it. Recommended Articles This is a guide to What is JavaScript? Here we discuss the introduction, merits, properties along with use of JavaScript on web pages. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more – JavaScript Tools Is JavaScript Case Sensitive? Uses of JavaScript What JavaScript Can Do?

read more

Introduction to Python

Introduction To Python The following article provides an outline for Introduction to Python. In terms of programming language Python is an interpreted, general-purpose, high-level programming language. Language first appeared 30 years ago in 1991, it was developed by Guido van Rossum. Python provides awesome code readability, and nowadays it is used widely by programmers and developers all across the world. What Is Python? As we know it is a high-level programming language that means a person can understand it easily. Python is easy to learn and use, it’s just like you are giving instructions in English. Python requires fewer numbers of lines of code compared to other programming languages. Python is an interpreted language that is one can execute one line of the code after the other one, and can easily be debugged. Where Python Can Be Used? Python is quite famous in Machine learning and Data science and has become the number one choice in the last couple of years. Python as a programming language can be used in most programming cases. Below are some of the applications where python is used: Web Development Game Development Data Science Machine Learning Artificial Intelligence Deep Learning Web Scrapping Desktop GUI Embedded Applications Comparing Python With Other Programming Languages There are number of programming languages available in the market like Java, C, C , JavaScript, etc. Let’s see some of the most used languages with Python: Java: In terms of performance, Java programs are faster than python programs. But python programs take less time to develop than java programs. It can be perceived by seeing the size of the program also. A typical Python program is around 3 times shorter than the java program. JavaScript: JavaScript can be simply perceived as the subset of python’s “object-based”. Python can write simple functions without defining variables and class. On the other hand, JavaScript is all about classes and variable definition. Python provides better code reusability than compared to javascript. Perl: Python and Perl both share the same background and have a lot of features in common but with a different philosophy. Perl focuses on application-oriented tasks and has built-in regular expression, report generation, and file scanning features. While Python focuses on common programming methods like data structure design & OOPs concepts. Python encourages easy code writing and thus easy maintainability. 4. C, C: What we saw about java applies in the case of C and C. Here also python code is comparatively easy to read and write and 4 to 8 times shorter than code written in C, C . If python coding takes one month to complete, if the same code is written in C, C it will take more than 6 months. There are plenty of languages out there some have their niche and are unparallel but python outshines in the overall features set. How To Download And Install Python? It is very easy to download python and start working on it. Python only needs 25 MB disk space, which is not much, and in case you reinstall install it would be within 100 MB. You can download python from the below link for the version you want to work on. https://www.python.org/downloads/ You can select the OS for the python version and download it in just a couple of seconds. You will get a .exe file once you click on download. Save it in the software directory of your machine (As it is easy to see all your soft-wares in one space). Right-click on the .exe file and run it as Administrator. A Python setup window will pop-up, select your directory, and also check the box where it mentions add Python to Path, as it will add the path to your environment variables and click on install. And Python will be installed on your machine. Conclusion - Introduction to Python In this article, we get a brief introduction to what is python and where it stands compared to other programming languages in the segment. We also have seen how to install python as per your OS and the version you want to work on. Now to work on python you can use either terminal or any IDE of your choice and start exploring python. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Introduction to Python. Here we discuss what is Python? and its applications where python is used along with comparing some of the most used languages with Python. You can also go through our other related articles to learn more – What is Python? | Top 6 Features Uses of Python | Top 10 Applications Introduction to Careers in Python Advantages of Python | Where is Python used?

read more

Career in R Programming

Introduction to R Programming Language R Programming, although developed in the 1990s, is relatively new compared to other hardcore programming languages. However, still, it is taking the corporate world and private industries by storm due to its unique nature. Being open-sourced and adaptive in nature, it is not only free but also cohesive in nature with other languages like Python and Hadoop and others. With the changing and advancing nature of the computer age, it is becoming more digitized, involving more and more accumulation and increment of data and information of all types. Thus, R programming, with its unique nature of Statistical analysis and data mining and manipulation, has become the go-to software-based programming language for a lot of different industries and the experts in handling this language are the crème de la crème of the developer's leagues. Below we discuss the Career in R Programming. It is as lucrative as a high-income and profitable career opportunity for anybody. Table of contentsIntroduction to R Programming LanguageWhat is Programming Language?Skills Needed to learn R Programming LanguageCareer Paths in R ProgrammingHow much would you Earn?ConclusionRecommended Articles What is Programming Language? A programming language is like any other language, which is the means of communication. Just like other languages, they are formed, followed by a set of instructions, unique rules, and formulations, thus making them meaningful for communications; similarly, a programming language is a machine language or, in simple terms, the language used by computers. Unlike humans, computers understand only binary terms, like strings of 0s and 1s. Programming languages use these 0s and 1s and translate them into something human-friendly or a form that humans can understand. It also uses a set of instructions, directions, and regulations to perform and execute algorithms and various different sets of tasks quickly and precisely, reducing human effort. Some famous Programming languages are: C Programming C Java Javascript Python and etc. Skills Needed to learn R Programming Language As already explained earlier, the R programming language revolves around handling a huge amount of data and information in various forms, like numerical symbols, words, formulas, signs, designs, pictures, videos, and graphs of any kind. These data and information are most of the time unstructured, disorganized and un-meaningful in nature. R programming used a wide variety of advanced techniques such as machine learning algorithms, linear regression, and classical statistical tests to analyze and survey this information and data involving a series of steps like programming, transforming, and revealing more meaningful and user-friendly results. To perform such unique statistical analysis and data mining tasks, a person needs to be equipped with certain prerequisites. One should have a solid background, at least a good understanding of statistics in mathematics. Knowledge of statistical theories beforehand to perform statistical analysis tasks is necessary. It's essential to have a strong mathematical aptitude when working with charts, graphs, and calculations. Also, proper knowledge and understanding of other programming languages are needed, at least a few of them. R programming revolves around involving other languages like Python and Hadoop because of its versatile nature to perform unique and sophisticated tasks all the time. Career Paths in R Programming Below we discuss several different career paths in R Programming: Firstly, as this is a relatively new field of software-based programming language, the question arises of how beneficial and profitable a career path can be. A most important question arises, is it a good path for freshers? If so, then how to get hired, or is it another field for only the experienced? Who hired R programmers anyway? Although, due to the light pace advance of the modern world and more and more increase of digital platforms, new and old, small and big companies are becoming heavily dependent on software-based programming languages which can handle their huge amount of data which is increasing tenfold day by day thus increasing the demand for R programming and also due to its high nature of versatility and open-source nature. So, professionals involved in this path have several different career paths and job roles as opportunities, such as: Data Scientist Data Analyst Business Analyst Data Visualization Expert Database Administrator and Statisticians and others These are the few job roles and opportunities for R Programming professionals and experts in the vast and lucrative career paths as an R programming Expert. Some of the industries which are in heavy demand of R Programmer are: Financial Institutions Banks Manufacturing Companies Medical Fields and Organizations Academics Governmental Sectors How much would you Earn? Mostly it depends upon the job role and experience. For freshers, it is hard to get an opportunity, but for experienced personnel, it is quite profitable and lucrative. As said, it depends upon the role and experiences. A Data Analyst with around 1-4 years of experience in the field can expect to earn around 2.9 lakhs p.a. to around 5.00 lakh p.a., and for R developers with over 5 years of experience, the salary earning could go as high as 10 to 13 p.a. in India. For the global market, it tends to be a little higher or much higher due to the currency weight age differences, but the scale and valuation are almost the same. Conclusion What can be surmised after the above discussions is that, Career opportunity in R Programming is totally dependent on the market demand and capability of a particular individual as an R Programmer. There are several paths and job types for R programming due to its uniqueness and versatility, but still, it depends upon the current market trends and demands. Although the current market trends and demands seem to be high thus, making this is an ideal opportunity to have a high-remunerative and productive career path, as previously discussed in the “How much would you earn?” section above. Recommended Articles This is a guide to a Career in R Programming. Here we discuss the introduction to R Programming Language, different Career Paths, What it is Programming Language, and the skills needed to learn R Programming Language. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – What is R Programming Language? R Operators R Studio Functions R Data Types

read more

Introduction to JavaScript

Introduction To JavaScript The following article provides an outline for Introduction to JavaScript. JavaScript is one of the three main languages that uses to structure a more efficient website. JavaScript is a programming language to develop a dynamic web page. Using JavaScript, you can add complex features to the web page. JavaScript is a versatile language and allows users to interact with the webpage and hence it is a more popular programming language in the web development field. Also, it is widely used in mobile app development and game development. One reason behind JavaScript being popular is that it supports all browsers and all operating systems. Advantages Of JavaScript Given below are the advantages of JavaScript: JavaScript gives a rich interface to the webpage as it helps to create a dynamic and interactive web page. JavaScript is used to add functionality to your website. It runs very fast as it runs in the client-side browser and it does not need web server support. It is used with the integration of HTML and CSS. Supports all modern browsers. JavaScript is beginner-friendly and easy to learn. DOM model provides prewritten functionality. It supports different languages hence being used not only for web development but also many applications. Using Node.js you can use JavaScript as backend development. Hence entire application can develop in JavaScript from front to backend. History Of JavaScript JavaScript developed by the Brendan Eich of Netscape Communications Corporation. It is written in only 10 days. First, it was named Mocha then LiveScript, and then JavaScript. Initially, it was developed to support the Netscape navigator. One look at the journey of JavaScript. Versions Description Browser JavaScript Developed by Netscape Corporation Netscape ECMAScript Developed by the ECMA International All Browser JScript Developed by the Microsoft Corporation Internet Explorer Smarter Path To Learn JavaScript It is a scripting language and it does not run on its own, browser is essential to run JavaScript. Use HTML page to use the JavaScript. Write the code to crate dynamic website under the tag <script> and</script>. You need an editor to write code for your web page. Either you can write code manually in the notepad or use an editor that provides a prewritten option for code like Dream Viewer. If you use Notepad then save it as an HTML file to run on the browser. Elements Of JavaScript Given below are some elements of JavaScript: JavaScript Elements Description Basic Concepts Learn the syntax and the data types of JavaScript. Operators Learn the operators like unary, logical, assignment, comparison. String Learn to handle string with string functions likesplit(), concat(),etc. Array Learn to handle functions of Array like, Stack(), Queue (), Etc. Functions Learn about the functions, parameters, calling and returning the value. Objects Learn JavaScript objects and their properties and prototypes. Error Handling With Try……Catch statement. Networking Fetch API to make an HTTP request. Class Learn JavaScript classes and templates. Basic Programming Learn basic programs like: If…. else Do…while For loop Break Technologies Of JavaScript Given below are the new technologies of JavaScript: New Technology Description JSAjax We can use this technology with JavaScript, HTML, XML to create more interactive pages. After loading the web page, we can update things in it. JSON JavaScript Object Notation to store and exchange data. JS Web APIs API for the web to support complex operations. React It is used for front-end web development. Angular With this technology, you can reduce the size of the developed application. Vue.js It is a combination of React and Angular technologies. Ember You can improve the performance of the application with this technology. Backbone.js It is easy to use and can develop a single web page. If you have to develop both frontend and backend then can use backbone technology. Conclusion - Introduction to JavaScript JavaScript is a comprehensive language for web development. It is powerful, object-based, and easy to learn. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Introduction to JavaScript. Here we discuss a brief overview on JavaScript, its advantages, history, elements, and its technologies. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – What is JavaScript? Is JavaScript Case Sensitive? Uses of JavaScript What JavaScript Can Do?

read more

How HTML Works?

Introduction To HTML The following article provides an outline for How HTML Works? The website plays a vital role in introducing the business. So nowadays development of HTML has become very important and HTML developers are on demand. HTML is the only language to design the web page in the easiest way. So, having the knowledge of HTML can increase the credentials of your career. If you want to enter into the world of web development, here is the solution to start designing the web page. HTML is a hypertext mark-up language, widely being used to write web pages. It is a powerful language and very useful for website designing. If you are a beginner in this web development, then HTML 101 is an easy language to start. HTML is a foundation of all websites hence with the basic knowledge of HTML you can start your career in this dynamic field. With this article, you can learn the utilization of HTML language. History Of HTML Given below is the history of HTML: The first version of HTML 1.0 was published in 1993 and it is created by Sir Tim Berners-Lee. The intention of this version was to share information. The second version of HTML 2.0 was published in 1994. Along with the first version some additional features were added to HTML 2.0. The third version of HTML 3,0 was published by Dave Raggett in 1995 with new features such as image, table, footnote, forms, etc. 01 came out and it is a widely successful version. 0 published in 2012, which is currently being used in the market. Some basic points of HTML: HTML Editor HTML Elements HTML Tags HTML Attributes Working Of HTML Editor Given below is the working of HTML editor: Using a notepad for writing the HTML code is a manual writing process. Many HTML editors are available, which provides an easy environment for writing HTML code like Dreamweaver, Sublime Text, etc. As an HTML editor use a text file. In the text file, develop the web page according to HTML grammar or HTML syntax. Open Notepad, write code for the page. Save as HTML file. View (Run)that file in the browser. Different HTML Elements: HTML elements, all things that used to create a web page in the editor. It contains various tags and content of the page to build the web page. HTML Tags Given below are the different HTML Tags: HTML tags are the main part of the HTML. Without using these tags, you cannot start the coding for the web page. HTML tags are the commands necessary to show how your page will display in the browser. Tags start with opening tag and end with closing tag like <html> is opening tag </html> closing tag. Some examples for the tags are given below in the table. Tags Description <! DOCTYPE html> All the HTML document starts with this tag. <html> </html> It is the main tag. Cannot start an HTML page without using this tag. <head> </head> It is another important tag to add a header section. <title> </title> It must write under the header to specify the title of the page. <body></body> It defines the documents body part. <br> Defines line break. <font> To specify font option. <img> To specify the image. <video> To show the video content. <table> To show the table on the page. HTML Attributes Given below are the different HTML Attributes: Attributes give some specific information about the HTML elements. It shows the property of elements. Attributes contain two parts name and the specific value of the attribute. Some examples of the attributes are given below in the table. Attributes Description id Shows the unique id for the element. src Specifies the URL. style Specifies CSS style for an element. title Specifies the title. Conclusion - How HTML Works? If you are very familiar with the internet and websites, then learn how to develop these websites.  HTML is a basic mark-up language for web designing and it is much easy to learn. It is widely used to structuring the web page. Recommended Articles This is a guide to How HTML Works? Here we discuss the introduction to HTML and also discuss its elements, tags, attributes, and its description. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Introduction to HTML Applications of HTML What does HTML Stand For? Careers in HTML

read more

What JavaScript Can Do?

Introduction To JavaScript Web designing needs many skills and different protocols to develop the best website and to maintain that website. It is a powerful scripting language. It develops dynamic websites and provides a user-friendly interface to the audience as JavaScript gives more options for UI and UX. JavaScript allows user to build such a website that surely leave the best impression on the audience. It is easy to use and preferable for both who are new and who are professionals in the web development field. Hence it became a very famous scripting language. Why JavaScript Is Being Widely Used? Given below shows why JavaScript is being widely used: JavaScript is an object-based scripting language. It is integrated with HTML language. It is a cross-platform language. It is one of the popular languages that is used to create interactive web pages. Also, JavaScript is being used to develop mobile applications. It is a client-side scripting language. Hence, Browser requires all the code to run the website. JavaScript engines typically provide by the browser’s vendors. It is in-built in the browser. Every browser has its own JavaScript engines. Most modern browsers support JavaScript. JavaScript cannot run its own it needs the browser to run the script. What We Can Do With JavaScript? Given below shows what we can do with JavaScript: It is a high-level scripting language using that we can implement complex features to the web page. We can update the page without reloading the page. We can embed the interactive maps on the web page. It supports the best option for the UI and UX hence we can create an interactive website to retain the audience. Also, it provides options for 2D 3D animation. Provides an environment for Web API. Allows to handling abnormal conditions with exception handling.  How To Display Static Information? Using the Document Object Model (DOM), you can represent the static data. DOM gives more options for presenting the information. DOM is the main part of web designing. DOM is platform independent and gives more options for styling, editing, updating the page and content. DOM provides attributes, elements, events, locations, navigators, and styling options for documents. Example Of DOM: Code: <!DOCTYPE HTML> <html> <head> <title>First Page</title> </head> <body> It is our first document! </body> </html> Features Of JavaScript JavaScript has advanced features that can serve complex functionalities for creating advanced web pages. Some of them are listed in below table: JavaScript’s Features Description Ajax It helps to update the webpage without reloading it. JSON It helps to storing and exchanging data. JQuery Helps to handle HTML documents in an easy way. Web API Provides an interface for programming applications. How To Create Interactive Maps Using JavaScript? Displays maps is a widely-used functionality for all types of web pages. Many times, organization’s addresses, site addresses are displayed with the help of interactive maps for better understanding. Organizations those deal with location-based features need to display various locations on their web pages. In that case, JavaScript comes to the rescue with the help of in-built libraries to display interactive maps: JS Library Description GMaps To add and customize the google map. jHERE With less size you can derive a map from the HERE map. Kartograph Lightweight framework for an interactive map. Library for SVG map.  Mapael Allows you to display a dynamic vector map. DataMaps Allows you to provide some data with a map. GeoChart Gives region, marker, text option to style the vector map. Maplace To embed google map into your website. Map Tool To highlight and capture map. How We Can Represent Animated 2D/3D Graphics Using JavaScript? Almost all web pages contain 2D/3D graphics that represent some vital information. These graphics can vary in dimensions and properties. But JavaScript being a powerful language, uses its in-built libraries to create 2D/3D graphics.  Widely used libraries: JS Library For Graphics Description Chart.js It provides 8 prebuilt options for the chart implementation. D3 It allows you to visualize data of any kind. Anime.js Library provided for animation. Animate your existed shape or thing with simple steps. PixiJS 2D drawing library. To display, animate 2D graphics. Zdog It is for 3D animation. Two.js 2D graphics option. Options for drawing does not give prebuilt charts. Conclusion It is a wonderful comprehensive language and hence it is widely used. JavaScript is a versatile scripting language as it is integrated with HTML and CSS. It is created to increase the interaction of the audience with the web page.  Recommended Articles This is a guide to What JavaScript Can Do? Here we discuss the introduction, how to display static information, how to create interactive maps, how we can represent animated 2D/3D graphics and its features. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – Introduction to JavaScript Is JavaScript Case Sensitive? Uses of JavaScript Is JavaScript Object Oriented?

read more

Sqoop Interview Questions

Sqoop Interview Questions and Answers Sqoop interview questions and answers are helpful at the time of giving an interview on Hadoop. Sqoop is used in multiple companies where we use Hadoop. While giving the interview on Hadoop technology sqoop tools questions and answers are very helpful. At the time of applying for the post of Hadoop then we need to prepare the question and answer of sqoop technology. Sqoop is the tool of Hadoop. Table of contentsSqoop Interview Questions and AnswersTop 15 Sqoop Interview Questions and AnswersQ1. Which default database is used in sqoop?Q2. How can we execute the SQL query in sqoop to import the rows?Q3. What is apache sqoop?Q4. What we've understood from the sqoop eval?Q5. Is Sqoop using MapReduce techniques or not?Q6. What default file format is used in sqoop while importing the data?Q7. How can we execute the free-form query in sqoop?Q8. What is the use of sqoop merge?Q9. What is the use of –the compress-codec parameter?Q10. Is the JDBC driver capable of using sqoop while connecting to the database?Q11. What is the use of –directive mode in sqoop?Q12. What is the use of export in sqoop?Q13. What are the benefits of using sqoop?Q14. Which command we are using in sqoop?Q15. What are the features of sqoop?ConclusionRecommended Articles Top 15 Sqoop Interview Questions and Answers Below are the top question and answers of the Sqoop as follows. These questions are helpful while giving mock tests or interviews. Q1. Which default database is used in sqoop? Answer: Sqoop uses different databases, but it will use MySQL as the default database. Sqoop uses the multiple RDBMS database for importing and exporting the data from HDFS. We use sqoop in Hadoop to import and export data as required. Q2. How can we execute the SQL query in sqoop to import the rows? Answer: While using the –m 1 option in the import command we can import the rows from sqoop. This command creates a single MapReduce task and then we can import the rows directly. Q3. What is apache sqoop? Answer: By using apache sqoop we import the data from multiple types of databases. Sqoop is also used to import the data from the file of Hadoop. Sqoop provides mainly two facilities like sqoop import and sqoop export. We can also use sqoop to extract the data. Q4. What we've understood from the sqoop eval? Answer: The sqoop eval is used for sample demo at the time of importing data. We run a sample RDBMS query using this tool. After running the RDBMS query we can examine the result of a query by using the console. By using the eval tool it is possible to recognize the output and also need to know what kind of data we are importing. Q5. Is Sqoop using MapReduce techniques or not? Answer: Sqoop uses MapReduce techniques for the parallel exports and imports of data between the Hadoop file system and database. We are using MapReduce in sqoop only for fault resistance. Q6. What default file format is used in sqoop while importing the data? Answer: Sqoop imports the data by using two file formats i.e. delimited and sequence file formats. The delimited file format is the default file format used by sqoop and it is used to import the data. The delimited file format will explicitly uses the –as-textfile argument. At the time of passing an argument by using a command then the string produces the string-based representations. The sequence file format in sqoop is a binary format. In this file format record is stored in record-specific data types which are shown by java classes. Q7. How can we execute the free-form query in sqoop? Answer: We execute a free-form query in sqoop to import the rows sequentially. We are using –m 1 options for the same. This option creates only the map-reduce task. So we can import the rows directly. Q8. What is the use of sqoop merge? Answer: Sqoop merge is a tool used to combine two different datasets. We can override the entire dataset by using this tool. The sqoop merge provides the flattening process at the time of merging two datasets. We need to use the merge key command. It is very useful while transferring a large amount of data between Hadoop and RDBMS databases. Q9. What is the use of –the compress-codec parameter? Answer: This parameter is used to get the export files by using sqoop import which is mentioned in the formats. Q10. Is the JDBC driver capable of using sqoop while connecting to the database? Answer: The JDBC driver is not fully capable of connecting to the database. A connector and JDBC driver are required to connect to the database. When connecting to any RDBMS system, we require a connector and an FDBC driver. We cannot connect to the database server without a connector. Q11. What is the use of –directive mode in sqoop? Answer: We use –directive mode to import single as well as multiple tables into the Hbase or HDFS. This mode is very useful while using the sqoop tool. Q12. What is the use of export in sqoop? Answer: The sqoop export will transfer data from Hadoop to RDBMS. It will fetch the table before transferring. After fetching the table, it will be made available on the database server. To export the database or tables created by sqoop, we use the sqoop export command. Q13. What are the benefits of using sqoop? Answer: Below are the benefits of apache sqoop as follows. It contains multiple benefits at the time using it while importing and exporting data. Parallel data transmission – It uses the YARN for the data import and export process. It also provides the facility of fault tolerance. Essential data import – By using sqoop we can import the required data. We can also import the specified rows from all the rows in the table. Supporting all RDBMS – Sqoop supports all RDBMS. Majorly it will be supporting MySQL, MSSQL, Oracle, and many more RDBMS database systems. Loads data into HDFS – It imports the data from the RDBMS database into the HDFS. Easy data loading – While using sqoop we can easily load the data from any of the RDBMS. Q14. Which command we are using in sqoop? Answer: At the time of working with sqoop, we are using the below commands as follows. Import and export are mostly used. Export Import all tables Create Codegen Eval Version List tables List all databases Q15. What are the features of sqoop? Answer: Sqoop contains several features as follows. Compression Parallel import and export Connect to all RDBMS Directly loading data into Hbase Full load High security Incremental load Conclusion In this article, we have explained the top questions and answers to the sqoop framework. These questions and answers are very useful at the time of giving the interview and attending any test related to Hadoop or HDFS. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Sqoop Interview Questions. Here we have discussed the top question and answers to prepare for your next interview. You may also look at the following articles to learn more – Data Modeling Interview Questions Mainframe Interview Questions Selenium Interview Questions Django Interview Questions

read more

Ruby Interview Questions

Ruby Interview Questions and Answers Ruby is a dynamic programming language, basically, it is focused on the simplicity and productivity of code as well as it also supports more than one programming paradigm. Ruby contains different types of blended functions such as Perl, small talk, etc. Ruby provides the dynamic nature of a program which means it provides stability. Basically, it is used for web application development as well as other types of development we can use ruby. Top 15 Ruby Interview Questions and Answers Below are the top questions and answers of Ruby. These questions are helpful while giving mock tests or interviews. Q1. How many types of library classes are present in Ruby? Answer: Normally we know ruby libraries contain different types of domains such as thread programming, data type, etc. Some of the libraries are Text processing, CGI programming, Network Programming, and GUI programming. Q2. What are the data types present in Ruby? Answer: Same as other programming ruby also contains text, string, Arrays, Booleans, and numbers but apart from this it also has some different types such as Symbols, Hashes, etc. Q3. Can you explain how can we create the object in Ruby? Answer: In ruby when we call a new method for the class at that time an object will be created and one more important thing it contains a unique type of method that is already predefined in the library. Q4. What is the Ruby module? Answer: A collection of modules and methods is called a Ruby module. An instance method or a module method can make up a module method. Because they contain a collection of methods, class definitions, modules, and other modules, they are similar to classes. Like classes, they are defined. Modules are unable to be used to create objects or subclasses. There is no inheritance hierarchy for modules. Basically, there are two purposes of the module as follows. 1. It uses the namespace 2. It allows sharing of the functionality between the different classes. Q5. What is an array and can we create it in Ruby? Answer: Basically, arrays are nothing but ordered collections of objects and it stores the different values with different data types such as integer, number, hash, string as well as symbol. We know that array indexes always start with 0 as same as other programming languages and end with -1. Q6. What are the naming conventions used in Ruby? Answer: Variables: It is used to declare the variable and it contains all letters with the lower and upper case as well as it also allows us to use the underscore as a separate. Class and Module: This is used for the mixed-case and it does not allow using underscore. In this naming convention class or module name always starts with the upper letter. Database Table: Database table name contains lowercase letters and here we can use an underscore between the letters and all names must be in plural structure. Model: Model names use the mixed case and it is always a singular case. Controller: In the controller, naming convention class name is used in a plural structure. Q7. What are hashes in Ruby? Answer: Ruby hash is nothing but a combination of unique keys and their values are the same as an array. Still, one major difference is that we know an array uses an integer value as an index but hash uses any object type for index. The method will return the null when we try to use a hash key for access. Q8. What are iterators and their types? Answer: Basically, iterators are one of the concepts used in object-oriented programming, iterators are nothing but doing tasks many times, for example, we can consider a loop. It is a very simple example of an iterator and it all returns the data from the collection. Basically, there are five types of iterators in ruby as follows. Each iterator Times iterator Up-to and down-to iterator Step iterator Each line iterator Q9. Explain how to open a file with syntax in ruby. Answer: In the ruby programming language we have different methods to create files for reading, writing, or sometime for both. Basically, there are two different methods used to open files in ruby as follows. File.new method: With the help of this method we can create a new file for reading or writing purposes or both. File.open method: With the help of this method we can create a new file object and this object will be assigned to the file. Syntax: fi = File.new("specified file name") or Q10. What is an exception in ruby? Answer: Normally ruby exceptions are used for the instance of a class. Exceptional behavior is displayed by the Ruby program whenever something goes wrong. Ruby programs always end when an exception is thrown. Q11. What is the use of ensure statements in Ruby? Answer: Basically, ensure clause is used to determine the process for the end of the code. Ensure clause of whether an exception is raised, the ensure block continues to run. It always takes effect when the block ends, and it is placed after the last rescue clause. Ensure clause of whether an exception occurs, an exception is rescued, or code is terminated by an uncaught exception, the ensure block will run. Q12. What is the difference between calling super() and calling super in Ruby? Answer: When super is called, the parent method is called with the same arguments as the child method. Therefore, if the arguments passed to the child method don't match what the parent expects, an error will occur. As would be expected, calling super() calls the parent method without providing any arguments. Being clear in your code is always a good thing. Q13. How can we call private methods outside the class with the help of an object? Answer: Yes, we can do it with the help of the send method as follows. class rubysample             private                         def method                                     P "required string"                         end end Q14. What is the difference between the Symbol and String? Answer: Basically, the structure of both is the same but the difference is only behaviors that are totally different. Basically, symbols belong to immutable objects and a String is a mutable object. Q15. What is Mixin Used? Answer: It is used when we want to implement multiple inheritances by using a mixin module. Conclusion From this article, we are able to understand the Ruby Interview Question. It provides the basic idea about the mid-level and higher-level concepts of ruby programming. Ruby Interview Question is a key point for every interview or we can say that every technology. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Ruby Interview Questions. Here we have discussed the top question and answers to prepare for your next interview. You may also look at the following articles to learn more – Sqoop Interview Questions Data Warehouse Interview Questions Data Analytics Interview Questions Data Science Interview Questions

read more

GitHub Interview Questions

GitHub Interview Questions and Answers GitHub interview questions and answers are helpful at the time of giving an interview on GitHub. The standard version control system used in most of the industry is Github. It is the common hub for developers to save their code and can be shared across colleagues. Git is a version control system where the developer creates a tool or project or application GitHub is the place where anyone can make changes to the code without affecting the original code and all the activities in the code can be tracked where the versions are updated in the central repository. In this article, the top questions about GitHub are discussed in brief.  Top 19 GitHub Interview Questions and Answers Below are the top question and answers to GitHub. These questions are helpful while giving mock tests or interviews. Q1. Explain Github Workflow. Answer: The important three areas in git are the working directory, staging area, and git repository. It is designed for the developers to have much control over the code or workflow. The working directory is the developers working space to build the code. The staging area keeps the code in a ready state and the git repository is used to make new commits all the action items, metadata, and files are saved and can be tracked and accessed. GitHub follows the same principle with attracting user interface and supports non-linear workflow and distributed repositories. It can be accessed without VPN and so developers stay more productive. Q2. Define commit Answer: In simple, commit is the record of the last action item and it saves and maintains it in the repository. The user can make any changes in the file from the last commit. Hence commit bundles the project core and enables the user to revise the code at any point. Q3. Define the GitHub link. Answer: Github is the version-controlled repository accessed on the internet using a host service. It provides distributed version control system and advanced source code management features. Q4. How does GitHub help the developers to work together? Answer: When any developer launches their code in git, others can also edit it in an isolated environment by maintaining the versions intact. It avoids confusion when multiple people work together on the same code simultaneously. Q5. Define repo Answer: It is the place to save the code, files, images, snapshots inside a repository. It acts as a storage area on GitHub. Q6. Define GitHub handle. Answer: It is the username on the top corner of GitHub. With this, the user can login to the site and commit to https that is viewed as URL. Q7. How to work on Git Hub? Sign up to a GitHub account. Download git. Build a local git repository. Push a file to the staging area. Do commit and create a branch. Enhance the feature branch Q8. How to build a branch? Answer: In the interface, the branch option is there, click and create it. To retrieve the new branch in Git Hub, use the git fetch command. Q9. Explain GitHub fork. Answer: In simple, copying a repository is called a fork which allows the user to work on code without affecting the code's originality. It is helpful for beginners to use someone’s source code and with that, they develop their required by making a few tweaks. Q10. Define gist programming. Answer: Enhanced feature in Git Hub is a gist that aids sharing of snapshots, code snippets, notes, etc. The gists can be saved as secret or public within the repo. Q11. Define cherry-pick. Answer: It is the command to enable the preference of git commit and make it the head. It is the method to choose the commit from the branch and merge it to another and is used to make changes. Q12. How much space the repository can be created on GitHub. Answer: 1 GB of space is allotted to create a repository and if it exceeds the GitHub support send a humble mail to reduce and scale down the repo. Q13. Does GitHub allow the developers to do a test drive on code? Answer: Absolutely yes. Programmers can bring their code to live. Git repositories can be placed on GitHub and clicked as live to launch the application though it is in the development stage. The client can review the progress and functionalities of the project with the link in Git Hub that is sent by the programmer. Q14. What is the feature branch? Answer: It is used to enhance the code by adding desired requirements. It works with git merge and there is no limit in adding enhanced features and it can have ‘n’ number of feature branches. Q15. How the conflict situation can be resolved? Answer: Conflict happens when two commits that need to be joined have changed at a similar place. So it confuses the software, that which one should be considered and which should be avoided by throwing options to the user, and the best way to overcome this is to edit the files via a standard process. Q16. How to clone a repository in GitHub? Answer: By using the URL, the user can copy the exact copy of the repo to the local system. URL is taken from the GitHub page. Q17. What is star a repo? Answer: Repository starring helps the user to track the project even that is not in scope of the work. So if the user star a repo, it creates a bookmark for quick access and moves that apart from fellow developers. Q18. What is the standard function of GitHub? Answer: The standard flagship in GitHub can enable programmers to browse famous projects, and trending repo and can work on starred projects also. Public repositories can be used as zip files and can be stored in local machines. It also offers enhanced collaboration features and management tools linking the project. Q19. What is a unique attribute of GitHub over other SVN? Answer: In GitHub, many programmers can ensure the approach towards the work. High availability and excellent support are offered by GitHub. All the users can ensure data replication and redundancy. So there are many error-free outputs from GitHub which is much appreciated. It captures the snapshot at every instance and associated tasks where the data is saved in the repository and can be accessed anytime at the desired location. Conclusion Hence GitHub is the safest source and platform independent to work on codes that can be easily accessed, approved, and reviewed by co-workers and manage the work collaboration effectively. Recommended Articles This is a guide to GitHub Interview Questions. Here we have discussed the top question and answers to prepare for your next interview. You may also look at the following articles to learn more – Data Structures and Algorithms Interview Questions Sqoop Interview Questions Data Science Interview Questions Data Warehouse Interview Questions

read more

Django Interview Questions

Django Interview Questions and Answers We know Django is a free open source, high-level web framework, it is using the template model view pattern architecture which means it encourages the developer to do development in a clean and pragmatic way. One of the main points about Django is that it is a Python-based framework. It gives a bright feature to the backend developer with knowledge of security and maintainability. Top 15 Django Interview Questions and Answers Below are the top question and answers to Django. These questions are helpful while giving mock tests or interviews. Q1. Can you explain Django architecture? Answer: We know that Django uses the Model View Template pattern which is dependent on the controller architecture. Because it adheres to its own conventions, it differs slightly from the MVC pattern in that the controller is handled by the framework itself. The template is a layer for presentations. It is a Django Template Language (DTL) and HTML file combined. Django serves the model, view, and template that the developer provides to the user after mapping it to a URL. Q2. Why do we need Django? Answer: It provides flexibility to the developer as well as is faster as compared to others. It is applicable to any web-based application development. It provides security, portability, and scalability to the user. Q3. Where can we use Django either the front end or the back end? Answer: Basically, Django is used for the backend as well as frontend; normally Django is a collection of different libraries which is used for web application development. Q4. Is there any difference between Python and Django? Answer: Django and Python are related but totally different languages. Python is a programming language used to create a variety of applications: desktop applications, artificial intelligence, machine learning, etc. Django is a Python web framework for developing full-stack applications and servers. We can create an app from scratch with core Python or with Django using prewritten code. Q5. What is code reusability in Django? Answer: As compared to the other frameworks Django provides more reusability of code. Basically, Django is a combination of applications so we can easily copy the folder as per our requirement. This kind of code reusability is not permitted in any other framework, which is why Django is the rapid development framework. Q6. What is inheritance in Django? Answer: Basically, Django provides three types of inheritance as follows. Abstract Class: When we don't want the data you want to type out for each child model to be retained by the parent class, you use this style. Multi Inheritance: This style is used when each model needs its own database table and you want to use a subclass on an existing model. Proxy Model: This style lets you change the behavior of the models at the Python level without changing the Model's field. Q7. What is the Django Model? Answer: Data is structured and manipulated by models, which serve as an abstraction layer. The "django.db.models" subclass includes Django models. Database fields are represented by the model class and attributes in the models. Q8. Is there any difference between the ChrField and TextField in Django? Answer: A large text field for large text is TextField. TextField is how paragraphs and all other text data are stored in Django. The default structure gadget for this field is TextArea. A string field called CharField can handle strings of any size. It is comparable to a C/C++ string field. Small strings like first and last names can be stored in CharField in Django. Q9. What is Django URL? Answer: We can design URL functions in any way you want with Django. In order to accomplish this, an informal Python module known as URLconf (URL configuration) must be developed. This module is entirely composed of Python code and serves as a bridge between URL path expressions and Python functions. Likewise, this planning can be just about as lengthy or short on a case-by-case basis and can likewise reference different mappings. This mapping's length can be as long or short as necessary, and it can also refer to other mappings. Additionally, Django provides a method for translating URLs into the active language. Q10. Can you explain Django Exceptions? Answer: We know that exception is one of the most important parts of any development and it leads to code failure. Django provides different types of exceptions as follows. AppRegistryNotReady: It is used when we use the model before the loading of the application. ObjectDoesNotExist: If a base class does not exist. EmptyResultSet: When a query does not return any value. FieldDoesNotExist: This is used when the required field is not present. MultipleObjectReturned: We are expecting a single object but if our query returns more than one then this exception arises. SuspiciousOperation: This is related to security, which means when users try to perform any operation with respect to the suspicious. PermisionDenied: If the user doesn’t have permission to perform any specific operation then this exception arises. As well as many other exceptions present. Q11. What is a cookie in Django? Answer: A cookie is nothing but information about the client’s browser. Normally Django has built-in methods to set the cookies such as set_cookie() and for fetching we have the get() method. Q12. What is the REST framework in Django? Answer: With the help of the REST framework, we are able to create a number of REStful APIs within the minimum time period, basically, Django is useful when we have an existing application and we need to create an API for that. Q13. Explain the context of Django. Answer: Basically, context is nothing but the directory where we store all the variables with their values and pass them to all the templates whenever we require. Q14. Can you explain Meta Class to Django? Answer: Meta is nothing but the data about another class which means the inner class provides the data about its outer class with details such as permission, table name, version, etc. Q15. Can you explain serialization in Django? Answer: By using serialization we can convert the Django models into a different formats such as XML and JSON etc. Conclusion From this article, we are able to understand the Django Interview Question. It provides the basic idea about the mid-level and higher-level concepts of Django programming. Django Interview Question is a key point for every interview or we can say that every technology. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Django Interview Questions. Here we have discussed the top question and answers to prepare for your next interview. You may also look at the following articles to learn more – GitHub Interview Questions Ruby Interview Question Sqoop Interview Questions Data Warehouse Interview Questions

read more

Selenium Interview Questions

Selenium Interview Questions and Answers Selenium is used for automated testing on web applications, but apart from that it can also automate web-oriented admin tasks and browsers. It is built with strong technical APIs, frameworks, and enhanced automation tools. Selenium is available as open source and launched as a manual testing tool, which later emerged as an automated tool for testing and enables the user to test web-based applications on a wide range of browsers. In this article, the frequently asked interview questions about selenium are discussed in brief. Top 14 Selenium Interview Questions and Answers Below are the top question and answers to Selenium. These questions are helpful while giving mock tests or interviews. Q1. How to differentiate between selenium 2.0 and 3.0? Answer: Selenium 2.0 is called as selenium RC, whereas the integrated web driver and selenium RC are called as selenium 3.0. Q2. Explain famous tools in automation testing. Answer: Apart from selenium, business use Rational Robot, IBM rational functional tester, and HP unified functional testing. Q3. Define automation testing. Answer: It is the process where the manual testing of the system under test or application under the test of the web applications is automated. It includes testing tools that help the user to compile test scripts that can be used recurrently without any manual intervention  Q4. How to locate elements in selenium using locators? Answer: Locators in selenium are used to search and match the components of the web page which need to interact with. Different variety of selenium locators to find varied web components on the web page are Name, class, Id, XPath, partial link, Link text, and CSS selector. Q5. Explain types of testing in selenium. Answer: On web-based applications, functional testing and regression testing can be used by selenium. Functional testing is used to verify if every function in an application work according to specific needs. It includes black-box testing and not being anxious about source code in the application. Whereas in regression testing, a partial or full selection of the previously executed test codes can be re-executed to check if the existing functions are working fine. Q6. Explain XPath. Answer: When DOM is a standard method to navigate via an HTML element tree, the XPath is navigating tool, that is used to find the web component dependent on the XML path. An extensible markup language is abbreviated as XML, which is used to save, structure, and carry arbitrary data. It also saves the key-value pair that is the same as HTML tags. As both come under the similar category, XPath is also used to find HTML components. The main purpose of locating the components is to transverse different elements from the entire page and helps the user to find the required one taking reference from the other one. Q7. In XPath, what is the difference between single and double slash? Answer: Single slash is used to build an XPath using an absolute path. Here the selection begins from the start node of the document. Double slash is used to build an XPath using a relative path. Here the selection begins from anywhere in the document. Q8. Does selenium have technical limitations? Answer: The few limitations of selenium are, it cannot be used in a desktop or mobile applications. Barcode readers and captcha cannot be tested using selenium. Third-party tools should be used to generate reports. Q9. Explain POM. Answer: POM is expanded as Page Object Model which is a pattern used to build object repositories using web user interface components. Each web page of the application has a related page class which is responsible to find the web components and execute actions on them. It offers segregated functions and works on a user interface to verify and enhances the readability of code. In test cases, the object repository is independent and the same object repository can be used for multiple testing. It enhances the code's reusability. Q10. Explain the difference between getwindowhandle() and getwindowhandles(). Answer: getwindowhandle() is used to fetch the address of the present browser where it has control and the return type is similar to the string data type. getwindowhandles() is used to fetch the address of every open browser and executes its data type like Set < string > Q11. Mention the type of Selenese. Answer: The set of commands used to execute a test is called Selenese. Accessors, Actions, and Assertions are types of Selenese. Actions are used to execute operation and interaction with target components. Ancestors are used to save the value in a variable. Assertions are used as checkpoint. Q12. What is the difference between driver.quit() and driver.close() commands in selenium? Answer: Close() is used to close the present active browser, the is being under use or it closes the recently accessed browser by the web driver. Quit() is used to close all the windows that are opened by the program. But both don’t take any values and accept any values. Q13. What are navigation commands? Answer: Navigate().back() moves the user again to the last-used website by following the browser history. Navigate().forward() brings the users to a recent web page by following the browser history. Navigate().Refresh() enables the user to restore the present web page by refreshing all the web elements. Navigate().to() brings the user to a new window with a new web page based on the given URL. Q14. How will you find the broken links in WebDriver in selenium? Answer: By following the below process, the user can check if the link is valid or broken. Mount all the links on the web page with anchor tag <a> and for every <a> tag, give attribute ‘href’ to get the hyperlink. Send requests on HTTP for every link and ensure the response code of HTTP. Depending on the HTTP code, define if the link is broken or valid. Use driver.get to move to the corresponding URL that responds to the status of 200 which signifies it is working apart from that all the other status, shows the link is broken. Repeat the same for all the captured links. Conclusion Hence selenium has many advantages, such it as open-source, used by a larger community, compatible with cross-browsers like Chrome, Safari, Firefox, etc, applicable to all OS platforms, and supports different programming languages like C#, Perl, Ruby, Python, etc. It also supports distributed testing, and has updated repositories. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Selenium Interview Questions. Here we have discussed the top question and answers to prepare for your next interview. You may also look at the following articles to learn more – Data Structures and Algorithms Interview Questions Sqoop Interview Questions Data Science Interview Questions Data Warehouse Interview Questions

read more

Mainframe Interview Questions

Mainframe Interview Questions and answers Mainframes is one of the evergreen technologies used across the world by huge enterprises to process higher dimensional data with maximum reliability and security. The performance of this system is high as they have multiple memory devices configured with different combinations. Though there were many emerging technologies, the fame of mainframes never faded, and vacancies are still in demand. In this article, we discuss the mainframe's important interview questions and answers, which is simple to understand. Top 23 Mainframe Interview Questions and Answers Below are the top questions and answers of Mainframe. These questions are helpful while giving mock tests or interviews. Q1. What do you know about mainframes? Answer: A mainframe is called a big iron as it has multi-user components that help to execute TIPS per second. It is related to centralized computing, where small computers become more powerful, and the mainframe system adds to its additional purpose. Q2. Explain spool. Answer: SPOOL is expanded as a simultaneous peripheral operational online. The meaning of a spool is to operate the input or output device using a buffer in secondary and main storage. Q3. What is the usage of WHERE? Answer: WHERE is used to segregate an element or row while using the related system. Q4. How should we create a LIKE table? Answer: LIKE parameter is used to build a LIKE table using CREATE function, and this table is used to test the production environment. Q5. Explain the need of runstats in test environments. Answer: It is used to clear the different values in catalog columns, which are already filled with default values with unexpected end results. Q6. Explain linkage area utilization in COBOL. Answer: The linkage area is used as a section of COBOL, and it aids the program to interact with JCL with PARM parameters. Q7. How is JCL helps to test batch programs? Answer: JCL is expanded as a job control language. It is the management language to execute programs as batches. If the user is executing a check job, the JCL can take control as a method that is submitted to check JOB. Q8. What are foreign keys? Answer: Foreign keys have properties to a corresponding table that has matching entries to a primary key in other tables, which results in the development of an association between two tables. Q9. Explain the DBCTL functions. Answer: DBCTL functions are used to work on IMS files to process CICS transactions. It is a structured address space. ACBs, IMS, PSBs, and DBDs are standard to DBCTL to access the files. If there is an IMS call that is produced by the CICS program. The process gets transmitted to DBCTL, which needs to be carried, and the resultant is transferred as a reply. Q10. Explain types of tablespaces. Answer: The three types of tablespace are simple, partitioned, and segmented. Q11. What is the difference between multiple and composite indexes? Answer: Multiple indexes hold two indexes, one for every column in the same table, and a composite index has a single index that consists of combined values in two columns on a table. Q12. Explain the divisions of COBOL. Answer: Practical division, data division, environmental division, and identification division which is the most significant division. Q13. Explain the COBOL types. Answer: The types of COBOL are numbers, alphabets, and alpha-numeric values. Q14. Explain ISER NUMERIC rule. Answer: Numeric can be executed as alphanumeric items, that is, infinite and packed decimal values can be entered with the help of packed and digital decimal items. It turns true if the numeric values are in between 0 to 9. If it is a tested signed item, then it can have values between 0-9, +, and - Q15. How to use COPYBOOK in COBOL? Answer: COPYBOOK is like a spare key format of any record that uses the same design on any program. The user can avoid the same COPYBOOK for different documents, and if the design is the same, the REPLACE choice is made to use the COPYBOOK. Q16. Explain the distinction between COPY and INCLUDE. Answer: The low distinction is there, which has an excellent way of working, and it helps to include designs in programs. The main impact is INCLUDE options are stretched to PRE-COMPILATION, which works by self. The main idea to use DCLGEN is because of INCLUDE options. Q17. Explain the update cursor. Answer: The update pointer enables the user to update or delete the current row. The aim of UPDATE is to allow the information server to capture so that program stays updated on any row. This information server places an added exact row locks that measures and turns the fetched values to the square via associate degree using an updated pointer. It also fetches a row value for the pointer, which is not declared with any keyword. Q18. In COBOL, how do you characterize the tables? Answer: Happen function is used to characterize the tables, which can be used with table components except for INDEX or SUBSCRIPT. Q19. What is the use of COMP in COBOL? Answer: It is applied to have ideal utilization of speed management at arithmetic functions. Q20. How to use 88-level items in COBOL? Answer: It is used to restrict factors and take choices with specific conditions within a program. Q21. Is it possible to move alphanumeric values to numeric fields? Answer: Yes, by using the MOVE option, but the incentives can be failed if it is applied as a part of computations on number-crunching. Q22. How to differentiate CALL proclamations as DYNAMIC or STATIC? Answer: If the name of the program is explicitly avoided in CALL articulation, then it is defined as a static call, or if any operational stockpiling values are avoided in CALL articulation, then it is defined as a dynamic call. Q23. Explain the types of lock. Answer: The three types of lock are shared, update, and exclusive. Share is used to lock type that enables two or more programs to get viewed from the locked area but doesn’t have any edit option. An update is a lenient lock that allows the program to view and edit it in a locked area. Exclusive lock confines all the users accessing the program in a locked area. Conclusion Hence it would be easy for the developers to have in-depth knowledge of all parts of mainframe technologies which have coding and backend format. Mainframe computers are used in accounting, business reactions, and many real-time applications, which work with high scalability and reliability. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Mainframe Interview Questions. Here we have discussed the top question and answers to prepare for your next interview. You may also look at the following articles to learn more – Sqoop Interview Questions Data Warehouse Interview Questions Data Analytics Interview Questions Data Science Interview Questions

read more

SharePoint Interview Questions

SharePoint Interview Questions and Answers Today, most of the sectors were moved to paperless jobs and the standard method to save the data had been acquired by the latest technology and all the information can be easily accessed in the virtual space as a pdf or word document. So Microsoft introduced an application called SharePoint which is a storage and document management system that enable the teams to work on list database, workflow applications and other agile tasks. Easy access to information and automated functions are the main views of SharePoint. It is compatible with all the browsers and remains as a reliable product. In this article, the interview questions of SharePoint were discussed. Top 23 SharePoint Interview Questions and Answers Below are the top questions and answers of SharePoint. These questions are helpful while giving mock tests or interviews. Q1. Explain the uses of SharePoint. Answer: SharePoint is used to collect, save and organize the data. So the important data are consolidated in a single place and helps websites. Q2. What types of tasks can be built using SharePoint? Answer: The standard functions of tasks are associations, modifications, installation, and task edit. Q3. Define WSP. Answer: The web Solution Package is called WSP, which is the file that contains information about images, sources, etc. Q4. Define zone. Answer: A zone signifies a distinct logical pathway that is similar to a URL to access the same web application that allows the setting of particular policies and access requirements for various users. The standard five zones are default, custom, extranet, intranet, and internet. Q5. What is the permission site of SharePoint? Answer: The permission sites are designed, contribute, edit, full control, read, view only, and limited access. Q6. Explain the steps to create a list using a column. Answer: Navigate to the homepage. Select + New from the drop-down option of the list and give the name of the list and description, the list will be created with the given title. The select +add column. In the +add option, choose items. Give the name of the column and select save. Now, the column is created. Q7. Explain the hardware requirements of a single server for SharePoint. Answer: It requires 8 GB RAM, a processor of four courses, and 64-bit. The hard disk for the system drive should be 80 GB. Q8. Define MOSS. Answer: Microsoft SharePoint server is abbreviated as MOSS which offers a portal-like platform to build, edit and share documents with web facilities. Q9. Define SharePoint farm. Answer: The farm is a club of servers that associates to achieve responsibilities to execute functions. Q10. State the important difference between the master URL and the customer URL. Answer: In the master URL, the layout was changed at the end user’s page, whereas in the customer URL, the layout of the admin page is changed. Q11. Define site collection. Answer: The site collection is a collection of websites. SharePoint works on dual-site collection namely path-based site selection and host-based site collection. Q12. Mention the SharePoint types and forms used. Answer: The three types of SharePoint are SharePoint foundation, SharePoint server, and office 365. The forms used in SharePoint are task forms, modification forms, and initiation, and association forms. Q13. How many sub-sites are required in SharePoint 2019? Answer: A maximum of two thousand sites are required in SharePoint 2019 site. Q14. What types of SharePoint assets go with features of SharePoint? Answer: The important SharePoint assets are pages, webparts, lists, workflows, custom actions, event handlers, simple site customization, custom site navigation, list, etc Q15. Explain SharePoint’s workflow. Answer: Workflow is a pre-customized application that supports in streamline and automation of processes. It also helps to provide approval, process tracking, feedback, and other standard follow-up tasks. It saves effort and time, which enhances productivity.  Q16. Explain the working of content database management in SharePoint. Answer: The content-database works on published reports, report models, permissions, resources, and shared data resources. Q17. Explain the team site. Answer: The team site enables the user to save and associate with files to build and organize the information. It involves web pages as a standard library for documents, web parts, and data management lists. Q18. Explain the features of document management by SharePoint. Answer: The important features of document management are document storage, document set, document check-out, and check-in, document versioning, document integration, content type, and managed metadata services. Q19. Explain picture library Answer: Picture library allows the storage and keeping the pictures updated which are used on the site or to share with other users. Q20. Mention the steps to create a picture library. Answer: In the dashboard of the site, select +New and choose an app from the menu. Click on the required picture from the picture library. Give the name of the picture library and choose to create button. Hence the picture library is designed. Q21. What are the important features of SharePoint? Answer: The three important features of SharePoint are data storage, work organization, and teamwork. The data storage helps to store the higher dimensional data in a structured format. The data is separated based on the requirement and features. Teamwork aids to share files easily and the edit option is enabled for all members of the group. It affluence teamwork by preserving content privacy. Work organization allows smooth work by assigning the jobs clearly and listing the workflow. It allows the user to highlight the important tasks for quick identification. Q22. What kind of skills are required to be expertise in SharePoint? Answer: It requires around ten skills to work effectively in SharePoint they are a basic understanding of tools and their options, programming language to work at the backend, designing skills like UX or UI, debugging and testing skills, collaborative skills, communication skills, documentation skills, database skills, automation on business process skills, cloud technology skills. Competency should be adaptable to handle complex projects. Q23. Explain the six remarkable features in SharePoint. Answer: SharePoint is a collaborative platform, where all the data are kept in sync. Here all types of databases can be saved in a single place to fetch and access easily. It is a highly reliable platform where all the data are safe. All task can be performed easily as it is pre-programmed. Conclusion Hence SharePoint is a standard and emerging platform that is acting as a single man to handle all simple important functions to keep the business updated and productive. So the business unit requires a smart jack to handle all simple trade to make the game interesting and leads to success. Recommended Articles This is a guide to SharePoint Interview Questions. Here we have discussed the top question and answers to prepare for your next interview. You may also look at the following articles to learn more – Mainframe Interview Questions Selenium Interview Questions Django Interview Questions Ruby Interview Question

read more

Data Engineer Interview Questions

Data Engineer Interview Questions and Answers The data engineering field is one of the systems which help us to collect data from different resources. This is a broad-level application that is used in almost all companies. We know companies can collect a huge amount of data and they need talented people to process that data or we can say that analysts collected data. Today we have a lot of opportunities in data science as well as the data engineering field. Top 15 Data Engineer Interview Questions and Answers Below are the top questions and answers of the Data Engineer. These questions are helpful while giving mock tests or interviews. Q1. Can you explain what data engineering is? Answer: It is nothing but one type of application which is used to collect the data from the different resources and analyze it according to the requirement. Q2. Could you explain the distinction between the warehouse and the operational database? Answer: Warehouse data is used for data analysis of raw data, while operational data is used for transaction processing with a lot of data. We have functions in operational data and subject-oriented data in warehouse data. The most significant distinction is that warehouse query performance is high while operational data performance is low. Q3. Do you know the schema names which are available in modeling? Answer: Normally there are two types of schema such as Star Schema and Snowflake schema. Q4. Can you explain the difference between data scientists and data engineering? Answer: Data scientists can work in companies, government, and applied sciences, among other areas. The same goal is shared by all data scientists: to discover insights from data that are pertinent to their work area. Data engineers develop or integrate numerous components of intricate systems, taking into account the requirements of the end product, the company's objectives, and the required information. Because of this, extremely complicated data pipelines must be built. Q5. Can you explain the repercussions of the NameNode crash? Answer: We know that in the HDFS cluster, there is a single NameNode that is used to keep track of another node, the DataNode, due to the single point of failure. If the NameNode fails, the system is unable to access. Q6. What is a star schema? Answer: A star schema can have one fact table and a number of related dimension tables in the center of a data warehouse. Because of how similar its structure is to that of a star, it is known as a star schema. Normally the star schema is a very simple part of the warehouse. The Star Join Schema is another name for it, and it is made to work with huge data sets. Q7. Can you explain the replication factor in data engineering? Answer: The number of times that each Data Block is replicated by the Hadoop framework is called the replication factor. Replicating the block provides fault tolerance. The default setting for the replication factor is 3, but it can be changed to 2 (less than 3) or raised to meet your requirements (more than 3). Q8. What is orchestration? Answer: Normally, we know IT companies require multiple servers as well as different applications so we need to maintain their stability of them through manual work but it is not scalable. During maintenance, it is a more challenging task to manage them. So we need to automate this task to avoid manual interpretation, so we can easily configure the jobs. Orchestration comes in handy in this situation. Basically, orchestration is used for the configuration as well as different management and it is automated. Orchestration makes it easier for IT to manage complicated processes and workflows. Kubernetes and OpenShift are just two of the many container orchestration platforms available. Q9. Do you have any idea about Apache Spark? Answer: Apache Spark is an open-source tool used for distributed processing of data. It makes use of efficient query execution and in-memory caching for quick queries against any size of data. Simply put, Spark is a fast and flexible general-purpose data processing engine. Q10. Can you explain the difference between Spark and MapReduce? Answer: Spark is an enhancement to Hadoop. Consequently, for lighter workloads, Spark's data processing speed is up to 100 times faster than MapReduce. In contrast to MapReduce's two-stage execution method, Spark also creates a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) to schedule tasks and coordinate nodes in the Hadoop cluster. Q11. What is a Skewed table? Answer: Skewed is one type of table that contains the column which occurs frequently. Distribution in the table is nothing but the result and one more important thing is when we are trying to create a skewed table in the hive the value of skewed is placed in a separate file. The remaining information is stored in another file. Q12. How many types of table creation functions are available in the hive? Answer: Basically there are four functions such as Explode (array), Explode (map), JSON_truple(), and Stack(). Q13. Why we use *args and **kwargs? Answer: When we need to use the order function on the command line then we can use *arg and when we need to use an unordered group of arguments that we need to pass to the function then we can use **kwargs. Q14. Do you know the spark execution plan? Answer: Statement in SQL (SQL, Spark SQL, Dataframe operations, and so on) is turned into a set of logical and physical processes that are optimized by an execution plan. The SQL (or Spark SQL) statement will perform a series of operations on the DAG (Directed Acyclic Graph), which will then be sent to Spark Executors. Q15. What are the four Vs in data engineering? Answer: Volume, Veracity, Velocity, and Variety. Conclusion From this article, we are able to understand the Data engineer Interview Question.  It provides the basic idea about the mid-level and higher-level concepts of data engineering. Data engineer Interview Question is a key point for every interview or we can say that every technology. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Data Engineer Interview Questions. Here we have discussed the top question and answers to prepare for your next interview. You may also look at the following articles to learn more – Mainframe Interview Questions Selenium Interview Questions Django Interview Questions Ruby Interview Question

read more

Data Modeling Interview Questions

Data Modeling Interview Questions and Answers Data modeling is a process of managing and analyze data collected from different resources. The collected data may be redundant, so by using data modeling, we can avoid duplication of data and avoid waste of memory. Normally data modeling is a combination of designers, developers, and end users. When we talk about the profession, then, we people work with data such as DB engineers, BA, and developers. Top 15 Data Modeling Interview Questions and Answers Below are the top questions and answers to Data Modeling. These questions are helpful while giving mock tests or interviews. Q1. Do you know the types of data modeling? Answer: There are three types of data modeling as follows: Physical data model: This is used to store the data in the database in the form of schema, or we can say that framework is used to store the physical data in DB. Conceptual data model: This is the second type of model, and it is used for the high-level users' view. Logical data model: Logical data model is a middle layer between the physical and conceptual data model, or we can say how we can represent the data. Q2. Explain Table. Answer: We know that a table is a combination of rows and columns. Record or tuple is another name convention that is used for the table. In other words, we can say that it is a vertical and horizontal structure. Q3. What is an ER diagram, and why do we use it? Answer: ER is nothing but the Entity-Relationship diagram, which represents the logical relationship between the entities with the help of different symbols such as boxes, arrows, and ellipses. Q4. Do you know Surrogate Keys? Answer: The surrogate key is nothing but the primary key. Data modelers create the surrogate key, a useful tool for identifying records, creating SQL queries, and improving performance. We can use a surrogate key instead of the primary key. Q5. Explain common errors which present in the data modeling. Answer: Creating data models that are too broad: The data model becomes more complicated as the number of tables exceeds 200, and failure chances may increase. Unnecessary surrogate keys: It is used when our primary key cannot do the natural key task. There may be times when the user has no idea what the company's mission or goal is. If the data modeler lacks a solid understanding of the company's business model, creating a specific business model is difficult, if not impossible. Inappropriate denormalization: This strategy should not be used by users unless there is a compelling reason to do so. Although denormalization boosts read performance, it also generates redundant data that is difficult to maintain. Q6. What are the two types of design schemas? Answer: There are two types of schemas: Star and Snowflake. A fact table is at the center of the Star schema, and multiple dimension tables surround it. A Snowflake schema has a snowflake-like appearance due to a higher normalization level. Q7. Can you explain the slowly changing dimensions? Answer: Sometimes we need to manage the current as well as historical data, so at that time, we can use dimensions. Data modeling provides different dimensions, such as SCD 0 to SCD 3. Q8. Do you know about Data Mart? Answer: The simplest form of data warehousing, a data mart, concentrates on a single business function. A subset of data warehouses known as data marts is focused on a specific line of the business or functional area of an organization (such as marketing, finance, or sales, for example). A variety of transactional systems, additional data warehouses, and even external sources bring data into data marts. Q9. Explain granularity. Answer: The amount of data stored inside the table is called granularity in terms of high and low limits. Normally transaction level is one of the data types, and it can be found in high-limit granularity. On the other hand, we have low-limit data, which is present on the fact table called low-limit granularity. Q10. Can you explain the difference between reverse and forward engineering? Answer: In forward engineering, data models can create DDL scripts. Databases can be made with DDL scripts. Data models are created using reverse engineering from scripts or a database. The user can engineer a database into a data model using some data modeling tools' options that connect to the database. Q11. What are the advantages of data modeling? Answer: By using data modeling, we can easily manage commercial data and implement normalization and structure. By using data modeling, we can reduce the redundancy of data collected from different resources. As per our requirement, we can design the database. Fetching data from the warehouse is easy. Q12. Can you explain the characteristics of the physical model? Answer: The data requirements for a single project or application are outlined in the physical data model. Depending on the project's scope, it may be integrated with other physical data models. Relationships between tables in the data model address the relationships' cardinality and null ability. Designed to work with a particular DBMS version, location, data storage, or technology that will be used in the project. The assigned lengths, default values, and data types for columns should all be precise. Access profiles, authorizations, views, indexes, and primary and foreign keys, among other things, are specified. Q13. Do you know relation data modeling? Ans: By using relational modeling, we can represent the database that we can access through normalization. Q14. What is cardinality? Answer: It is nothing but the relationship between the two different entities. Q15. Do you know about self-recursive relationships? Answer: Self-recursive means a standalone column is connected to the existing primary key. Conclusion From this article, we can understand the Data modeling Interview Question. It provides the basic idea about the mid-level and higher-level concepts of Data modeling. Data modeling Interview Question is a key point for every interview, or we can say that every technology. Recommended Articles This is a guide to Data Modeling Interview Questions. Here we have discussed the top question and answers to prepare for your next interview. You may also look at the following articles to learn more – Data Warehouse Interview Questions Data Science Interview Questions Data Structures and Algorithms Interview Questions Hadoop vs Spark

read more

CFA Exam 2023

Introduction To CFA Exam 2023 Many students stretch themselves to fulfill the dream of becoming a Chartered Financial Analyst or CFA. The tough and comprehensive structure of the CFA Exam forces aspiring professionals to sweat themselves to sustain through this exam. The Charter or Chartered Financial Analyst is the designation honored to the candidates who make it successful in the CFA Exam. Almost 2.5 Lakh candidates evaluate themselves yearly for this exam across the globe. A focused vision, dedication, and hard work can survive you through it, as it is a challenging exam. It is divided into three phases that assess the candidates on the various basics like investment tools, portfolio management, valuing assets, and wealth planning. Candidates go through a three-stage exam to test their financial proficiency. Table of contentsIntroduction To CFA Exam 2023CFA Exam Dates 2023CFA Exam FeesCFA Exam RequirementsCFA Exam RegistrationRecommended Articles Key Takeaways Chartered Financial Analyst is a challenging career option so many students are getting attracted to this. Charter plays a significant role in the organization’s economic growth and smooth working. It is a boundary to enter this challenging world and aspiring candidates do their best to complete this exam. The global accredited status of the profession empowers more students to go through this exam. CFA Exam Dates 2023 As the conducting body has announced the exam's important dates for the year 2023, candidates needed to highlight these dates on their calendars. All levels of the exam are conducted in the form of computer-based testing. It is scheduled to be held four times in the months of February, May, August, and November. Here are the important dates for Exam 2023: EventDateRegistration Date CFA Exam 20229 August 2022Early Registration Fee End Date9 November 2022CFA Level-1 202323–27 May 2023 CFA Exam 2023Feb 2023MAY 2023November 2023CFA Level 1 Exam DateFEB 14-20-2023MAY 16-22-202311-17 November 2023CFA Level 2 Exam DateMay 23-27-2023AUG 29-SEPT 02 -202326- 30 November 2023CFA Level 3 Exam Date25 May- 01 June 202301- 08 September 2023NOV 18-22-2023 CFA Exam Fees It is conducted at various locations, and aspiring candidates can pay the fees using offline and online payment modes. Offline methods like wire transfer, cheque, money order, or postal order, ACH can be used to pay the fees. Online methods like net banking, credit card, and debit cards can be used to pay fees online. Credit cards like American Express, Diner’s Club, Discover, JCB, MasterCard, UnionPay, or Visa are accessible to pay the fees. Here are the CFA Exam Fees 2023:  Before the Early Fee DeadlineBefore Standard Fee DeadlineBefore the Late Fee DeadlineCFA Program Enrollment Fee$900$900$900CFA Exam 2023 Registration Fee$1200$1200$1200 CFA Exam Requirements To appear for the exam, there are certain requirements that students need to fulfill. The requirements are: A bachelor’s or equivalent degree, final-year students who are getting their results in 11 months are eligible for the CFA Level-1 Exam. Or 4000 hours of professional experience, either full-time or investment type. Or A combination of both working experience and education that is summing up to 4000 hours provided education and work are not overlapped. CFA Exam Registration They are now conducted in the form of computer-based testing; the registration process gets divided into two stages: Step 1: Visit the official website of CFA and enroll yourself at https://www.cfainstitute.org/en/programs/cfa/register. Create an account with your email id. Fill in the details like name, email id, and password, and select a security question. Step 2: Log in with your account, provide the required details, and complete the registration. Pay the exam fees using one of the methods like net banking, debit card, or credit card. And step further to schedule the exam at your https://cfaprogram.cfainstitute.org/. Students even can reschedule the exam dates by paying additional fees. Recommended Articles This is a guide to CFA Exam. Here we discuss the introduction, CFA exam dates 2023, exam fees, requirements, and registration respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – CFA Syllabus Level 1 CFA Subjects CFA Qualification CFA Eligibility

read more

CFA Exam Level 2

Introduction To CFA Exam Level 2 Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) is the finance certification offered to finance and investment professionals by the American CFA Institute. CFA exam is one of the challenging exams that require practice and preparation to clear the exam. Every year almost 2.5 lakh candidates attempt this exam from around the world. CFA program covers topics relating to investment management, quantitative analysis, financial analysis, fixed income, equities and provides general knowledge of finance areas. In order to become a CFA, the candidates have to pass all 3 levels of the exams. CFA programs include series of three exams levels: level 1, level 2, and level 3. Key Takeaways Its pass rate around 45%, so this exam needs focused study and preparation. Candidates should dedicate 300 hrs. in studying level 2 exam. CFA charter is an exclusive designation designed to demonstrate mastery. To get CFA certification candidates will have to study carefully the CFA 2021 syllabus and exam pattern for each CFA level exam before starting the preparation. There is a lot of materials available like study guides, practice books, and online video courses which can be used for preparing the CFA 2021 level 2 exam. CFA Exam 2021 The CFA 2021 exam takes place online. The different levels of the CFA exam will be held on separate dates. The registration process for all 3 levels of the CFA exam will start on the same day. Exam dates for all three levels will be different depends upon the availability of exam centers and the number of candidates appearing for the exam. The CFA eligibility criteria are different for each level of the CFA exam. Due to covid-19 pandemics situation CFA institute following computer-based exam format for all levels from 2021 onwards. There is no negative marks system in the CFA exam. CFA Exam Level 2 Given below shows CFA exam level 2: No. Of MCQ Duration Of Exam Morning Session Afternoon Session Dates Of Exam Total 90 4.5 Hours 2.25 Hours 2.25 Hours 25 May -1 June 31 Aug- 4 Sep 26 Nov- 30 Nov Eligibility Criteria For level 2 the candidates must have a clear CFA level 1 exam. A candidate should have a Bachelor’s degree with 4 years of work experience. CFA Exam Level 2 Registration The CFA level 2 May session exams are postponed due to covid-19 pandemics, May 2021 session exams rescheduled with the November 2021 level 2 exams. The registration for the August 2021 level 2 exam opened in August 2020 and is closed on 4 May 2021. The registration for the November 2021 level 2 exam will be close on 10 August 2021. CFA level 2 early registration fee is $700 and the standard registration fee is $1000. Registration For CFA Exam Registration for the CFA exam is now a two-step simple process as the following: Step 1 of online registration: Enroll in the CFA 2021 exam through CFA website: www.cfainstitute.org Step 2 of online registration: After completion of the registration process and your online payment is processed, you will see the “schedule your exam” option in your CFA Program tile. Candidates must complete this step by scheduling a deadline. if you do not receive a confirmed date and time, you are not yet successfully appearing scheduled for an exam. CFA Exam Level 2 Syllabus Given below shows CFA exam level 2 syllabus: Subjects Weightage Portfolio management 5%-15% Alternative investments 5%-10% Derivative investments 5%-10% Equity investments 10%-15% Fixed income investments 10%-15% Financial reporting analysis 10%-15% Corporate finance 5%-10% Economics 5%-10% Ethics 10%-15% Books The best books for preparation of CFA level 2 are as follows: Wiley’s Level 2 CFA program study guide Kaplan Schweser Notes level 2 CFA prep book 25th Hour Notes: Havel Learning System International Financial Statement Analysis: By Thomas R Robinson Financial Reporting and Analysis: By M Imraan Ashan The handbook of Fixed Income Securities Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives: By John C, Hull, and Sanakarshan Basu Recommended Articles This is a guide to CFA Exam Level 2. Here we discuss the introduction, eligibility, registration, syllabus and CFA exam level 2 books respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – CFA Syllabus Level 1 CFA Qualification CFA Subjects CFA Course Details

read more

CFA Course

Introduction To CFA Course Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) course international prestigious course in finance and investment field. It is a professional course offered by the CFA Institute from the 9USA. CFA course allows the candidate to build a career in finance, banking, investment, economics, and the stock market. It takes 4 years to complete the CFA course. There is no entrance examination for the admission process. Candidates need to register themselves to enroll in the CFA course. After registration there will be no regular classes for curriculum, candidates need to learn themselves. Key Takeaways CFA charter is a prestigious and globally recognized course in the finance sector. Finance industry hires the CFA charter holder with a high salary package. One needs to strive hard to achieve this degree. The passing rate for this exam is 42% to 54%. It is three-level course: Level I, Level II, level II. Students need to pass all three exams to avail the CFA charter. Detailed Information About CFA Course CFA institute conducts the CFA exams across the world through the 170 cities for the June session and 70 cities for the December session. In India, it is conducted in the 11 cities Pune, Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Bhopal, Ahmadabad, Jaipur, Lucknow. There are 3 levels of exam. Level I, level II, level III, and candidates need to pass all three levels to achieve chartered analyst. 1. Details of Level I Use website cfainstitute.org/ for level I registration. There are 3 deadlines for registration. Cheapest Standard Costliest 2. Details of Level II Use website cfainstitute.org/ for level II registration. Candidates can apply for the scholarship programs of the CFA institutes. There are only two deadlines for registration Early Standard 3. Details of Level III Use website cfainstitute.org/ for level III registration. Need to accept the candidate agreement. There are only two deadlines for registration Early Standard Eligibility For CFA Course Candidate should be graduate with any stream to appear for the CFA admission. Candidate must have 4 years of work experience in the investment and finance field. Candidates who are pursuing the final year of the degree course are also eligible for the registration. Candidate must have an international passport. Candidate must be fluent in English. The passport process must complete in the English language. Course Fees For CFA Course Given below shows course fees for CFA course: Country Average Fee Range USA Universities 11,00,000 INR to 43,00 000 INR Australia Universities 88,000 INR to 25,00,000 INR Canada Universities 3,00,000 INR to 22,00,000 INR UK Universities 14,00,000 INR to 36,00,000 INR Indian Universities 32,000 INR to 1,00,000 INR Exam Fees For CFA There are two types of CFA exam registration fees: Early registration fees Standard registration fees CFA Exam Pattern And Duration Given below shows CFA exam pattern and duration: Exam Session No. Of Questions Duration Level I Morning session Afternoon session 240 questions 3 hours for each session Level II Morning session Afternoon session 20 items set questions 3 hours for each session Level III Morning session Afternoon session 20 items set questions 3 hours for each session CFA Exam Syllabus Given below shows CFA exam syllabus: Exam Level Syllabus Level I Economics Fixed Income Final Reporting and Analysis Ethical and Professional Standards Corporate Finance Portfolio Management Quantitative Methods Equity Investments Derivatives Alternative Investments Level II Quantitative Methods Fixed Income Financial Reporting and Analysis Corporate Finance Equity Valuation Economics Derivative Investment Alternative Investments Portfolio Management Ethical and Professional Standards Level III Behavioural Finance Individual Investors and Institutional Investors Capital Market Expectations Fixed Income and Equity Portfolio Management Alternative Investments Application of Derivatives Portfolio Execution Ethical and Professional Standards Conclusion CFA is a globally recognized international course offered by the USA-based CFA institute which offers a CFA charter. The best degree to build a career in the field of investment. Recommended Articles This is a guide to CFA Course. Here we discuss the introduction, eligibility, course fees, exam fees, CFA exam pattern and duration, syllabus. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – CFA Subjects CFA Qualification CFA Exam Level 1 CFA Full Form

read more

CFA Exam Level 1

Introduction To CFA Exam Level 1 The following article provides an outline for CFA Exam Level 1. CFA stands for charted financial analyst and is the highest designation in the financial and investment field provided by the CFA Institute. CFA Institute is a globally recognized US-based institute that provides education for the investment field. CFA institute grants CFA charter in investment and financial profession. It takes three levels to complete the CFA. To obtain a CFA charter, the candidate must have to pass all three levels. It requires extensive hard work to pass the CFA exam. Candidates need to become a member of the CFA institute and need to pay annual fees. Institute conducts the level I exam twice a year in the month of June and December. The syllabus mostly focuses on investment tools. Key Takeaways To enter the financial and investment field the CFA charter is the best option. Invest management sector is a most respected field and provides more opportunities in the job. To get a CFA charter need to pass all three levels of the exam that is level I, level II, and level III. CFA level I exam is a computer-based online exam. It is not easy to pass, one needs to strive hard to pass this exam. Eligibility For Level 1 To enrolled for the CFA exam candidate should have completed the bachelor’s degree or must be in the final year of the bachelor’s degree and require work experience of four years. Work experience should be in investment decision-making. Candidate must possess an international passport. Complete the entire process in English. Registration For Level 1 Visit the CFA exam to enroll in the CFA exam. Pay for the exam by using the “Schedule my exam” option on the CFA website. Syllabus For CFA Level 1 Candidates need to appear 240 multiple choice questions regarding the below syllabus and need to complete within six hours. Quantitative methods Corporate finance Economics Financial reporting and analysis Fixed income Derivatives Equity investments Alternative investments Ethical and professional standards Portfolio management and wealth planning CFA Level 1 Specialization Given below shows CFA level 1 specialization: Topic Subtopic Duration Quantitative Methods The Time Value of Money Probability Concepts· Sampling and Estimation Hypothesis Testing 6 Months Corporate Finance Capital Budgeting Capital Structure Cost of Capital 6 Months Economics Microeconomics Macroeconomics 6 Months Financial Reporting and Analysis Income Taxes Financial Analysis Techniques Understanding Balance Sheets Financial Reporting Standards Financial Reporting Quality 6 Months Fixed Income Introduction to Fixed Income Valuation Introduction to Asset Backed Securities Fundamentals of Credit Analysis 6 Months Derivatives Forward Markets and Contracts Futures Markets and Contracts Option Valuation Options Strategies Basics of Options Caps, Floors, and Swaptions 6 Months Equity Investments Market Efficiency Security Market Indexes Market Organization and Structure Introduction to Industry & Company Analysis Overview of Equity Securities 6 Months Alternative Investments Hedge Funds Commodities Real Estate Private Equity Infrastructure 6 Months Ethical and Professional Standards Ethics in the Investment Profession Code of Ethics and Standards Guidance for Standards I–VII Overview of Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS) 6 Months Portfolio Management and Wealth Planning Portfolio Risk and Return: Part Portfolio Risk and Return: Part II Basics of Portfolio Planning and Construction Technical Analysis Fintech in Investment Management 6 Months Exam Pattern Of CFA Level 1 Given below is the exam pattern mentioned: Sessions No. of Questions Duration Morning Session 90 3 Hours Afternoon Session 90 3 Hours Important Dates For CFA Level 1 Given below are the important dates for CFA level 1: For the June session: CFA Event- 2021 CFA Dates- 2021 Last Date of Registration for June 2021 20 April 2021 Scheduling Deadline 11 May 2021 Level I Exam Date 18 July 2021 to 26 July 2021 For the December session: CFA Event-2021 CFA Dates-2021 Registration Starts 05 February 2021 Early Registration Fee Deadline 25 March 2021 Standard Registration Fee Deadline 19 August 2021 Final (Late) Registration Fee Deadline 09 September 2021 Level I Exam Date 05 December 2021 Conclusion - CFA Exam Level 1 CFA gives the credential in the investment world. CFA emphasizes the professional career with ethical and professional standards. Recommended Articles This is a guide to CFA Exam Level 1. Here we discuss the introduction, eligibility, registration, syllabus, CFA level 1 specialization, exam pattern, important dates. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – CFA Exam CFA Exam Level 2 CFA Subjects CFA Salary

read more

CFA Full Form

Introduction To CFA Full Form The following article provides an outline for CFA Full Form. CFA charter is an online exam to get a recognized CFA charter. CFA is the most accredited designation in the fields of investment and finance. It gives plenty of options for a career with great credentials. It is an integrated program of CFA level I, CFA level II, CFA level III. After cracking all three exams, students are awarded the charter certificate. Even though the exam complexity is high, millions of candidates worldwide accept the challenge of the exam. Candidates can use www.cfainstitute.org/ for registration of all the levels. Key Takeaways CFA Institute is a USA-based, non-profit institute established in 1947. Candidates need to register their name through the CFA exam. Next step is, candidates need to schedule their exam. Candidate needs to keep track of registration closer date. Details Of CFA Levels Given below are the details of CFA Levels: 1. Details of Level I There are 3 deadlines for registration. Registration Type CFA Level I Fees Cheapest $700 Standard $1,000 Costliest $1,450 2. Details of Level II Aspirants can apply for the various scholarship programs of the CFA institutes as the exam fees are comparatively high. There are 3 deadlines for registration Registration Type CFA Level I Fees Cheapest $700 Standard $1,000 Costliest $1,450 3. Details of Level III There are 3 deadlines for registration Registration Type CFA Level I Fees Cheapest $700 Standard $1,000 Costliest $1,450 CFA Full Form The full form of the CFA exam is Chartered Financial Analyst which covers a major part of the investment field which helps to become a respected personality with a pretty salary package in the investment field. It is conducted by the CFA institute USA intended to enhance the global investment and finance profession. Some Detailed Information On CFA Students who have completed their degree with relevant filed can pursue the CFA course. One can complete this course within 1.5 to 4 years. Each level is conducted twice a year in the month of June and December. Eligibility Candidate must have completed the degree course or must be in the final year of the degree of relevant stream. Candidate should have work experience of 3 years in the relevant field. Course Fees For CFA Course Given below is the course fees for CFA course: Country Average Fee Range Indian Universities 32,000 INR to 1,00,000 INR UK Universities 14,00,000 INR to 36,00,000 INR Canada Universities 3,00,000 INR to 22,00,000 INR Australia Universities 8,80,000 INR to 26,00,000 INR USA Universities 11,00,000 INR to 43,00 000 INR CFA Institute Offers CFA Program Below listed CFA institute offers CFA program: Institute Names Tentative Fee International College of Financial Planning INR 40,000 International College of Financial Planning, New Delhi INR 45,000 Central India Institute of Management Studies, Jabalpur INR 32,500 Shri Chiman Bhai Patel Institute, Ahmedabad INR 65,336 Narayana Business School, Ahmedabad INR 1,25,000 There are many varieties of scholarships. To take advantage of the scholarship see the below list of scholarship. Student Scholarship: A student who is pursuing affiliated universities but does not register for their exam can take advantage of this scholarship. Exam registration is reduced to 350 USD. Access Scholarship: Students who are unable to pay program fees can get the scholarship. Exam registration fee is reduced to 250 USD. Woman Scholarship: A woman who is interested in the CFA exam can avail of the scholarship Exam registration reduced to 350 USD. Regular Scholarship: Employees of the financial industries or those conducting business regarding financial management can take advantage of the reduced registration fee to 350 USD. Professor Scholarship: A college professor who has registered for their CFA exam can get the scholarship by paying the reduced registration fee to 350 USD. Media Scholarship: Full-time employees of the Media organization can register for their exam by taking advantage of the scholarship. Exam registration is reduced to 350 USD. Conclusion - CFA Full Form Chartered financial analyst (CFA) gives the best career opportunities in the field of finance like, banking, trading, capital market, risk management, wealth management, etc. Recommended Articles This is a guide to CFA Full Form. Here we discuss the introduction, details of CFA levels, full form, eligibility, course fees and CFA institute. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – CFA Exam CFA Exam Level 2 CFA Course CFA Exam Level 1

read more

CFA Jobs

Introduction To CFA Exam The following article provides an outline for CFA Jobs. The Chartered Financial Analyst program is a professional course in investment and finance. The CFA course is offered by the US-based CFA Institute. CFA program grants CFA Charter as careers goals for candidates. CFA Exam is a computer-based exam with Level-1, Level-2, and Level-3. After completing all levels successfully candidates were declared as CFA Charter Holder. What Does The CFA? CFA charter holder applies their knowledge and skills in the global financial industry. Key Takeaways CFA course gives candidates the opportunity to work as Charter Financial Analyst, Investment Manager, and Portfolio Manager. After completing of CFA certification, candidates can be placed in companies like HSBC, PWC Group, RBC, JP Morgan. CFA program can pursue jobs abroad and getting job opportunities on a high pay scale. CFA is one of the high-profile jobs all over the globe. This article is useful to candidates searching companies in India and out of India also. Various CFA Jobs After successfully completing the CFA program, the certified financial analyst gets placed as a financial and investment advisor in leading multinational companies, corporate, and financial houses. 1. Jobs for CFA Charter Holder Portfolio management Research Consulting Risk analysis Risk management Investment strategy 2. Jobs for CFA Charter Holder in Investment Management Asset management Private wealth management Commercial banking Investment banking Insurance 3. CFA Job Sectors The Demand for CFA is huge in every sector, some of the sectors as follows: Banks Finance companies Portfolio management companies Stock broking firms Legal house Attorneys copyright registers Auditing firms Mutual funds Investment house Legal firms Patent firms Trade mark companies CFA Job Positions CFA offers so many job opportunities in the economic sector. This is a highly paid job position in the companies. By enhancing more skills candidates can gain more experience and can grab high package profiles. Job Position Job Description Salary Financial Advisor Work for banks, mutual funds, and insurance companies. They sell financial plans to clients with short-term and long-term goals. INR 225,000 Business Consultant They develop a high-level road map of the business initiatives and future goals. INR 989,000 Corporate Financial Analyst The main responsibilities are analyzed and understand program likes rebates, promotions, and loyalty marketing. They manage the customer relationship. INR 34.45,992 Chartered Financial Analyst They set the financial goals and identify the exact steps to achieve them. INR 4,000-INR 16,000 Portfolio Manager They responsible for investing money. They manage to bond and equity portfolios to maximize the investment returns with risk. INR 10,86,000 Research Analyst They analyze given data and provide employers with meaningful interpretation. They present results in oral and written format. INR 337,000 Private Bankers Private Banker’s maintain the relationship with the bank’s clients and monitor their needs. They provide credit, loans, and solutions to clients. INR 624,000 CFA Jobs In India In India top recruiters for certified CFA. JP Morgan and Co. Aditya Sun Life HSBC SBI Bank Crisil Reliance Industries Credit Suisse Bharti Airtel The Goldman Sachs Group Inc. ICICI Bank TATA Company Hindustan Unilever Ltd. Deloitte ITC CFA Jobs In Canada In Canada top recruiters for certified CFA. Stifel FirstEnergy First West Credit Union Jarislowsky, Faser Limited BlackRock PIMCO The City of Calgary Peters & Company Ltd. RBC Global Assest Management SAF Group Akira Impact CFA Jobs In London In London top recruiters for certified CFA. PIMCO Lorien Greenwich Partners Quilter Mason Blake HFG Orsatech Ltd. Cooler Capitals Man Group CFA Jobs In USA In USA top recruiters for certified CFA. Prosperity Advisor, LLC Wells Fargo Dividend Assest Capital SEI DF Enterprises Moody Bank Charles SCHWAB SUNCHASE Tolleson Wealth Management SEGALL BRYANT &HAMILL CFA Jobs In UK In UK top recruiters for certified CFA. Empira BlackRock Wellington Management Company Ramsey Portia JPMorgan S & P Global FACTSET Orsatech Ltd Bloomberg Mason Blake Recommended Articles This is a guide to CFA Jobs. Here we discuss the introduction, various CFA jobs and job positions for the better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – CFA Exam CFA Exam Level 2 CFA Course CFA Exam Level 1

read more

CFA Requirements

Introduction To CFA Requirements The following article provides an outline for CFA Requirements. Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) exam is 3 Levels of a computer-based exam. Candidates must pass all 3 Levels of the exam. CFA Level 1 Exam CFA Level 2 Exam CFA Level 3 Exam This order of exams is not random. Candidates must pass one by one level of exam for CFA Charter holder. CFA Charter Holder In 18 Months: Officially by the CFA Institute minimum difference between two exams is 6 months. So, candidates must pass all three exams on the first attempt. It is a very hard and challenging scenario to overcome all exam levels. Now, in the year 2021 computer-based CFA exam is held more frequently, so candidates can pass all three levels of the exam in 12 -18 months. Example: CFA exam passed in 18 months. Level 1 CFA exam in August 2021, Level 2 CFA exam in August 2022, Level 3 CFA exam May 2023. Key Takeaways Before registering for the CFA Level 1 exam, the candidate must meet entrance requirements regarding education and work experience. The quickest possible path to pass all three levels of the exam is 12-18 months it is a very challenging path for candidates. For CFA designation requirement is CFA Charter holder candidates need to pass all three levels of the exam with relevant work experience. Every level of the CFA exam is a milestone worth the effort. Requirements Of CFA Candidates must be passing their Bachelor’s degree from any stream from recognized universities. Last year’s bachelor’s degree students can also apply for the CFA exam. They should complete their degree still register for the CFA Level 2 exam. Candidate should have an international passport. Internship and own business candidates can also apply for the CFA program. Candidates also have skills like teamwork, business communication, problem-solving, critical thinking, time management, and analytical skill. Candidates should be fluent in English to take the exam in English. Candidates should pay enrollment and registration fees. Complete professional conduct statement form. CFA Chartered Holder Requirements To become CFA Charter holder candidates, need to pass all three levels of the CFA exam. At least 4000 hours investment-related work experience completed in 36 months. Candidate’s work experience must be directly involved with the investment decision-making process. Become a CFA Institute member and pay annual dues. Once a candidate’s application is approved and joined CFA Institute, candidates will earn a CFA charter. Candidates should follow the code and ethics of the CFA Institute. Should have three professional references. References will be asked to comment on the candidate’s work experience and verify professional character. CFA Requirements Level 1 Registration for Level 1 exam candidates should be with Bachelor’s degree or be a final year student. Candidates must have 4000 hours of professional work experience. Or a combination of candidate’s work experience and education total should be 4000 hours. If candidates registering the first time for the CFA program, then they are required to pay a one-time enrollment and registration fee of USD 450. CFA Exam Questions Multiple choice of questions in the CFA Level 1 exam consists of a question, a statement, and a table as well as three answer choices as choice A, choice B, and choice C. In exam using two basic formats: 1. Sentence completion with three unique choices. Example: An analyst suspects that a company’s US GAAP financial statements may require adjustments because the company uses take-or-pay contracts. The most likely effect of the appropriate adjustment would be to increase the company. Return on assets Debt-to-equity ratio Interest coverage ratio 2. Questions with three unique choices. Example: An analyst suspects that a company’s US GAAP financial statements may require adjustments because the company uses take-or-pay contracts. Which of the following is most likely to increase as a result of the appropriate adjustment being made to the company’s financial statements? Return on assets Debt-to-equity ratio Interest coverage ratio Recommended Articles This is a guide to CFA Requirements. Here we discuss the introduction, CFA chartered holder requirements and requirements level 1, exam questions. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – CFA Exam CFA Exam Level 2 CFA Course CFA Exam Level 1

read more

CFA Syllabus

Introduction To CFA Exam Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) charter, to achieve this degree, one needs to complete the CFA course. The CFA charter is offered by the US-based CFA Institute. CFA Institute was established in 1949. CFA charter holder gets the position at a senior level regarding investment management and asset management. The CFA syllabus creates investment professionals. It is a respected degree course in the field of finance. Candidates need to appear for three levels of the exams that are level I, level II, and level III. Across the world CFA exam was conducted in 170 cities for the June session and 70 cities for the December session. In India, the CFA exam is conducted in 11 cities. Key Takeaways Globally recognized CFA institute conducts the CFA exam. This is the toughest exam as its syllabus is vast. The CFA syllabus is designed to test skills in various fields. CFA institute changes its syllabus every year, so keep updated yourself with the new syllabus of the CFA Institute. CFA Eligibility To appear for the CFA exam candidate should have a bachelor’s degree or should be in the final year of the bachelor’s degree. Experience of 4 years is compulsory. Candidate must have an international passport. CFA Syllabus Given below is the CFA syllabus: 1. Syllabus For CFA Level I Given below is the syllabus for CFA level I: Topic Sub Topic Weightage According To CFA Institute Financial reporting and analysis Financial reporting standard, financial reporting quality, financial analysis technique, income tax. 13-17 Economics Demand and supply analysis, macroeconomics, microeconomics. economic growth, the structure of the firm, and the market. 8-12 Quantitative method Hypothesis testing, probability concept, the time value of money, market returns, and statistical concept.  8-12 Corporate finance Cost of capital, capital budgeting, capital structure. 8-12 Derivatives Basics of derivative pricing and valuation, option valuation, options strategies, forward markets and contracts, futures markets and contracts. 5-8 Fixed income Introduction to fixed income valuation, introduction to asset-backed securities, fixed income securities, fixed income market, fundamentals of credit analysis. 10-12 Equity investments Security market indexes, market efficiency, market organization and structure, introduction to industry & company analysis, overview of equity securities. 10-12 Alternative investments Hedge funds, mutual funds, commodities, real estate, private equity, infrastructure. 5-8 Portfolio management Risk management, risk measurement, portfolio planning, and construction. 5-8 2. Syllabus For CFA Level II Given below is the syllabus for CFA level II: Topic Sub Topic Weightage According To CFA Institute Financial reporting and analysis Multinational operations, financial institution analysis, evaluating financial reporting quality, financial statement analysis techniques, and employee compensation. 10-15 Economics Economic growth and investment decision, understanding equilibrium value. 5-10 Quantitative method Machine learning, time series analysis. 5-10 Corporate finance Analysis of dividends, analysis of share purchases, capital, and capital budgeting. 5-10 Derivatives Valuation of contingent claim, pricing forward commitment. 5-10 Fixed income Credit analysis model, credit default swaps. Valuation and Analysis: Bonds with embedded option. 10-15 Equity investments Private company valuation, residual income valuation, industry, and company valuation, discounted dividend valuation, and return concept. 10-15 Alternative investments Real estate investment, real estate securities, private equity valuation. 5-10 Portfolio management Analysis of active portfolio management, economics, and investment market, measuring and managing market risk, Introduction to multifactor models. 10-15 3. Syllabus For CFA Level III Given below is the syllabus for CFA Level III: Topic Sub Topic Weightage According To CFA Institute Ethics Ethics and standards of professional conduct, application of the code and standard, asset manager code of professional conduct. 10-15 Economics Framework and macro consideration, forecasting asset class returns. 5-10 Derivatives Swaps forward and future strategies, the introduction of currency management, and option strategies. 5-10 Fixed income Fixed income active management, index-based strategies, an overview of fixed income. 15-20 Equity investments Active equity investment, passive equity investment, an overview of equity portfolio management. 10-15 Alternative investments Asset allocation to alternative investment, hedge fund strategy, and alternative investment for portfolio management. 5-10 Portfolio management Estate planning, risk management, taxes, and private wealth management. 35-40 Conclusion Aspirants can visit the website www.cfainstitute.org/ to enroll in the CFA exam and for the syllabus. They need to pay for the exam by using the “Schedule my exam” option on the authentic CFA website. Hard efforts and well-preparation is the key to success. Recommended Articles This is a guide to CFA Syllabus. Here we discuss the introduction, CFA eligibility, and syllabus for a better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – CFA Exam CFA Exam Level 2 CFA Course CFA Exam Level 1

read more

CFA Level 3

Introduction To CFA Level 3 If you have passed the first two levels of the CFA program, then you just can’t wait to complete the finishing level of the course and win the title of CFA or Chartered Financial Analyst. It is the last exam in the series and the Chartered Financial Analyst Institute has already issued the exam structure for CFA Level 3 2021. This exam is conducted every year. What Is CFA Level 3? One can qualify for the CFA Level 3 after passing CFA Level 1 and Level 2. It is the finishing line to get the CFA degree. Candidates are needed to pay for every take and retake Exam 3. The time of registration decides the exam fee. Scholarship candidates can get some concessions in the CFA Exam Level 3 Fees. Key Takeaways CFA 1 has already issued notification for the CFA Exam Level 3 and important dates are already declared. The exam concentrates on portfolio management and wealth planning, so the candidates will gain comprehensive knowledge while preparing for the exam. The exam is a computer-based test and has a duration of 4.5 hours. The exam is divided into two sessions of 2.25 hours each. The syllabus focuses on 7 core curriculum topics. Aspiring candidates can review last year’s exam papers to get ideas about the exam. Also, the mock test conducted by the CFAI body proved to be beneficial for the candidates. CFA Level 3 Exam Date The conducting body has already closed the registration window for both the sessions for the exam. The previously declared timetable is reformed due to the pandemic of Covid-19. So, aspirants need to keep eye on the revised dates now. The revised timetable for the CFA Level 3 is given below: Event For August Session For November Session Registration open date - August 20, 2020 Scheduling opening date - February 02, 2021 Early bird registration - May 04, 2021 End date for registration April 22, 2021 July 20, 2021 Scheduling closing date May 28, 2021 August 15, 2021 Rescheduling deadline August 01, 2021 October 23, 2021 2021 exam date September 01 to 08, 2021 November 23 to 25, 2021 2021 result Not specified Not specified CFA Level 3 Exam The exam duration is 4.5 hours. The exam is conducted in morning and afternoon sessions. Normally, each section has 8-15 constructed response-based questions and multiple-choice questions with four choices. CFA Level 3 2021 The exam paper is similar to previous phases, but there are essay-type questions are included in this exam. The exam paper will contain a combination of essay and item set questions. The exam typically follows 8-15 essay-type questions. The exam nature is similar to previous years’ pattern but there is a slight change in exam duration and computer-based test. CFA Level 3 Syllabus The first two phases of the CFA exam mainly focus on corporate finance, quantitative knowledge, financial analysis and reporting. But the finishing exam is more concerned with portfolio management and wealth planning. The syllabus covers 7 core subjects and 38 readings. The subject name list and their weightage are tabularized below: Sr. No Subject Weightage 1 Derivatives 5-10% 2 Alternative investments 5-10% 3 Economics 5-10% 4 Ethical and professional standards 10-15% 5 Equity investments 10-15% 6 Fixed income 15-20% 7 Portfolio management and wealth planning 35-40% CFA Level 3 Mock Exam To get the idea of the complex CFA exam papers, the conducting body CFAI held CFA Level 2 Mock Exam. Candidates can get ideas about the nature of the exam paper, questions structure. The mock tests are beneficial to evaluate the candidate’s preparation. The realistic experience of giving an exam enables the candidate to stimulate the complexity, duration limit, interface of the exam. Conclusion If you have dreamed of making a bright career in the finance sector, then a CFA degree will make you high lightened in the crowd. The exam is the finishing exam to achieve the renowned degree of CFA. Complete your dream with hard work and dedication and ensure a shining future. Recommended Articles This is a guide to CFA Level 3. Here we discuss the introduction, exam date, CFA level 3 2021, syllabus and mock exam respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – CFA Exam CFA Exam Level 2 CFA Course CFA Exam Level 1

read more

CFA Program

Introduction To CFA The following article provides an outline for CFA Program. Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) is an advanced finance course conducted by the American CFA Institute. Charter Financial Analyst is a globally recognized designation, as the CFA Charter is one of the most preferred credentials in the investment and financial sector. CFA Program: Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) Program comprises 3 Levels of a computer-based exam. Candidates must pass all 3 Levels of the exam to achieve the degree of CFA. CFA Level 1 Exams CFA Level 2 Exams CFA Level 3 Exams This order of exams is not random. Candidates must pass one by one level of exam for CFA Charter holder. Key Takeaways CFA Program curriculum designed to tackle candidate’s practical and real-world skill scenarios. CFA program curriculum version 2021 has no change as for year CFA exam 2020. Computer-based online test CFA exam patterns provide a quicker and reliable adjustment to the Covid-19 situation across the world. If you want to achieve your goal of making a career in the finance sector, then the CFA program is a bright alternative. Careers In CFA Program Jobs at the top investment firms. Networking opportunities and landing dream positions for faster career growth. Profession in a variety of roles in finance. CFA Program Curriculum The CFA Program Curriculum is based on the study of investment analysis skills, portfolio management skills, and investment management skills which can improve candidate’s fundamental and critical advanced investment knowledge. Aspiring candidates feel real-life scenarios during their course in CFA Program. CFA Program mainly focuses on the following: Knowledge for evolving industry needs that can affect the investment industry. Knowledge that improves industry practice. Following are core curriculum topics with their weightage for all CFA Exam levels. All these topics are helpful to become a financial analyst. Curriculum Topics Exam Weightage % Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Ethical And Professional’s Standards 15-20 10-15 10-15 Corporate Issuers 8-12 5-10 0 Economics 8-12 5-10 5-10 Financial Statement Analysis 13-17 10-15 0 Portfolio Management 5-8 10-15 35-40 Equity Investment 10-12 10-15 10-15 Quantitative Methods 8-12 5-10 0 Fixed Income 10-12 10-15 15-20 Derivatives 5-8 5-10 5-10 Alternative Investment 5-8 5-10 5-10 CFA Program Level 1 The CFA level 1 exam is a computer-based exam having multiple-choice questions. Due to the covid-19 pandemic situation, the CFA level 1 exam schedule is disturbed, so two more windows have been added in CFA Exam 2021 which are scheduled in March and July. For the candidates who have missed the CFA Exam conducted in February, CFA has facilitated them with Online Proctored Test (OPT). The entire CFA level 1 exam is divided into two sessions: session 1 and session 2. Session 1 will cover curriculum topics such as quantitative methods, economics, and financial statement analysis, ethics and professional’s standards. Session 2 will focus on curriculum topics such as fixed income, corporate finance, equity, derivatives alternative investment, and portfolio management. To tackle the CFA level 1 exam, candidates need to answer 90 seconds for particular questions for both session 1 and session 2. Students can take an optional break between two sessions of exams. To pass the CFA level 1 Exam candidates have to study approx. 303 hours. 4 years of working experience along with graduation is mandatory to be eligible for CFA Level Exam. Complete overview of upcoming CFA level 1 exam: Total Duration Of Exam No. Of Questions In Morning Session No. of Questions In Evening Session Passing Score Exam Dates 4.5 Hours 90 (2 Hours 15 Min) 90 (2 Hours 15 Min) 70% 18 July-26 July in 2021 13 Aug-30 Aug in 2021 16 Nov-22 Nov in 2021 15 Feb-21 Feb in 2022 17 May-21 May in 2022 Resources for study CFA level 1 exam: CFA Program syllabus structure. Online mock test conducted by CFA institute. Approved preparation provider for CFA program. Curriculum practice questions. Online and offline Study groups. CFA Program Fees The CFA Program for first-time registration of level 1 exam, one-time enrollment fees are $450. It is important for every candidate to keep in mind that there are rescheduling exam fees and it is $250 for rescheduling your exam appointment. Registration And Exam Fees In USD One-Time Enrollment Fee $450 Early Registration Fee $700 Standard Registration Fee $1000 Recommended Articles This is a guide to CFA Program. Here we discuss the introduction, careers, curriculum, CFA program level 1 and fees for better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – CFA Exam CFA Exam Level 2 CFA Course CFA Exam Level 1

read more

CFA Salary

Introduction To CFA Exam The following article provides an outline for CFA Salary. The CFA (Chartered Financial Analyst) is a worldwide certification offering by a US-based CFA institute. CFA program is a postgraduate professional course for investment and financial professionals. CFA certification is demanding in the economics financial sector as its core curriculum includes corporate finance, derivatives, financial reporting and analysis, and equity investment. The CFA charter is one of the most valuable professional certifications in finance and investment, which is acknowledged by worldwide standards. There are three exam levels that test the academic portion of the CFA program. With the help of CFA 3 levels of exam, test the candidate’s skills as analysts in the finance field. The CFA course syllabus consists of similar subjects in each level of exam, only the difficulty level is increased as per the level of the exam. That candidate successfully completes the CFA program with respect to essential professional experience awarded as the CFA charter by CFA Institute. Key Takeaways CFA exam conducting by the CFA Institute, United States of America. CFA is a challenging career profession in the finance sector all over the globe. Due to high salary designation many candidates are attracted to appearing for exams. Certified financial analyst gets placed as financial and investment advisor in leading corporates, financial houses, multinational companies, and leading big organizations. The CFA exam is a key to the carrier in the investment industry. For the global profession students preferring this exam and we hope this article will help you to prepare for the exam. Upcoming CFA Exams 2021 Given below are the upcoming CFA exams 2021: Exam Level No. Of MCQ Exam Duration Exam Date Level 1 180 4.5 Hours 18 July 2021-26 July 2021 24 August 2021-30 August 2021 16 November 2021-22 November 2021 Level 2 90 4.5 Hours 31 August 2021-4 September 2021 26 November 2021-30 November 2021 Level 3 90 4.5 Hours 1 September 2021-08 September 2021 23 November 2021-25 November 2021 CFA Salary The salary structure of CFA-certified candidates depends on the job types in the economic industry. There are job titles like portfolio manager, financial analyst and investment officer. Salary structure varies from job role and region. The general formula to calculate total salary: Total Salary = base CFA salary cash bonus equity 1. CFA salary structure India by the level of exam CFA Level Average Annual Salary Level 1 3-4.5 Lakhs Level 2 6 Lakhs Level 3 Above 10 Lakhs 2. CFA salary in India by job profile After successful completion of CFA, certification candidates can employ in the following position. Job Profile Salary (INR) Market Research Analyst INR 337,000 Private Bankers INR 624,000 Portfolio Manager INR 10,86,000 CFO INR 34,00,992 Risk Manager INR 998,000 Business Consultant INR 989,000 Charted Financial Analyst INR 4,00,000-16,00,000 3. CFA salary in US Job Profile Salary Financial Analyst $80,930 Portfolio Manager $344,500 Chief Investment Officer $316,600 4. CFA Salary Canada Job Profile Salary Financial Analyst C$78,073 Portfolio Management C$60,000 Financial Modeling C$78,611 CFA Exam 2021 From 2021 onwards, all CFA exams will be conducted in the computer-based test (CBT) format. The CFA 2021 exam will be conducting in various cities across India. The number of MCQ questions in the CFA 2021 exam has been reduced to 180. The duration of the CFA exam has been reduced. CFA admission 2021 would be done on the basis of a merit list that would be prepared based on the candidate’s graduation score and work experience due to pandemics. No negative marking in these exams. There is no limit on the number of attempts for appearing in the exam. The CFA exam is one of the challenging exams candidates can pass this exam with effort and preparation for all the subjects related to finance. After successful completion of all the three levels of the CFA Exam, the candidate will be a member of the CFA Institute and awarded as a CFA Charter holder. Conclusion - CFA Salary Thus in this article we saw CFA Salary in detail. Recommended Articles This is a guide to CFA Salary. Here we discuss the introduction, upcoming CFA exams 2021, salary and CFA exam 2021 respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – CFA Exam CFA Exam Level 2 CFA Course CFA Exam Level 1

read more

CFA Course Details

Introduction To CFA Course Details The following article provides an outline for CFA Course Details. CFA (Charted Financial Analyst) is an internationally recognized post-graduation program designed for finance, investment, economics, and business. The degree is offered by the CFA Institute, USA and because of this, there are lots of opportunities across the world in the field of finance. To secure this degree, aspirants need to clear 3 levels of exam which usually takes around 2 years minimum. There is no compulsion of attending college for studying, aspirants can study on their own, pass the exam, and can get the degree. It is to be noted that the CFA course is different from CA (charter accountant) course. CA focus on vast topics of finance, accounting, tax, etc. but CFA focuses on limited topics but with considerable depth, and also in some of the cases CA person can be replaced by CFA. Considering the success ratio of CA which is around 15-20% compared to CFA which is 40%, the latter one is better. Because of these 2 points, the demand for CFA courses is increasing day by day. Key Takeaways CFA (Charted Financial Analyst) is a renowned program offered by CFA Institute, the USA for the field of finance. The course consists of 3 levels, passing which the degree will be awarded. The pass percentage of the course on average is 40%. The CFA exam is conducted twice a year for the same level which makes a minimum of 1.5 years of duration to complete all exams. CFA exam consists of 10 core subjects which will be common in all 3 levels. The difficulty of the exam increases with the level and also the expectations from the aspirants. CFA Course It is divided into 3 levels of 10 core subjects which is common in all levels. There is no entrance exam for applying for the course/exam however, aspirants need to have a graduation degree. The course fee for CFA varies from institution to institution, country to country. It varies from 40,000 to 1.5 Lakh. It takes approximately 2 years to complete the course. CFA institute will charge a $450 one-time payment as an enrollment fee during registration. CFA institute will charge $700 each as an exam fee for all 3 levels. The major advantages of course are: Huge opportunities around the globe in the field of finance Good carrier path Globally certified degree Great knowledge in finance Good salaries Equal value to CA and MBA in many fields Top recruiter prefers to have CFA over CA, MBA, analyst as they are the combination of 3 Can think of entrepreneur options as financial advisor Chance to work in giant companies in high profile jobs Flexible timings for study CFA Exam Dates CFA conducts the exam twice a year which makes a minimum of 1.5 years to clear from the exam point of view. Level Of CFA Date Description Level 1 16th Oct 2021 Rescheduling deadline Level 1 16-22 Nov 2021 CFA exam level 1 date Level 2 26th Oct 2021 Rescheduling deadline Level 2 26-30 Nov 2021 CFA exam level 2 date Level 3 23rd Oct 2021 Rescheduling deadline Level 3 23-25 Nov 2021 CFA exam level 3 date CFA Syllabus The 10 core subjects of CFA are: Quantitative methods Ethical and professional standards Financial statement analysis Equity investments Portfolio management and wealth planning Corporate issuers Fixed income Alternative investments Economics Derivatives The syllabus for all 3 levels will be the same only the difficulty and the exam pattern will vary. Recommended Articles This is a guide to CFA Course Details. Here we discuss the introduction, CFA exam dates and syllabus for better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – CFA Salary CFA Program CFA Level 3 CFA Requirements

read more

CFA Eligibility

Introduction To CFA Eligibility The following article provides an outline for CFA Eligibility. CFA (Charted Finance Analyst) is a well-renowned post-graduation part-time course provided by CFA Institute, USA focusing on investment, management, and business. The degree is recognized globally and thus candidates clearing course have the opportunity to work in India and across the world. The less pass percentage of course which is 40-50% and the top companies hire CFA as an alternative to some of CA profiles which makes the degree even more valuable. The candidates after completing this degree will be able to work across the world as risk managers, portfolio managers, financial advisors, analysts, investment bankers, etc. So, to complete the course, candidates need to register the course on the official website with certain eligibility requirements. Key Takeaways CFA (Charted Finance Analyst) is an internationally recognized program that concentrates on finance and investments. The degree is provided by CFA Institute, USA. To enroll in the course, candidates need to fulfill the eligibility criteria. Candidates need to have a bachelor’s degree or have work experience equal to 4000 hours. Final year students can enroll and even write CFA level 1 exam but for level 2 it's restricted till they get the degree certificate. Candidates need to clear all 3 levels to attain their CFA degree. Eligibility Of CFA The preliminary requirements for registration of the course are as follows: There is no entrance exam for enrolling in the course. Candidates need to complete their bachelor’s degree or equivalent for completing the program. Candidates can apply for the program if they are in the final year, 11 months from the exam to be precise. However, they can only take up the level 1 exam but will not be eligible to take the level 2 exam, they can however register for the course. Candidates can also clear the eligibility if they have 4000 hours of work experience. It can be a combination of both education and work experience. The work experience and education should be in sequential order and cannot be done simultaneously. The work experience need not be completely related to investment or finance, they can be business, management, analytics, etc. Candidates need to have their valid passport. Candidates need to need to meet the requirement of professional conduct by signing professional conduct and candidate responsibility. 1. CFA Level 1 Eligibility To be able to write the CFA level 1 exam candidates need to ensure that: Registration/enrollment of the course is done properly with the registration and examination fees. It is to be noted that the registration fee is one time which is $450 and the examination fee is $700 or $1000 depending on the time you are registering for the exam. Candidates need to have a bachelor’s degree or in final year degree or have work experience of 4000 hours. 2. CFA Level 2 Eligibility To be able to write the CFA level 2 exam candidates need to ensure that: Candidates need to clear CFA level 1. The pass percentage of level 1 is usually 40%. So, 60% of candidates fail every year. It is recommended that candidates should aim to score a minimum of 70% in the exam. For CFA level 2, candidates will be allowed to take the exam only after getting their degree certificate, however, they can register for the course. 3. CFA Level 3 Eligibility To be able to write the CFA level 3 exam, candidates need to ensure that they have cleared CFA level 2. Recommended Articles This is a guide to CFA Eligibility. Here we discuss the introduction and eligibility of CFA for the better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – CFA Salary CFA Program CFA Level 3 CFA Requirements

read more

CFA Qualification

Introduction To CFA Qualification The following article provides an outline for CFA Qualification. CFA (Charted Finance Analyst) is a program offered by CFA Institute, USA in the field of finance, investment, and business. It is a renowned course recognized across the world in financial services and management. Because of its global popularity, the value is increasing day by day and attracts big companies to recruit candidates who have secured this degree. CFA has 3 levels that needs to be cleared for securing the degree course and the difficulty of the exam increases with each level. It is estimated that approximately 300-320 hours are required for each level to study and about 2 years to complete the course. To qualify for CFA and get the degree, candidates need to clear all 3 CFA levels. Each level has its importance. The subjects for all 3 levels are the same, so it depends on how you prepare for each exam. Key Takeaways CFA (Charted Finance Analyst) is a globally recognized program that focuses on finance and investment-related topics. Candidates need to have a bachelor’s degree for enrolling in the CFA program. CFA course has 3 levels of exam. The level of difficulty increases with each level. Candidates need to prepare themselves for objective type and descriptive type questions. In level 2 and level 3, critical thinking, analytical thinking, and deep knowledge of the subject is tested, thus candidates need to develop a well-defined study plan for cracking the exam. How To Pass CFA Level 1? Foundation: Most important part of the entire course is clearing the basis, thus spend some time clearing the basis. Know the exam pattern: The exam is conducted in 2 sessions of 135 minutes each, each session will have 90 questions. All are computer-based multiple-choice questions. Proper study materials: Study through the best training materials. It is recommended not to refer to more than 2 books for each subject as multiple references may confuse. Following the same author will make you get used to his explanation. Maintaining discipline: Prepare a proper time plan to cover 300 hours which is ideal in clearing the level 1 exam. Periodic revision: The exam questions will be pretty straight forward, person clearing the basis and revising the syllabus will have a higher chance to clear the exam. Know the calculator: You will be allowed to use the calculator. Practice well all the operations and know-how to reduce the time in calculations. Practice makes the difference: For the subjects related to maths, remembering formulas, solving the problem in a systematic process is the key. You can score more with practice only and also it helps to save time, reduce steps and store the formula in your subconscious memory. How To Study CFA Level 2? Know the exam pattern: CFA level 2 exam will have vignettes i.e., descriptive or episode type. The candidate may need to refer to the question multiple times before answering. There are a total of 88 questions in 2 sessions of each 132 minutes which is computer-based. CFA level 2 has multiple choice questions but the number of options will vary between 4 to 6 and each is worth 3 points. It is application-based: Unlike CFA level 1, level 2 is application based which requires a deep understanding of the subject. It is advised to solve lots of application-based problems to get a knack for the questions. Discipline: It is estimated that 328 hours of study is required to have good confidence in passing the exam. Maintaining discipline in studying and revising is the key. Previous year’s question papers: Solving previous years question papers will give an overview of question type and can prepare accordingly. How To Study CFA Level 3? Know the exam pattern: It has a combination of both multiple-choice and essay types. It consists of 8 to 11 vignettes and you may need to choose the correct option followed by a descriptive answer to justify your answer. For a numerical based question, a final answer would be enough. However, if you can put the steps, but it will not be evaluated for giving full score if the answer is partially correct or incorrect. There are 2 sessions in level 3 out of which 1st is essay type and 2nd is multiple-choice questions. The pattern for 2nd session is the same as level 2. Stick to the syllabus: In level 3 try to stick to the exact syllabus as the application and analytical-based questions are very high. Revising the basics or studying the whole syllabus may not help in this. Solve, solve and solve: The only way to crack the level 3 exam is to practice a lot. Take monk exams, solve previous years’ question papers, follow dedicated level 3 books. Official website for the CFA exam is: https://www.cfainstitute.org/ Conclusion - CFA Qualification Thus in the given article we saw CFA Qualification in detail. Recommended Articles This is a guide to CFA Qualification. Here we discuss the introduction, how to pass CFA level 1? how to study level 2 and level 3 respectively. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – CFA Salary CFA Program CFA Level 3 CFA Requirements

read more

CFA Subjects

Introduction To CFA Subjects CFA (Charted Finance Analyst) is the course offered by the USA as a post-graduation degree program in the field of finance, investment, economics, and management. CFA exam is held twice every year and it consists of 3 levels. Candidates need to clear all 3 levels to get the CFA degree. The CFA curriculum has 10 core subjects on finance, economics, ethics, investments, portfolio management, etc. and it will be common for all 3 levels. The only difference is that the exam pattern will change and the difficulty of the exam increases with level. Key Takeaways CFA (Charted Finance Analyst) is a internationally recognized course related to investment and finance. CFA exam consists of 3 levels upon passing, candidates will get their degree and opportunity to work across the globe as portfolio manager, investment banker, financial advisor, risk manager, etc. CFA exam consists of 10 core subjects. All the 3 levels will be based on these subjects only. The only difference will be that the difficulty of each exam increases with level. Ethical and professional standards and financial statement analysis are high weightage subjects in level 1 and level 2. Portfolio management has the highest weightage of 40% in level 3. Various CFA Subjects The 10 core subjects of CFA exams are as follows: 1. Quantitative Methods Time value of money Statistical Probability and distributions Sampling and estimation Hypothesis testing Regression Organizing, visualizing, describing data 2 Economics Demand and supply Aggregate output, prices Economic growth Monetary and fiscal policy Understanding business cycles Currency exchange rates 3. Ethical And Professional Standards Code of ethics Standard of professional conduct GIPS and it's standards Guidance for standards 1 and 2 Ethics and trust in the investment profession 4. Derivatives CDOs options Swaps Forwards Futures and options Mortgage based securities 5. Financial Statement Analysis Overview  Financial reporting mechanics and standards Long-lived assets Inventories Income taxes Income and balance sheet Long term liabilities Cashflow statement 6. Equity Investments Market efficiency Market organization and structure Overview of equity securities Industry and company analysis Security market indices 7. Corporate Issuers Measure of leverage The behavioral biases of individuals Capital structure Capital – uses, sources and cost 8. Portfolio Management And Wealth Planning Introduction Risks and returns Portfolio planning and construction Behavioral biases of individuals Risk management 9. Fixed Income Fixed income securities Fixed income markets Fixed income valuation Asset-backed securities Fixed-income risk and return Credit analysis 10. Alternative Investments Subject Weightage The following table gives the weightage given for each subject in all 3 levels: Subjects CFA Level 1 In % CFA Level 2 In % CFA Level 3 In % Ethical and professional Standards 15-20 10-15 10-15 Quantitative methods 8-12 5-10 N/A Economics 8-12 5-10 5-10 Financial statement analysis 13-17 10-15 N/A Corporate issuers 8-12 5-10 N/A Equity investments 10-12 10-15 10-15 Fixed income 10-12 10-15 15-20 Derivatives 5-8 5-10 5-10 Alternative investments 5-8 5-10 5-10 Portfolio management and wealth planning 5-8 10-15 35-40 Ethical and professional standards and financial statement analysis have the highest weightage in the Level 1 exam. Thus, it is recommended to give more importance to these subjects. Quantitative analysis, economics, equity, fixed income, and corporate issues have relatively high weightage, so give second priority to these subjects. Give equal importance to all subjects in CFA level 2, however, provide priority to high weightage subjects like the financial statement, ethics, portfolio management, fixed income. In CFA level 3, quantitative methods, financial statement analysis, corporate issuers do not have any weightage and can ignore it. Portfolio management has the highest weightage and thus recommended to give priority to this. Recommended Articles This is a guide to CFA Subjects. Here we discuss the introduction, various CFA subjects and subject weightage for better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – CFA Salary CFA Program CFA Level 3 CFA Requirements

read more

CFA Syllabus Level 1

Introduction To CFA The following article provides an outline for CFA Syllabus Level 1. CFA (Charted Financial Analyst) is a postgraduate degree program offered by the American-based CFA Institute which is valued globally. This program focuses mainly on finance and investment-related topics. To secure the degree, candidates need to clear 3 levels of the exam, which usually takes 2 years minimum to clear. Since it is valued internationally, a person having this degree will have lots of opportunities across the world. The difficulty level for the CFA exam is medium to high, thus aspirants willing to clear the exam need to exert a good amount of effort and discipline for clearing the exam. The program can be studied full-time or part-time based on the candidate’s convenience but he/she needs to qualify the eligibility criteria for appearing for the exam. There are lots of CFA institutes in India, some of them are: Fintree SSEI (Sanjay Saraf Educational Institute) Wallstreet School International College Of Financial Planning Narayana Business School Upon clearing the exam candidates will have many opportunities to work in big giants like JP Morgan, Goldman Sachs, etc. The profiles in which CFA holders will work will be financial advisor, portfolio manager, analyst, investment banker, etc. CFA holders can even replace CA in many cases. Key Takeaways CFA is a globally recognized post-graduation program that focuses on finance and investment topics. To complete the course aspirants, need to qualify for all 3 levels which usually takes around 2 years minimum to complete. CFA course can be studied part-time or as a full-time course, but recommended to go for the full-time course to understand the basics. CFA level 1 syllabus focuses on the basics of finance, investments, economics, and business topics. CFA Level 1 It consists of foundation courses on finance, investments, economics, portfolio management, etc. The main aim of the level 1 exam is to test the basis of all subjects. The pass percentage of the exam is usually 41%. The 1st level strengthens the candidate’s basic understanding of the course thus it is recommended that students need to take a full-time course and study. The subjects consist of both theory and numerical, thus periodic revision of courses is the key to crack the exam. It is estimated that on average around 300 hours of study are required to clear the CFA level 1. The level 1 exam is purely multiple-choice questions that are conducted in 2 sessions. Syllabus Of CFA Level 1 The syllabus can be classified broadly into 10 subjects: Ethical and professional standards: This subject focuses on ethics, behavior, and professionalism in the investment industry. Quantitative methods: It is used as a tool for making decisions in financial analysis. It consists mainly of statistics, probability, and distributions. Financial statement analysis: Focuses mainly on financial reporting procedures and standards with importance on basic financial statements. Equity investments: It focuses on equity investments, security markets, and indexes. Fixed income: It focuses on fixed income securities, risks, valuation measurements. It also covers fundamentals of bond risks and returns, credit analysis, the secularization of assets. Portfolio management and wealth planning: It focuses on risk management, portfolio management, and construction. Derivatives: It focuses on a framework for derivative markets. It also covers concepts of forward commitments like swaps, futures, contingent claims, etc. Alternative investments: It focuses on real estate, infrastructure, private equity, hedge funds. It emphasizes how to use alternative investments for generating higher returns. Corporate issuers: It focuses on corporate governance in financial investments. It highlights the environmental impact and social considerations in investing. Economics: It provides the framework for supply and demand concepts for individuals and firms. The official website for the CFA exam: https://www.cfainstitute.org/ Recommended Articles This is a guide to CFA Syllabus Level 1. Here we discuss the introduction and syllabus of CFA level 1 for better understanding. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – CFA Salary CFA Program CFA Level 3 CFA Requirements

read more

Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP)

Introduction to VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), also known as Voice over IP, is a revolutionary technology enabling voice and multimedia communications over the Internet. Diverging from traditional telephone networks, VoIP utilizes IP-based networks to transmit voice data through digital signals. This distinctive approach offers a cost-effective and efficient means of communication by leveraging existing internet infrastructure. VoIP converts analog audio signals into digital data packets, enabling seamless real-time communication. Devices such as computers, smartphones, and IP phones serve as conduits for this digital communication, breaking away from the constraints of traditional telephony. Beyond its fundamental functionality, VoIP enhances communication experiences through various advanced features. These include call forwarding, video conferencing, and voicemail, elevating VoIP to a flexible and scalable solution. This technology caters to the needs of both individuals and businesses, providing an affordable and versatile platform for voice communication in the modern digital landscape. Table of contentsIntroduction to VoIPHistory of VoIPVoIP protocols and standardsHow Does VoIP Work?VoIP configurationsTypes of VoIP ServicesVoIP in BusinessAdvantages in VoIPFuture Trends in VoIPCase Studies History of VoIP The history of Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) traces back to the early days of computer networking and the development of the Internet. Here is a brief overview of the critical milestones in the history of VoIP: 1973-1974: Network Voice Protocol (NVP): The groundwork for VoIP began with the creation of the Network Voice Protocol during experiments conducted by the United States military's ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network). This early attempt at transmitting voice-over data networks laid the foundation for future VoIP technologies. 1991: First Internet Phone Software: The first practical implementation of VoIP came in 1991 when VocalTec, an Israeli company, developed Internet Phone software. With the help of speakers and a microphone, users may place audio calls via the Internet with this program. Compared to traditional telephones, the quality was poor, and the user experience was simplistic. Late 1990s: H.323 Standardization: The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) introduced the H.323 protocol in the late 1990s, providing a set of standards for the transmission of audio, video, and data over IP networks. H.323 laid the groundwork for VoIP technology to become more standardized and interoperable. Early 2000s: Broadband Adoption: The widespread adoption of broadband internet connections significantly improved the quality and reliability of VoIP calls. Higher bandwidth facilitated smoother voice transmission and paved the way for the growth of consumer and business VoIP services. Mid-2000s: SIP Protocol Emergence: The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) gained prominence as an alternative to H.323. SIP simplifies initiating, modifying, and terminating interactive user sessions involving voice, video, messaging, and other communications applications and services. 2003: Skype Launch: Skype, a peer-to-peer VoIP service, was launched in 2003 and was crucial in popularizing internet-based voice communication. It offered free voice and video calls between users and became one of the most widely used VoIP platforms globally. 2010s: Integration with Unified Communications: VoIP became a crucial component of Unified Communications (UC) systems, integrating message, video, phone, and collaboration features into one platform. Within organizations, this integration improved communication and teamwork. This integration enhanced communication and cooperation within organizations. Present: Cloud-Based VoIP and Mobile Integration: Cloud-based VoIP services have become prevalent, allowing businesses to access advanced telephony features without significant infrastructure investments. VoIP calls may now be placed and received using smartphones thanks to standard mobile integration. VoIP protocols and standards Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) relies on some protocols and standards to support communication over IP networks. The most prevalent protocols are as follows: Session Initiation Protocol (SIP): A signaling protocol called SIP is used to start, stop, and modify real-time sessions for messaging, video, and other communications apps and services. Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP): RTP is a protocol that transports audio and video over IP networks, ensuring real-time delivery and synchronization of multimedia. H.323: An older protocol suite for VoIP, H.323 encompasses various standards for multimedia communication, including voice and video, over IP networks. Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP): MGCP is a signaling and control protocol used to manage the communication between VoIP gateways and call control devices. H.248 (Megaco): This protocol controls the elements in a physically decomposed multimedia gateway, separating the call control and media gateway functions. Session Description Protocol (SDP): SDP defines multimedia communication sessions used for session announcements, invites, and other types of multimedia session initiation. RTP Control Protocol (RTCP): RTCP works alongside RTP to provide control and feedback on the quality of service in a VoIP session, including statistics and reports. How Does VoIP Work? Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) converts analog audio signals into digital data packets sent across IP networks. Here's a step-by-step explanation of how VoIP works: Analog-to-Digital Conversion: The process begins when an analog voice signal (from a microphone or traditional phone) is converted into digital data. This conversion is typically done using a codec (coder-decoder). Packetization: The digital data is then segmented into small packets, each containing a portion of the voice data. These packets are labeled with headers containing information like source and destination addresses. Signaling: VoIP uses signaling protocols (e.g., SIP, H.323) to establish, modify, and terminate communication sessions. Signaling communicates information about call setup, call termination, and other control functions between devices. Transmission: The digital voice packets are transmitted over the Internet or an IP network. They travel through routers and switches, similar to other data packets. Routing: Routers direct the voice packets through the most efficient path to reach the destination. This can involve multiple hops across various network nodes. Internet Protocol (IP) Network: VoIP transmits voice data over existing IP networks, such as the Internet or private IP networks inside organizations. Reassembly: The digital packets are reassembled into a continuous digital data stream at the receiving end. Digital-to-Analog Conversion: The digital data is converted into analog signals using a codec at the receiving end. Playback: The analog signals are played through speakers or a handset, allowing the recipient to hear the transmitted voice. VoIP configurations 1. Dedicated Routers Dedicated routers are essential devices for utilizing Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services. These routers enable you to use your traditional phone to make VoIP calls. Connected to cable/DSL modems or any high-speed internet source, you can attach an ordinary telephone. Once configured and paired with an appropriate VoIP provider and service plan, these devices necessitate no special software or interaction with a computer. Pick up your phone, dial a number, and enjoy the call. Additionally, the portability of these routers allows users to bring their adapters while traveling, enabling them to make calls wherever broadband internet access is available. 2. Adapters (USB) USB adapters provide another avenue for using a traditional phone for VoIP calls. Typically, these devices come in the form of USB adapters slightly larger than a typical thumb drive. Featuring a standard modular phone jack, they allow you to connect an ordinary phone line. Once connected, your phone functions as if it were linked to standard phone service. Behind the scenes, the included software sets up the VoIP call seamlessly. 3. Software-Controlled VoIP Applications: "Softphones" Various software applications, commonly referred to as "softphones," empower users to make VoIP calls directly from an ordinary computer equipped with a headset, microphone, and sound card. Often provided by Internet telephony service providers, these softphones are bundled with the requirement to use their specific service. This software-based approach is attractive to consumers as they may already possess the necessary components, making it a cost-effective option. Softphones and associated services allow users to communicate with others on the same service at no cost and connect with the rest of the world for a fee. 4. Dedicated VoIP Phones Dedicated VoIP phones resemble traditional phones but connect to a computer network instead of a phone line. These phones may consist of a handset and a base station that connects to the internet or operate on a local wireless network. Similar to VoIP adapters, dedicated VoIP phones require a provider and service plan for seamless functionality. 5. Mobile VoIP Apps Mobile VoIP applications have gained popularity, allowing users to make calls using their smartphones over the internet. These apps typically use Wi-Fi or mobile data connections to establish VoIP calls, offering flexibility and cost savings, especially for international calls. 6. Integrated VoIP Features in Business Phone Systems Many modern business phone systems come equipped with integrated VoIP features. This integration enables businesses to combine traditional telephony with VoIP capabilities, providing enhanced communication options, cost savings, and scalability. Types of VoIP Services Various types of Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services cater to different needs and preferences. Here are some common types: Residential VoIP Services: Designed for home users, these services provide cost-effective alternatives to traditional landline services. They often offer unlimited domestic calling and competitive international rates. Business VoIP Services: Tailored for businesses, these services provide advanced features like auto-attendants, call queuing, conferencing, and integration with business applications. They are scalable to accommodate the needs of small to large enterprises. Mobile VoIP Services: Mobile VoIP apps enable users to call using their smartphones over Wi-Fi or mobile data networks. Examples include apps like Skype, WhatsApp, and Viber. Free VoIP Services: Some providers offer free VoIP services for users making calls within their network or using their apps. While the initial service is free, additional features or calls to external numbers may incur charges. Paid VoIP Services: These services often provide enhanced call quality, additional features, and customer support. Users typically pay a monthly subscription fee or a pay-as-you-go model for the services used. Cloud-based VoIP Services: VoIP services are hosted in the cloud; thus, no on-premises gear is required. Businesses like it because of its scalability, flexibility, and management simplicity. On-Premises VoIP Systems: Some businesses prefer to host their VoIP systems on-site, giving them complete control over the infrastructure. This involves purchasing and maintaining the necessary hardware and software. VoIP Reseller Services: Companies or individuals can become VoIP resellers, offering VoIP services to their customers. They often purchase services from larger providers and sell them to end-users with additional value-added services. International VoIP Services: These services focus on providing cost-effective international calling rates. They are beneficial for individuals or businesses with significant global communication needs. Emergency VoIP Services: Some VoIP providers offer E911 (Enhanced 911) services, ensuring that emergency services can accurately locate and respond to calls made over the VoIP network. Wholesale VoIP Services: Designed for businesses or carriers that require large volumes of voice traffic, wholesale VoIP services provide cost-effective solutions for handling high call volumes. VoIP in Business Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) has become a staple in business communication due to its cost-effectiveness, flexibility, and advanced features. Here's how VoIP is used in the business context: Cost Savings: VoIP is frequently less expensive than traditional phone networks, especially for long-distance and international calls. Businesses may save money on both hardware and maintenance. Unified Communications: VoIP integrates with other communication tools, creating a unified platform. This includes features like video conferencing, instant messaging, and collaboration tools, enhancing overall efficiency. Scalability: The scalability of VoIP systems allows businesses to adjust phone lines to meet changing needs quickly. Remote Work: VoIP allows remote and mobile workers to communicate in real-time. Employees may access the company phone system from any location with an internet connection, fostering cooperation and flexibility. Advanced Features: Auto-attendants, voicemail-to-email, call forwarding, and call recording are just a few of the sophisticated capabilities of VoIP systems. These characteristics boost productivity and professionalism. International Presence: Businesses can establish virtual phone numbers in different countries, creating a global presence without physical offices. This can be beneficial for customer support or sales outreach. Integration with Business Applications: VoIP can integrate with customer relationship management (CRM) and other business applications. This integration streamlines workflows and provides a more comprehensive view of customer interactions. Conference Calling: VoIP facilitates high-quality conference calls and video conferencing. This is crucial for businesses with remote teams or meeting with clients and partners worldwide. Quality of Service (QoS) Management: Businesses can prioritize voice traffic over their network, ensuring high-quality calls by implementing QoS settings. This helps maintain a reliable and consistent communication experience. VoIP Analytics: Businesses can analyze call data to gain insights into communication patterns, call volume, and customer interactions. This information can inform decision-making and improve customer service. Security Measures: VoIP systems incorporate security measures such as encryption to protect sensitive business communications from eavesdropping and unauthorized access. Reliability and Redundancy: Many VoIP providers offer redundancy and failover options to ensure business continuity, even in network issues or hardware failures. Advantages in VoIP VoIP often offers lower costs for domestic and international calls than traditional telephone services, especially for long-distance calls. VoIP offers unmatched flexibility by allowing people and companies to make and take calls from anywhere with an internet connection. VoIP systems can quickly scale up or down to accommodate changing business needs without significant infrastructure changes. VoIP systems improve communication capabilities with various services, including voicemail, call forwarding, video conferencing, and more. VoIP can seamlessly integrate with other business applications, improving overall efficiency and productivity. VoIP enables a global presence, allowing businesses to establish virtual offices with local phone numbers in different locations. VoIP integrates various communication channels, including voice, video, and messaging, into a unified platform for a streamlined user experience. Advanced VoIP systems provide built-in redundancy and failover options, ensuring service continuity even in network issues. VoIP systems are typically easier to maintain than traditional phone systems, and updates can often be performed remotely. VoIP generally has a lower environmental impact than traditional telephony, as it relies on the Internet and requires less physical infrastructure. Future Trends in VoIP 5G Integration: The rollout and widespread adoption of 5G networks are expected to enhance VoIP services, providing faster and more reliable connectivity, reduced latency, and improved overall call quality. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Integration: AI may play a more significant role in VoIP systems, providing intelligent call routing, voice recognition, and natural language processing to enhance user experiences. Enhanced Security Measures: VoIP systems will probably include increasingly sophisticated encryption protocols and security measures to guard against new threats as cybersecurity becomes increasingly important. Edge Computing for Reduced Latency: Edge computing can reduce the latency in VoIP services by processing data closer to the source, leading to improved call quality and responsiveness. Unified Communications as a Service (UCaaS): Integrating VoIP into comprehensive, suitable communications platforms, including messaging, video conferencing, and collaboration tools, will likely become more prevalent. Blockchain for Security: Blockchain technology may enhance the security and privacy of VoIP communications by providing a decentralized and tamper-resistant record of call data. Internet of Things (IoT) Integration: VoIP systems may increasingly interact with IoT devices, enabling a more connected and automated communication environment. Voice Biometrics: Using voice biometrics for authentication purposes in VoIP systems could become more widespread, offering an additional layer of security. Customization and Personalization: VoIP services could give customers greater personalization choices to adjust features to suit their requirements and tastes. Environmental Considerations: As environmental sustainability becomes a more significant concern, VoIP services may focus on energy efficiency and eco-friendly practices. Case Studies Skype: Skype is one of the pioneers in the VoIP industry. Founded in 2003, Skype allowed users to make voice and video calls over the internet. Microsoft acquired Skype in 2011. It revolutionized long-distance communication and became a widely used platform for both personal and business purposes. Vonage: Vonage is a well-known provider of residential and business VoIP services. Founded in 2001, it played a crucial role in popularizing VoIP for consumers. Vonage's services include unlimited calling plans and features like voicemail, call waiting, and caller ID. Zoom: While initially recognized for its video conferencing capabilities, Zoom also incorporates VoIP for audio communication. Its surge in popularity, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, showcased the effectiveness of VoIP in supporting remote work and virtual meetings. RingCentral: RingCentral is a cloud-based platform that provides communication and collaboration services and VoIP features. Many businesses use RingCentral for its unified communication features, such as voice, video, team messaging, and collaboration tools. WhatsApp Calling: WhatsApp, a popular messaging app owned by Facebook, introduced voice-calling features in 2015 and video calling later. It leverages VoIP technology to enable users to make calls over the internet, reducing the reliance on traditional cellular networks. Cisco Webex Calling: Cisco Webex is known for its collaboration solutions, including Webex Calling, a cloud-based VoIP service. It provides businesses with a scalable and feature-rich communication system, integrating voice, video, and messaging. Ooma: Ooma provides Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services for residential and business customers. Known for its straightforward pricing and user-friendly approach, Ooma provides features like virtual receptionists, call forwarding, and voicemail for its users. 8x8: 8x8 is a cloud communications platform providing VoIP services for businesses. It offers various communication tools, including voice, video, chat, and contact center solutions. 8x8 is known for its flexibility and scalability, making it suitable for multiple business sizes. JioMeet: JioMeet, launched by Reliance Jio in India, is a video conferencing platform incorporating VoIP for audio communication. It gained popularity, especially during the rise of remote work and virtual meetings. Shoretel (Now Mitel): Shoretel, now part of Mitel, provides unified communication solutions, including VoIP services. Mitel's VoIP systems cater to businesses of different sizes, offering features like IP telephony, collaboration tools, and contact center solutions. Conclusion VoIP technology has revolutionized industries worldwide by simplifying global communication, reducing costs, enhancing online learning, and making telehealth services more secure. The case studies underscore VoIP's adaptability in addressing specific challenges, fostering collaboration, and improving overall business operations. VoIP is positioned to play a significant part in influencing the direction of communication as technology develops further. It provides scalable and affordable solutions that enhance productivity and connection in a dynamic corporate environment. Recommended Article We hope that this EDUCBA information on "Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP)" was beneficial to you. You can view EDUCBA’s recommended articles for more information, What Is R Programming Language Applications of Artificial Intelligence Applications of Machine Learning What is AWS

read more

Hotels in Canada

Luxurious Hotels Canada welcomes many tourists, business people, volunteers, and students in cities like Toronto, Ottawa, Vancouver, and Montreal. Hotels in Canada are available in different tourist locations, big cities, and suburbs. Best 5 Hotels to Stay in Canada Let's check out the best hotels in Canada where you can stay and enjoy your trip. 1. Sterling Inn and Spa  (Image Credit: Sterling Inn and Spa) If you are planning a trip to Canada, then Niagara Falls must be on your bucket list. Want to enjoy the scenic beauty of one of the tallest falls? Sterling Inn and Spa are just a min away from the famous Niagara Falls.  The slick design of the rooms makes you feel at home with deluxe and traditional rooms. Among 4- star hotels in Canada, Sterling is a premium choice. Location: Ontario, CanadaAddress: 5195 Magdalen Street, Niagara Falls, ON, L2G, 3S6 Star Rating: 4-star Price: CAD 163-CAD 250 per night/ 2 Guests Check-in Time: 4 pm Check-out Time: Before noon Amenities: Wi-Fi, Car Parking, Food & Drink, Spa Facilities: Laundry, Fitness Centre, Spa Services, Limo Car Services How to Reach? Niagara Falls Station- 8 km BUF-Buffalo Niagara International Airport Nearby Attractions Skylon Tower Niagara SkyWheel Fallsview Casino 2. Clarion Hotel & Suites Winnipeg (Image Credit: Clarion Hotel & Suites Winnipeg) If you want to explore the city of Winnipeg, this hotel in Canada is the best choice for you. Clarion is just 15 minutes from the central city of Winnipeg, where you can enjoy unlimited shopping, good restaurants, and great malls. You can enjoy an indoor pool with slides where your children can spend quality time. The hotel offers meeting halls and wedding or function rooms for private events. Location: Winnipeg, Canada Address: 1445 Portage Avenue, R3G, 3P4, Winnipeg, Canada Star Rating: 3-Star Price: 185 CAD-255 CAD per night/ 2 Guests Check-in Time: After 4 pm Check-out Time: Before 11 am Amenities: AC, Food & Drink, TV, Pool & Waterslide Facilities: Wedding services, Meeting Rooms, Spa, Fireplace  How to Reach? Winnipeg Union Station  Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport (YWG)  Nearby Attractions Speedworld Indoor Kart Track  Assiniboine Golf Club  Assiniboine Park 3. Le Capitole Hotel (Image Credit: Le Capitole Hotel) The revamped hotel has a penthouse and suites close to Saint-Jean and Saint Louis streets. It is one of the highest-rated hotels in Canada, where you can stay with great comfort and luxury. You can enjoy Italian cuisine and Asia's inspired cuisines on your plate. Enjoy concerts and shows with the best performers of Quebec city. Location: Quebec, Canada Address: 972 Rue Saint-Jean, Québec, QC G1R 1R5, Canada Star-Rating: 5-Star Price: 525 CAD-2020 CAD Check-in Timing: After 4 pm Check out the Timing: Before noon. Amenities: Internet, Car Parking, Designer Toiletries, Minibar, Premium Bedding Facilities: Indoor pool, Spa Services, Clubby Bar, Premium bedding How to Reach? Quebec Palace Station  Quebec City Jean Lesage International Airport (YQB)  Nearby Attractions Place d'Youville Ice Skating Rink Quebec City Town Hall Le Château Frontenac  4. Chelsea Hotel  (Image Credit: Chelsea Hotel) It is a family hotel where you can enjoy yourself with the special people in your life. You get the best view from your room from the featured balcony. One of the superb hotels in Canada where you can spend some of your best time around Christmas and New Year. Location: Toronto, Canada Address: 33 Gerrard St W, Toronto, ON M5G 1Z4, Canada Star Rating: 4-Star Price: 246 CAD-450 CAD Check-in Time: From 3 pm Check-out Time: After 11 am Amenities: Pool, Gym, Pet-friendly, Free Wi-Fi, Restaurant Facilities: Conference rooms, Wedding Banquet, EV charging station, Gift Shops How to Reach? College Station  Toronto, ON YYZ-Pearson International Airport Nearby Attraction Toronto Eaton Centre  University of Toronto - St. George Campus Royal Ontario Museum 5. Maison Otis  (Image Credit: Maison Otis) It is a 3-star property where you can enjoy rooms of different ranges like Danais Pavilion, Maison Otis, and Thematic Studio. You get European breakfast and perfect arrangements for weddings, conferences, and special events. Maison Otis allows your pet with you, and the best room service makes it one of the best pet-friendly hotels in Canada. Location: Quebec, Canada Address: 23 Rue St Jean Baptiste, Baie-Saint-Paul, QC G3Z 1M2, Canada Star Rating: 3-Star hotel Price: 213 CAD-312 CAD Check-in Time: 4 pm - 10 pm Check-out Time: Before noon Amenities: Internet, Terrace. Free-Parking, Pool Facilities: Complimentary Breakfast, Concierge services, Roll-in shower, Free bicycle rentals How to Reach? Train de Charlevoix Nearby Attraction Galerie Clarence Gagnon Sentier des Caps Train of Le Massif de Charlevoix

read more

Hotels in Tokyo

Luxurious Hotels Tokyo is a vibrant city with many activities available to visitors. These are the ways to do in Tokyo, such as visiting historical sites, learning about Japanese culture, and having an exciting night of club hopping. This city is home to the finest luxury and boutique hotels on every block and mouthwatering cuisine at casual and fine dining locations. However, knowing where to start your search if you are new to the area takes time and effort. Moreover, hotels in Tokyo stand out from those in most other cities because they are among the greatest in the world, not just in Japan. Best 6 Hotels in Tokyo Let's look at a list of the top hotels in Tokyo now: 1. The Tokyo Station Hotel The Tokyo Station Hotel is an important cultural symbol. Visitors here find it very convenient to commute within the city as it is one of the most luxurious hotels in Tokyo and is adjacent to the Marunouchi South Departure of Tokyo Station. This hotel mixes traditional European design elements with cutting-edge technology for maximum tourist comfort. It is also well-known for its lavish buffet, which features over 110 items of European and Japanese origins. The hotel's gym facility is top-notch. (Image Credit: Tokyo Station Hotel) 2. Yuen Shinjuku Onsen Ryokan Yuen Shinjuku can meet all your needs if you're looking for a more modern ryokan experience. Huge windows with views of our enormous metropolis, tatami rooms decorated with bonsai, low tables, and spacious futons are just a few examples of simple yet elegant rooms. Shinjuku Station is approximately a 15-minute walk away, making the location unmatched. The stunning onsen area on the 18th level, where water is brought in directly from the source of a thermal spring in Hakone, has got to be this place's main lure. Remember to swim in the terrace-accessible bath while you take in the city's panoramic views while bathing. (Image Credit: Uds-Hotels) 3. AET Hotel Oshiage The private terrace bath with unhindered views of the Tokyo Skytree is the most admirable feature of this penthouse suite in Oshiage. The penthouse has a big kitchen, dining room, laundry room, and living area, which is like a proper residence, and perfect for extended stays. Are you moving on an extended trip? The double room at AET has space for eight guests. The hotel conveniently offers a cafeteria located on the first floor with that you can request service or even a BBQ feast on the terrace. (Image Credit : o3inntokyo) 4. Shangri-La Hotel Tokyo The prestigious Shangri-La Tokyo Hotel is near Metro Station and faces the gardens of the Imperial Palace. The swiveling perspectives of the Tokyo cityscape it offers are just breathtaking. Travelers will adore the sophisticated minimalism that fuses western construction and innovation with traditional Japanese design in the furnishings of the hotels and rooms because they are so well-designed.  You can see the Tokyo Tower and Mount Fuji on clear days from here. For business and pleasure travelers, this would be a wonderful place to stay in a beautiful setting with the best amenities. (Image Credit: Shangri-la) 5. Park Hyatt Tokyo The Park Hyatt Tokyo is a unique hotel in the heart of Shinjuku, a district busy with some of Tokyo's top eateries and nightlife. It is an excellent location for leisure and business travelers because it is a premium hotel with the best amenities and a spectacular view of Tokyo's beautiful skyline, Mount Fuji, and, on clear days, even Tokyo Bay. The hotel's guest rooms come equipped with the best Egyptian cotton linens, magnificent Hokkaido wood paneling, a deep, spacious jacuzzi, a minibar, and all the other luxuries one may expect from a hotel room. The hotel has a beautiful spa, a fitness facility with breathtaking views from its glass walls, and even a comprehensive bookstore. (Image Credit: Hyatt) 6. Sorano Hotel Are you looking for a picturesque outdoor pool with unobstructed views of the surrounding skylines? You should get a room at Tachikawa's stunning Sorano Hotel. This magnificent hotel has an incredible rooftop swimming pool facing Showa Kinen Park and is about a 20 minutes train ride from Shinjuku. You could be able to see Mt. Fuji within a distance on a clear day. The pool has activities besides swimming available to you. The Sorano Hotel provides guests with yoga and meditation sessions every Sunday morning by the pool. Standard rooms for two individuals to opulent suites with space for three folks and two kids are all available. Additionally, you can stay in luxury with your furry buddy in dog-friendly rooms with balconies. (Image Credit: Sorano Hotel)

read more

Hotels in Vienna

Luxurious Hotels For anyone looking for a world-class city break, Vienna is the perfect destination. With its majestic buildings, rich history, and stunning scenery, it's no wonder that so many people come here to holiday. But while Vienna is a great place to visit, finding the right hotel can take time and effort. This blog post will examine some of Vienna's best hotels so you can choose where to stay during your trip. You'll look at hotels ranging from luxury five-star accommodations to budget-friendly hostels to select the perfect place to stay in Vienna. Top 4 Hotels in Vienna Vienna is one of Europe's most vibrant cities, which offers art, culture, good food, and plenty of historical attractions. So, here are the top 4 hotels in Vienna which will make your stay unforgettable. 1. Park Hyatt Vienna The perfect place to stay for those who want to experience the best of Vienna, Park Hyatt Vienna offers its guests easy access to the city's attractions and landmarks. The rooms and suites at Park Hyatt Vienna are spacious and well-appointed. (Image Credit: Hyatt) Location: City center's Golden Quarter Address: Am Hof 2, 1010 Wien, Austria Star Rating: 5 out of 5. Price: The average rate is $420-$997 per night. Check-in Time: 3 PM Check-out Time: 12 PM Amenities: Free WiFi, Valet parking on site, Buffet breakfast, Babysitting, etc. Facilities: 24-hour fitness center, an indoor pool, a spa, and a restaurant. How to Reach: you can reach here via Schottentor light rail station, which is just 8 mins away, and also by bus from Habsburgergasse, which is just 5 mins walking distance. Nearby Attractions: St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna State Opera, Hofburg Palace. 2. Boutique Hotel am Stephansplatz Located in the heart of Vienna, the Boutique Hotel am Stephansplatz is the perfect place to stay when visiting this fantastic city. The hotel's rooms are elegantly appointed and offer all the modern amenities travelers expect.  (Image Credit: Hotel Am Stephansplatz) Location: Innere Stadt, in Vienna Address: Stephansplatz 9, 1010 Wien, Austria. Star Rating: 4.8 out of 5. Price: The room ranges between $192 to $544 per night. Check-in Time: 3 PM Check-out Time: 11 AM Amenities: Free WiFi, Breakfast included, Air conditioning, Gym, Business services, Laundry. Facilities: 24-hour health club, Sauna, Shopping, Babysitting, Lift, Concierge services How to Reach: The hotel is 18.5 km from Vienna Airport, and you can take a taxi. Also, you can take a train from Vienna Central Station, which takes 5 mins to reach there. Nearby Attractions: Vienna State Opera, St. Stephen's Cathedral, and the Ringstrasse. 3. Ritz-Carlton The hotel offers luxury accommodations and top-notch service, making it the perfect choice for a relaxing and enjoyable stay in Vienna. The rooms are spacious and elegantly appointed, with all the modern amenities you need for a comfortable stay.  (Image Credit: Ritz Carlton) Location: Ring Boulevard in Vienna. Address: Schubertring 5-7, 1010 Wien, Austria Star Rating: 4.5 out of 5. Price: The room prices start at $230 per night and go up to $7313. Check-in Time: 3 PM Check-out Time: 12 PM Amenities: Pool, Air conditioning, Pet-friendly, Spa, Restaurant, Free WiFi. Facilities: Concierge Services, Paid Onsite Parking, Wheelchair Access to Common/Public Areas, Common Areas Internet Access How to Reach: to reach from Vienna Airport to the hotel via taxi takes 16 mins, or you can take a train from Wien Mitte-Landstrasse, which is 4 km from the city center. Nearby Attraction: Stadtpark, Vienna State Opera, Albertina, St. Stephen's Cathedral 4. Austria Classic Hotel Wien The hotel offers comfortable accommodations and excellent services, making it an ideal choice for visitors to Vienna. The Austria Classic Hotel Wien has spacious guest rooms and suites with modern amenities. (Image Credit: Classic-Hotel Wien) Location: Leopoldstadt, in Vienna Address: Praterstraße 72, 1020 Wien, Austria Star Rating: 4.5 out of 5. Price: The average cost of a room is $102 per night. Check-in Time: 2 PM Check-out Time: 11 AM Amenities: Free buffet breakfast, Bar/Lounge, Bicycle rentals nearby, Golf lessons nearby, Hiking/biking Facilities: Safe deposit box at the front desk, Garden, Terrace, Library, Fitness center, Sauna How to Reach: The distance from Vienna International Airport to the hotel is 18.1 km, and you can take a cab. Nearby Attractions: Vienna Christmas Market, Wiener Prater, Stephansplatz, St. Stephen's Cathedral. Conclusion Vienna is a beautiful city with much to offer visitors, and the hotels here are no exception. Whether you're looking for luxury accommodations or more budget-friendly options, many hotels in Vienna suit your needs. In conclusion, research before booking a hotel in Vienna to ensure you find the perfect fit for your trip.

read more

Hotels in Santiago

Luxurious Hotels Whatever your budget, Santiago is a cosmopolitan city with a wide variety of excellent lodging alternatives. But you've come to the perfect place if you're seeking something unique! In Santiago, several luxurious hotels have breathtaking views, first-rate features, and unmatched customer service. Top 4 Hotels in Santiago Here are some of our favorite hotels in Santiago. 1. Hotel Regal Pacific Santiago This 5-star hotel in the heart of Santiago offers 5-star accommodations, a variety of dining options, and a leisure facility with a jacuzzi, fitness center, sauna, tennis court, massage rooms, and beauty services. The Hotel Regal Pacific Santiago is close to the retail malls Parque Arauco and Alto Las Condes, as well as several business offices and Apoquindo Avenue. The hotel provides two dining options. Together, they provide a variety of choices from regional, Mediterranean, and Italian cuisines, as well as light and vegetarian meals. Since 11:00 AM, the lobby bar has been open. The check-in and check-out times are 1500 and 1200, respectively. The guest rooms are roomy and furnished with facilities including a work desk, tv, CD player, safe, and internet access. Partners especially enjoy the area; they gave it a 9.4 rating for a stay with two people. (Image Credit: Regal-Pacific) Location: Apoquindo 5680, Las Condes 7560943 Santiago, Chile Price: 10,650 INR 2. Hotel Plaza San Francisco  The 5-star Hotel San Francisco Plaza in Santiago has a spa, free Wi-Fi, and luxurious accommodations. Santiago's city center is 200 meters from the Universidad de Chile subway station. The Hotel Plaza San Francisco's rooms and suites are roomy and nicely equipped. The check-in and check-out times are 1500 and 1200 hours, respectively. A sauna, a fitness center, and an indoor pool are available at Hotel San Francisco Plaza. In the spa, there are services for the body and the face. There are also massage services available. All services are dependent on their availability. After making a reservation, guests can have a quick and convenient computerized check-in. The restaurant offers a breakfast buffet and a sumptuous supper with domestic and foreign components. The hotel bar features live bands in the evenings for guests to enjoy. Five hundred meters near Santiago Municipal Theatre and 1 km from La Moneda Palace are within walking distance of the accommodation. On-site parking is available at no cost. This hotel's 8.9 score for location, which places it right in the center of Santiago, is excellent. (Image Credit: Plaza San Francisco) Location: Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 816, Santiago City Centre, Chile 8320000 Price: 12,413 INR 3. The Singular Santiago The Singular Santiago provides rooms in Santiago and has a spa and fitness center. There is a free Wi-Fi connection here. The Singular Santiago offers accommodations with cable TV, a minibar, heating, and private bathrooms. There are also rooms with city views.  The check-in and check-out times are 1500 and 1200 hours. Visitors may enjoy a cafeteria and a yoga studio at The Singular Santiago. There are also conference spaces, a tour desk, and baggage storage available at the establishment. The Singular Santiago is situated 500 meters from GAM Cultural Center, 300 meters from Mulato de Gil Square, and 50 meters from Forestal Park. Bachelors especially enjoy the area; they gave it a 9.0 rating for a trip with best friends. (Image Credit: The Singular) Location: Merced 294, Santiago City Centre, 8320128 Santiago, Chile Price: 35,912 INR 4. Renaissance Santiago Hotel  The Renaissance Santiago Hotel has a temporary outdoor pool and complimentary Wi-Fi in Santiago. The retail center Parque Arauco is around 700 meters away from the hotel. The Leed Gold Rating to the Renaissance Santiago Hotel. The interior design of the rooms is chic and modern. Modern art on the walls and the carpets feature exquisite patterns. Each comes with a cable TV, air conditioning, and a shower room with complimentary amenities. It offers either a mountain vista or a city view. The check-in and check-out times are 1500 and 1200 hours. An international restaurant is part of the hotel. The hotel's wellness center, spa, and fitness center are open to visitors. The Renaissance Santiago Hotel has a bar and front desk service available round-the-clock. On the property, there is a garden and an elevator. The distance between the hotel and Arturo Merino Benitez International Airport is 24 kilometers. Fifty-four kilometers separate the Renaissance Santiago Hotel from the Valle Nevado ski resort.  On-site premium reserved parking is available without a reservation. Couples, in particular, enjoy the area; they gave it a 9.1 rating for a honeymoon with a partner. (Image Credit: Marriott) Location: Avenida Presidente Kennedy 4700, Vitacura, 7630454 Santiago, Chile  Price: 12,301 INR

read more

Tourist Places in Kathmandu

Kathmandu, Nepal In the colorful capital of Nepal, you can spend the night at a casino or take a spiritual walk around a temple. Both are highly recommended tourist places in kathmandu. 8 Tourist Places in Kathmandu Given below are the 8 tourist places in Kathmandu: 1. Swayambhunath Temple (Image credit: Freepik) Swayambhunath, or the Monkey Temple, is a glorious piece of ancient architecture surrounded by troops of monkeys. It is one of the oldest temples in Nepal, with numerous shrines and monasteries on its premises.  People also like to see the statue of the sleeping Buddha and the big gold-plated Vajra on the stupa. The beautiful panoramic view provides solace and harmony. Both Hindus and Buddhists worship at this holy place. The stupa has Buddha's eyes and eyebrow paintings to denote wisdom and compassion. 2. Pashupatinath Temple  (Image credit: Freepik) Dedicated to Lord Shiva, this temple is near the sacred Bagmati River. The World Heritage Site has a marvelous collection of temples, idols, ashrams, and inscriptions. It includes 518 mini-temples built in the Nepalese style of architecture. People should go to the temples on Maha Shivaratri, Teej, and Bala Chaturthi to see lights and garlands and have a better experience. The temple is alive with color and sanctity and is a hidden treasure for history buffs. However, because of its historical beliefs, the temple permits only Hindus to enter the main temple and courtyard. 3. Kathmandu Durbar Square (Image Credit: Pixabay) Located in front of the Kathmandu Kingdom, this square is one of three royal palaces in the capital that are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Surrounded by incredible architecture, it is also known as Hanuman Dhoka Durbar Square.  The major tourist attractions include Kumari Gar, Maru Ganesh, Mahadev, Shiva-Parvati, Bhagwati, Saraswati, Krishna Octangular, Kal Bhairav, Jagannath, and Taleju Temples, apart from Big drums, Old palaces. Besides the fascinating temples, it is a center of the delightful celebration of various festivities, cultural activities, and traditions. 4. Garden of dreams  (Image Credit: garden of dreams) The neoclassical garden has exquisite paths adorned by pavilions, trellises, and planting areas. The sunken flower garden and a large pond surround it. Created by Kaiser Sumsher Rana, it is also known as the 'Garden of Six Seasons' and 'Swapna Bageecha.' The exciting architecture in the garden's landscape encourages people to look at the garden's treasures from different angles. This place is also the site of several classical concerts, business events, private receptions, and cultural programs all year. The antique marble inscriptions, ornate pavilions, Kaiser gallery, and cafe in its periphery are remarkable to experience. 5. Langtang National Park (Image Credit: Pixabay) As the fourth national park in Nepal and the first Himalayan National Park, Langtang is a paradise for wildlife lovers and trekkers. The Langtang Valley is among one of the world's most beautiful valleys that is easy yet wild to trek.  Explore thickly forested mountains with the backdrop of the Himalayas at Helambu, the highland village. Towards the end, check out the breathtaking beauty of the frozen lake - Gosaikunda. It has hills all around it. 6. Casino Royale (Image Credit: Yak and Yeti) Situated in the city's heart, find Casino Royale inside hotel Yak & Yeti. Explore the fantastic ambiance adorned with beautiful gardens, drizzling fountains, and royal gold decor. The stunning casino has glittery-gold decor, 34 gaming machines, and 20 table games spread over a vast area. The warmly lit red-carpet entrance and the sounds of slot machines, cards, and gaming tables are fascinating. Also, The Chimney Fine Dining and Sunrise Restaurant are famous places there. Casino Royale is open 24 hours a day and is a good option for recreational activities. 7. Taudaha Lake (Image credit: Freepik) Taudaha is a famous freshwater lake between giant hills covered with dense forests. The word "Taudaha" comes from the combination of Ta and Daha, where "Ta" means snake and "daha" means lake. The place is a heaven for birdwatchers and fishing enthusiasts. Since people believe there is a deep hole in the middle of the lake, nobody knows how deep the lake is. A lovely fair is held on the day of Nag Panchami to pay homage to Nagraj. 8. Boudhanath Stupa (Image credit: Freepik) Standing as a giant mandala of peace and beauty, Boudhanath is one of the largest Buddhist stupas in the world. UNESCO declared this stupa a world heritage site in 1979 for its exceptional beauty, spirituality, and serenity. The masterpiece is a massive dome on the canopy that resembles a Buddhist pyramid tower and dominates the skyline. The pure and serene environment helps catch a feeling of purity and positivity.  Final Thoughts All in all, Kathmandu city is an incredible Himalayan beauty. Explore the most beautiful tourist Places in Kathmandu that stand as attractions, from saints to philosophers or adventures, and look forward to a rewarding experience. Visit this magnificent place!

read more

Full Form of FYI

Full Form of FYI(For Your Information) You must have heard about FYI. How people text- FYI,… and continue the sentence. What is this? FYI or For Your Information is one of the most common abbreviations used in English. It is not only used in informal but formal conversations. Someone may quote an attention call or information with FYI. This abbreviation is an acronym that can be used in chats and IT language.  One may use it in both personal and business-related conversations. However, there is no immediate action required after FYI. The conversations are straight and based on facts. It is a type of information that is simply being shared. One may use FYI to disclose a fact that one knows about a particular topic. These are also used during business meetings to quote an existing thing. Invention of FYI For Your Information or full form of FYI, it was first written in 1941. It was on paper (an office memo) and has been exclusively used since. Now people commonly use FYI in texts, emails, and instant messaging. One may talk formally or informally with the help of For Your Information.  Other co-related terms sound similar to FYI- JFYI (just for your information) and FYA (for your amusement). Both abbreviations are commonly used in informal communication. Online Communication and FYI There was a time when people used to write memos, letters, and more. There was no email or chat. It wasn’t long before when people were using FYI.  Did you know? FYI wasn’t a commonly used phrase before online communication! Yes, you heard it right! People adapted to emails, chat boxes and other instant messaging apps like WhatsApp that proliferated the use of FYI or For Your Information.  Just after online communications became common, people started using FYI to communicate not only formally but informally as well.  Although the abbreviation FYI was made decades before the digital place. It took off just after people started using emails and chat rooms! But not all people know how to use FYI. It is always recommended to run your letter/ deal/ proposal/ and other important messaging on a grammar application. Some common mistakes people miss- Whether to add commas after FYI or not. Whether to use FYI in a confidential document. Is the abbreviation fitting in a business proposal or deal? Is the abbreviation FYI sounding sarcastic?  May I use FYI on a particular clause?  Facts about FYI It is an abbreviation that was used before online texting. It is not slang. It was used in the 1930s by journalists. They indicate that a particular piece of information is for the receiver and not for further publication. It is used for formal communication rather than informal. Using FYI  If one has to call a message informational, they may use FYI or for your information. It is exclusively used in professional communication to indicate a message as an important piece of information or fact. FYI also indicates that no further action is required on the text- it’s a fact! Should I use FYI in caps? Yes, if you’re writing a professional text, always type FYI in all caps. One may write it in the email subject lines. This sounds more professional than lowercase.  For informal cases, you may select whether to write FYI in all caps or not. Note- FYI was originally invented to be written in caps. It’s a good practice to keep the abbreviation in all caps! Let’s explore some of the examples of FYI- To report a new study.  FYI: according to a new study adopting dogs can help to cope with depression. Here, you’ve reported a research study that does not require further action. To report an incidence.  I was late for the official lunch, and FYI, the other employees reported delays as well. Here, general information is shared with the audience. It might be taken as a personal report (not general).  Wrapping Up - Full form of FYI FYI or For Your Information is a common abbreviation that may be used professionally or non-professionally. It is not slang but a way of communication. It is an official abbreviation to make English simpler. Just make sure to capitalize the letters (for good grammar practice), and you’re good to go. 

read more

Tourist Place in Madhya Pradesh

Heart of India, Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh is a state located in central India. It is known as the "Heart of India" due to its central location. The capital of Madhya Pradesh is Bhopal, and its largest city is Indore. Madhya Pradesh is known for its rich cultural heritage and history. The state is home to many ancient temples and monuments, such as the Khajuraho temples and the Buddhist complex at Sanchi, both of which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The economy of Madhya Pradesh primarily depends on agriculture and related industries. The state is the leading producer of soybeans and the second-largest producer of wheat and pulses in India. A unicameral legislature and a governor govern Madhya Pradesh as the nominal head of state. Top 9 Tourist Places in Madhya Pradesh Given below are the top 9 tourist places in Madhya Pradesh. 1. Taj-ul-Masajid A large mosque, Taj-ul-Masajid, is present in Bhopal, the capital of Madhya Pradesh, and is known for its intricate architecture and delicate carvings. The mosque is considered one of the largest mosques in India and has nine domes, two minarets, and a central hall with a capacity of more than 10,000 people.  (Image Credits: Bhopal) 2. Khajuraho A UNESCO World Heritage Site, this complex of Hindu and Jain temples is famous for its erotic sculptures. The temples are known for their intricate carvings and sculptures, which depict various aspects of daily life, as well as religious and mythological figures.  (Image Credits: UNESCO) 3. Sanchi A Sanchi is a Buddhist complex containing several stupas, monasteries, and temples that date back to the 3rd century BCE. The most famous structure at Sanchi is the Great Stupa, the oldest stone structure in India, and initially, it was the house of the relics of the Buddha.  (Image Credits: MP Tourism) 4. Pachmarhi A hill station in the Satpura range is known for its scenic beauty, waterfalls, and caves. This hill station is known for its colonial-era bungalows, beautiful waterfalls, and natural caves. (Image Credits: MP Tourism) 5. Bandhavgarh National Park A famous wildlife reserve is known for its large population of Bengal tigers. It is one of India's most famous national parks, and visitors can take safari tours in open-top jeeps to spot tigers and other wildlife.  (Image Credits: Bandhavgarh) 6. Kanha National Park The Kanha National Park is a famous tiger reserve and one of India's most popular national parks. This park is known for its large population of Bengal tigers and other wildlife, such as leopards, wild dogs, and swamp deer.  (Image Credits: Kanha) 7. Ujjain An ancient city, Ujjain is known for its spiritual significance and numerous temples, including the Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga Temple. Ujjain is one of the seven most sacred Hindu cities in India and is home to many ancient temples, including the Mahakaleshwar Temple, one of the 12 Jyotirlinga shrines dedicated to the god Shiva.  (Image Credits: MP Tourism) 8. Orchha A historic town, Orchha is known for its well-preserved palaces and temples from the 16th and 17th centuries. This town is home to the Raj Mahal, a castle built by the Bundela kings and known for its impressive architecture and intricate carvings.  (Image Credits: MP Tourism) 9. Mandu A ruined city once the capital of the Malwa sultanate, it is known for its impressive fortifications and palaces. The city is home to many ruined palaces and monuments, including the Jahaz Mahal, the Hindola Mahal, and the Jahaz Qila palace.  (Image Credits: MP Tourism) These are just some examples of the famous tourist places in Madhya Pradesh, with many more to explore, each with its unique heritage, history, and natural beauty.  Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) Here are a few frequently asked questions about Madhya Pradesh that may be useful for tourists: Q1. What is the best time to visit Madhya Pradesh?  Answer: The best time to visit Madhya Pradesh is between October and March when the weather is cool and pleasant. The summer can be sweltering, and the monsoon season can bring heavy rains.  Q2. What are the must-see tourist places in Madhya Pradesh?  Answer: Some must-see tourist places in Madhya Pradesh include the Khajuraho temples, the Buddhist complex at Sanchi, the Pachmarhi hill station, the Bandhavgarh and Kanha national parks, the Ujjain temples, the Orchha palaces and temples, the Mandu fortifications and palaces.  Q3. What are the languages in Madhya Pradesh?  Answer: The official language of Madhya Pradesh is Hindi, but many other languages that people speak in the state, including English, Urdu, and local dialects such as Malvi and Bundeli.  Q4. Is Madhya Pradesh safe for tourists?  Answer: Madhya Pradesh is generally considered safe for tourists, but it is always wise to be cautious and aware of your surroundings, particularly when visiting remote or rural areas. Follow the guidelines and safety measures given by local authorities and avoid traveling to places that are considered unsafe.  Q5. Is it easy to get around Madhya Pradesh?  Answer: Madhya Pradesh has a well-developed transportation network, which includes buses, trains, and flights. However, traveling by road can be challenging due to the poor condition of some of the streets, particularly in rural areas. It is better to check the road conditions before planning your trip and take a guide or driver familiar with the local areas.

read more

Ajith Kumar

About Ajith Kumar (Image Credit: Instagram)  Ajit Kumar (also known as Ajith Kumar) is a popular Indian film actor who has appeared in Tamil, Telugu, and Hindi films. He began his career in the Tamil film industry in the 1990s and has since starred in over 50 films in a variety of genres. He is considered one of the leading actors in Tamil cinema, known for his versatility and performances in action, drama, and comedy films. Some of his notable films include "Vedalam", "Veeram", "Yennai Arindhaal", and "Ner Konda Paarvai". Personal Statistics Born1971NameAjithNicknameAjitSpouseShaliniChildren2Alma MaterNot knownZodiac SignScorpioHeight178Weight75 Kg (180 lbs)ResidenceMumbai, IndiaNetworth$4 million Early Life of Ajith Kumar Born in the town of Ambarnath, Maharashtra. His father, P. Subramaniam, was a lawyer, and his mother, Mohini, was a housewife. He did his schooling in Ambarnath and studied at Ruia College in Mumbai. He began his acting career in the Marathi theater, playing lead roles in several plays. He made his debut in the film industry with the Marathi film Gammat Jammat in 1987. He has also acted in Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, and Kannada films. Career Timeline  1980s Ajith begins his acting career in Tamil and Telugu films. He makes his debut in the Telugu film Jyothi, directed by K. Balachander. He stars in his first Tamil film, Mouna Ragam, which becomes a classic. 1990s Ajith stars in several Tamil and Telugu films, including Annamalai, Pudhu Vasantham, and Gentleman. He makes his Bollywood debut with the film Akayla, directed by Amitabh Bachchan. He stars in his first Malayalam film, Vamsha Vriksha, directed by T.S. Narayana. 2000s Ajith continues to appear in Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, and Bollywood films. He appears in the Telugu blockbuster, Okkadu, directed by Gunasekhar. He stars in the Tamil film Ghilli, directed by Dharani, which became a huge success. He stars in the Tamil action film Thirupaachi, directed by Perarasu. 2010s Ajith stars in several Tamil, Telugu, and Malayalam films. He stars in the Tamil film Billa II, directed by Chakri Toleti. He stars in the Tamil action film Vedalam, directed by Siva. He stars in the Tamil action-thriller Thani Oruvan, directed by Mohan Raja. 2020s Ajith stars in the Tamil action-thriller Master, directed by Lokesh Kanagaraj. He stars in the Tamil action-thriller Valimai, directed by H. Vinoth. 5 Best Movies of Ajith Kumar YearMovie NameCharacter NameBox Office CollectionResult  2014Veeram  Vinayagam   ₹6.45 billion      Blockbuster2017VivegamAjay Kumar (AK)₹117.5 millionBlockbuster2019ViswasamThookku Durai  ₹425.6 crore      Blockbuster2019Ner Konda Paarvai   Bharath (Lawyer)     ₹211.3 crore      Blockbuster2022ValimaiArjun (IPS)            ₹37.4 crore       Blockbuster Surprising Facts 1. Ajith is an Indian film actor who has worked in over 200 Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, and Malayalam films. 2. He is known for his villainous roles in the Tamil film industry, having been part of more than 400 films. 3. Ajith made his debut in the Tamil film industry as a child artist in the 1968 film "Engal Thangam." 4. He has also worked in several Bollywood films, including "Deewar" (1975), "Kabhie Kabhie" (1976), and "Kranti" (1981). 5. Ajith is an ardent devotee of Lord Muruga and visits the Thiruparankundram temple regularly. 6. He is also a philanthropist who has been actively helping the needy through various charitable organizations. Awards Ajith, an Indian actor and director, has won numerous awards. He has won the Filmfare Award for Best Actor three times and the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor once. He has also received the prestigious Padma Shri, one of the highest civilian honors in India, and the coveted Kalaimamani Award, the highest honor conferred by the Government of Tamil Nadu. Ajith has also won numerous awards at various film festivals, including the International Film Festival of India, the Cairo International Film Festival, and the Singapore International Film Festival. Filmfare Awards:  Best Actor:  1975 - Johnny (Tamil)  1977 - Thillu Mullu (Tamil)  1983 - Thillana Mohanambal (Tamil)  Best Supporting Actor:  1979 - Sindhu Bhairavi (Tamil)  Other Awards:  Padma Shri (1992)  Kalaimamani Award (1997)  International Film Festival of India Award for Best Actor (1994)  Cairo International Film Festival Award for Best Actor (1996)  Singapore International Film Festival Award for Best Actor (1996)  Tamil Nadu State Film Awards for Best Actor (1978, 1980, 1983, 1987) Honors Ajith is an Indian actor who has won several awards and accolades for his work in the Tamil film industry. He received the National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in the Tamil film, Virumaandi (2004). He was also awarded the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Tamil for the same movie. In addition, Ajith has won the Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil, the Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor, and the Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in the Tamil film Aaranya Kaandam (2011). He has received nominations for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil for his performances in Paruthiveeran (2007) and Madras (2014). Conclusion Ajith is a highly successful and acclaimed Indian actor who has acted in numerous Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, and Malayalam movies. He has received critical acclaim for his exceptional ability to portray various characters with versatility and skill. He has been honored with numerous awards for his acting prowess and is considered one of the most successful actors in Indian cinema.

read more

Abhishek Bachchan

About Abhishek Bachchan Abhishek Bachchan is an actor, producer, and entrepreneur. He is the son of legendary Bollywood actors Amitabh Bachchan and Jaya Bachchan. Abhishek made his acting debut in 2000 in the movie Refugee and has since starred in many successful films like Dostana, Bunty Aur Babli, Guru, and Dhoom. He is also the co-owner of the Indian Premier League cricket team Chennai Super Kings and has produced the films Paa and Manmarziyaan. Abhishek has also been a judge on the reality show India's Best Dancer and part of many philanthropic initiatives. (Image Source - Instagram) Personal Statistics of Abhishek Bachchan Born1976NameAbhishek BachchanNicknameJunior B, AbhiSpouseAishwarya RaiChildrenAaradhya BachchanAlma MaterNot knownZodiac SignAquariusHeight6' 2"Weight76 Kg (167 lbs)ResidenceMumbai, IndiaNetworth$30 million Early Life Born in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, on February 5, 1976 Son of Amitabh Bachchan and Jaya Bachchan Raised in Mumbai Went to Boston University in the United States Completed a course in film-making from New York University. Career Timeline 2000: He made his film debut with Refugee opposite Kareena Kapoor Khan. 2001: He started his career as an assistant director to his father in the movie Aks. 2004: He starred as a Mumbai Police officer in a blockbuster action movie, Dhoom. 2005: Bunty aur Babli, the second highest-grossing Bollywood of the year, featured him. 2008: He starred in Dostana, which was again a major success. 2012: He played the lead role in Bol Bachchan, grabbing him various awards. 2018: Bachchan starred in Manmarziya, for which he was widely praised. 2022: He played the lead role in Dasvi, a blockbuster trending across 18 countries. 5 Best Movies of Abhishek Bachchan YearMovie NameCharacter NameBox Office CollectionResult2007Guru Gurukant Desai ₹70 Crores hit 2005SarkarShankar Nagre₹50 croreHit2009PaaAmol Arte₹75 croreHit2006Dhoom 2ACP Jai dixit ₹150 croreblockbuster 2005BluffmasterRoy Kapoor ₹30 croreHit Awards Abhishek Bachchan is an Indian actor who has received numerous awards throughout his career. Some notable awards he has won include: Screen Award for Best Supporting Actor for "Yuva" (2004) Stardust Award for Best Supporting Actor for "Dhoom 2" (2006) Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor for "Guru" (2008) IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor for "Dostana" (2009) Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Male) for "Paa" (2010) Stardust Award for Star of the Year (Male) for "Paa" (2010) Big Star Entertainment Award for Most Entertaining Actor in a Social Role (Male) for "Paa" (2010) BIG Star Entertainment Award for Most Entertaining Actor in a Drama Film (Male) for "Sarkar Raj" (2008) Star Guild Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Critics) for "Sarkar Raj" (2009) Dadasaheb Phalke International Film Festival Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role for "Manmarziyaan" (2018) BIG Star Entertainment Award for Most Entertaining Actor in a Social Role - Male for "Manmarziyaan" (2018) Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role for "Manmarziyaan" (2019) Filmfare OTT Awards for Best Actor - Critics for "Breathe: Into the Shadows" (2021) Honors In addition to his film career, Abhishek has supported various social causes. He is a Goodwill Ambassador for the UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) and has been a part of campaigns to raise awareness about climate change. He is also a part of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, a nationwide campaign to improve cleanliness in India. Final Thoughts Abhishek Bachchan is a talented actor, producer, and entrepreneur who has had a successful career in Bollywood. He has acted in over 80 films since his debut in 2000 and has won several awards. Bachchan has also produced and co-produced several movies and is part of several philanthropic activities. He is also well-known for his active lifestyle and his fitness regime. Abhishek Bachchan's career exemplifies how hard work and devotion can lead to success for many aspiring actors and filmmakers.

read more

Ramanathaswamy Temple

Ramanathaswamy Temple The Ramanathaswamy Temple is at Rameshwaram, Tamil Nadu, in southern India. Rameshwaram is a necessary stop on every pilgrimage to Banaras. The Pandya Dynasty built the current Ramanathaswamy Temple in the 12th century. The 1000-pillar hallway of the Ramanathaswamy Temple is a notable feature. (Image Credits: Rameshwaram Temple) Origin of Ramanathaswamy Temple The temple was originally merely a brick and thatch building, and it took centuries to develop into the majestic masterpiece it is today. The Chola monarchs constructed the area's first stone temple in the 12th century, and Pandya and Vijayanagar kings later added to it. After taking control of Lanka, the mighty Krishna Deva Raya of Vijayanagar arrived here in 1513 and presented the temple with beautiful presents. The Sethupati rulers of Ramnad became the caretakers of the temple under the rule of the Nayakas, and they ultimately completed the temple. It is regarded as one of the best representations of Dravidian architecture today. Deity The main deity at the temple, Ramanathaswamy or Shiva, is represented by a lingam. The two Lingams that make up the temple's sanctuary are the Ramalingam, which Sita constructed out of the sand, and the Vishwalingam, which Hanuman carried from Kailash. Legendary Association Ramanathaswamy, which alludes to Lord Shiva, is correctly translated as "The Master of Rama." The temple is said to have been constructed by Lord Rama, a manifestation of the god Vishnu, who is there to repent for Sri Lankans' misdeeds. History behind the Temple According to tradition, Rama desired a large Lingam to worship Shiva and atone for his guilt of murdering a Brahmin. He thus ordered Hanuman, his monkey lieutenant, the command to bring a Lingam from the Himalayas. Hanuman, however, took longer than anticipated to retrieve the Lingam. Rama's wife, Devi Sita, was comforted by the incident and used the sand on the shore to construct a little Lingam. As a result, Lord Rama then erected the Lingam. Architecture The Ramanathaswamy Temple's precinct consists of three enclosures, several tall gopuram entrances, numerous lesser shrines, holy ponds, and gardens. Shiva and the goddess Parvati, also known as Parvathavardhini Amman, each have their shrine. The wide hallway that encircles the shrine is renowned for being extremely magnificent. With 1240 meters, it is one of the longest in the nation and is by 1212 deftly carved pillars, marble statues of patrons, and an exquisitely painted ceiling. Corridors According to legend, the outer set of Ramanathaswamy temple corridors, which measure about 6.9 m in height, 400 feet in length in each direction (east and west), and about 640 feet in each order (north and south), is the longest corridor in the world.  Pillars The outside corridor has roughly 1212 pillars. They stand about 30 feet tall from the bottom to the apex of the roof. The central tower, known as the Rajagopuram, is 53 meters tall. The majority of pillars have unique compositions etched into them. Wells and Shrines The 22 teerthams, or sacred water bodies in the shape of tanks and wells, are also inside the temple complex. These teerthams stand for Rama's quiver of 22 arrows. Every devotee has to take a bath before entering the sanctum sanctorum. In the mandaps of the temple complex, there are a few minor shrines for different deities. The 22 wells have rumors of therapeutic qualities; each has a unique temperature, salinity, and flavor. Significance The Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal encircle Rameshwaram town. The town has special significance to Hindus as one of the four sacred Char Dhams, or places of devotion, that every Hindu has to visit once in their lifetime. The Ramanathaswamy Temple is a well-known Shaivite and Vaishnavite temple of devotion. The three most renowned Nayanars, Appar, Sundarar, and Tirugnana Sambandar, have honored the temple with their music at one of the 227 Paadal Petra Sthalams. Final Thoughts Isn't this temple a gem? There is one thing a visitor should mind regarding the dress code to make sure the temple visit is peaceful. Visitors must adhere to stringent clothing requirements, particularly males who can enter the temple in vests and shirts. It is okay to wear cotton pants and shirts, but not jeans and t-shirts. With damp clothes on, people cannot enter the temple premises. Otherwise, this is an excellent place that you'll always be proud of visiting.

read more

Hotels in California

Luxurious Hotels They say there is nothing like California- the palm trees, salty air, ocean breeze, and sun-kissed hair; Cali is all about love!  Only lucky people can explore the beautiful city of the golden coast. If you're fortunate enough, get the best hotels in California!  Your stay is as important as your trip! We are sure you'll be crushing on California after the trip. We've compiled a list of California's best hotels. These will help you choose your accommodation!  Top 4 Hotels in California Here are some of our favorite hotels in California. 1. Shore Hotel Shore hotel is located opposite Santa Monica Pier and is one of the most beautiful hotels in California. It is set across Highway 1 from the beach and has a contemporary and modern look. You'll be able to explore 3rd street promenade shops, food joints, and ocean views. Enjoy the Mexican meals here- they're known to serve the best! (Image Credit: Shore Hotel) Location & Address- 1515 Ocean Ave, Santa Monica, CA 90401-2118 Ratings - family, 4-Star Hotel Price-Starts from 28,000 INR Check-in time-3 PM Check-out time-12 PM Amenities-Electric Vehicle charging station, pool, free Wi-Fi high speed, fitness Center with gym room, bar/ lounge, beach, bicycle rental, and children's television network are all available.  Facilities-Bathrobes, air conditioning, desk, housekeeping, interconnected rooms, coffee/ tea maker, Walker in the shower, and cable and satellite TV. Nearby Attraction-3rd street promenade's shops and restaurants, Santa Monica beach. 2. Beacon Grand, A Union Square Hotel, also called formerly as Sir Francis Drake This place, also called the glittering monument, sets the tone apart from primary California. Here, the Beacon Grand is known for its progress, undying the beauty of San Francisco, and hospitality. You'll get to explore the history of the beautiful landmark of Sir Francis Drake. It outshines the nearby city! This hotel opened at the epic World's Fairs and has been popular. (Image Credit: Beacon Grand) Location & Address- 450 Powell Street Union Square, San Francisco, CA 94102-1504 Ratings - Historic, classic 4-Star Hotel Price-Starts from 20,000 INR Check-in time-3 PM Check-out time-12 PM Amenities-Valet parking, Free high Wi-Fi speed, Fitness Center, Workout place, Gym room, Bicycle tours, Evening entertainment, Bar/Lounge, Pet-friendly, Taxi service, and more.  Facilities-Blackout curtains, Bathrobes, air conditioning, Desk, Housekeeping, interconnected rooms, Coffee/ tea maker, Walker in the shower, and cable and satellite TV. Nearby Attraction-There is Beaches, vineyard harvest festivals, and city views. 3. Hotel Emblem San Francisco Viceroy's urban retreat is one of San Francisco's most affordable luxury hotels. It is situated downtown, where Nob Hill meets Union Square and the Theater District. You may see plenty of modern provocations along with a status quo. You can get more than 90 vibrant guest rooms along with cocktail-focused restaurants. A bar inspired by the Beat Generation elevates creativity to a new level. (Image Credit: Viceroy Hotels and Resorts) Location & Address- 562 Sutter St, San Francisco, CA 94102-1102 Ratings - Value, quint 4 Star Hotel Price-Starts from 20,000 INR Check-in time-3 PM Check-out time-12 PM Amenities-Wi-Fi, a bar/lounge, pet-friendly, taxi service, conference room facilities, meeting rooms, baggage storage, an electric vehicle charging station, a pool, and a children's television network are all available. Facilities-Bathrobes, air conditioning, desk, housekeeping, interconnected rooms, flatscreen TV, room service, and cable and satellite are all available. Nearby Attraction-Nob Hill, Theater District, Union Square, Jazz clubs 4. SeaCrest OceanFront Hotel Fan of vineyard harvest festivals? This hotel can be your home base! Located in the heart of California, this hotel has all the amenities and links to gorgeous beaches. It is a beautiful retreat with 5 acres of an oceanfront bluff, where the sunsets look beautiful. The hotel has retro-modern based guest rooms and offers a complimentary continental breakfast. (Image Credit: SeaCrest Myrtle Beach Resort) Location & Address- 2241 Price St., Pismo Beach, CA 93449 Ratings - Value, Bayview 4-Star Hotel Price-Starts from 12,000 INR Check-in time-3 PM Check-out time-12 PM Amenities-Valet parking, Wi-Fi, bar/ lounge, taxi service, conference room facilities, meeting rooms, baggage storage, electric vehicle charging station, pool, and children's television network are all available.  Facilities-Blackout curtains, Bathrobes, air conditioning, desk, housekeeping, interconnected rooms, flat screen TV, room service, and cable and satellite are all available. Nearby Attraction-Nob Hill, Theater District, Union Square, Jazz clubs 

read more

Shore Temple

Shore Temple, Tamil Nadu A Hindu temple known as The Shore Temple is in Tamil Nadu, India's seaside town of Mahabalipuram. One of the oldest still-standing temples from that period. It is one of the finest examples of early Dravidian construction.  The deity Shiva is honored at the temple. The exact details of the temple's construction are still under research; people believe that the temple the Narasimhavarman II of the Pallavas built the temple in the eighth century AD. The temple is renowned for its beautiful carvings and sculptures and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is a part of the Mahabalipuram Group of Monuments, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. (Image Credits: FFO Gov) The Shore Temple's History Between the fourth and ninth centuries AD, the Pallava dynasty reigned over southern India. Rajasimha is another name for Narasimhavarman II of the Pallavas, who built this temple.  The temple is known as the Shore Temple because he constructed it beside the shore. Given that it resists severe coastal weather, it is a distinctive architectural style for a temple. Granite is used in building the temple because it is strong and lasts a long time. It can also stand up to the effects of seawater and ocean erosion. Three shrines in the temple honor the Hindu gods Shiva, Vishnu, and Brahma in the main temple. Aside from images from Hindu mythology, the temple also has stunning statues of the Hindu pantheon's gods and goddesses. Numerous repairs and conservation efforts are to preserve the temple's beauty and structural integrity. Due to the Bay of Bengal's impact on coastal erosion, the temple's original site was roughly 50 meters from where it is now. In the latter part of the 19th century, the temple relocated to its present site. The Archaeological Survey of India has taken over the protection of the temple complex, which is now accessible to tourists. Architecture The main temple is a five-story building with a 40-foot-tall pyramidal tower. The Shore Temple is renowned for its architectural details, such as the "Mandapam," which is the hall for communal prayer, and the "Vimana," which is the tower above the sanctum sanctorum. The primary deity's idol would have been stored in the "Palliyarai," a little chamber that is another component of the temple complex. Three shrines honor the Hindu god's Shiva, Vishnu, and Brahma in the main temple. The outside walls of the temple have delicate carvings of gods, animals, and other characters. People think that the sculptures in the temple are some of the best Pallava art and design. South of the first temple lies the second, smaller temple. It is dedicated to Lord Vishnu and is known for its exquisite sculptures of the deity in various forms.  Additionally, the temple features some little shrines and mandapas. The Shore Temple also uses monolithic rock-cut architecture, which entails carving a single, sizable piece of rock into a building or other structure. The architecture of ancient India often used this method. It may be in the gopurams and mandapas of the Shore Temple, out of granite rock. Additionally, the Shore Temple has a distinctive fusion of architectural types. It represents a synthesis of the Pallava and Chola architectural styles, two mighty empires that controlled southern India at various times. The temple's pyramidal tower displays Pallava architecture, while its elaborate carvings and sculptures depict Chola architecture. When is the best time to visit the Shore Temple? The temple is accessible to the public at all times and is open throughout the year. Nevertheless, winter is ideal since visiting and admiring the temple is more pleasant. Due to its tropical environment, Mahabalipuram has hot, humid summers and moderate winters.  The winter months of November through February are the ideal time to travel. The typical temperature during this period is between 25 and 30 degrees Celsius. If you want to escape the heat and comfortably take in the carvings and sculptures of the temple, winter is a perfect time.

read more

Resorts in Indore

Luxurious Resorts Resorts in Indore are superb spots for a beautiful experience with your loved ones. Indore, the state capital of Madhya Pradesh, is notable for various things, including historical monuments and natural beauties. The lovely city has gracefully blended old-world beauty with modern vibes. This charming city will lure you with its cultural subtleties and a diverse range of exciting recreational possibilities. Top 5 Resorts in Indore Here are some of our favourite Resorts in Indore. 1. Eco Holiday Resort Eco holiday resort is conveniently present near Indore, Dewas, and Ujjain for leisure guests/quality time. A place to escape the stress and rush of the city and immerse yourself in the beauty of the village. The fresh air that is free of pollution will undoubtedly revive you. (Image Credits: Eco Holiday Resort) Address: Kanadiya, road, Sannod, Madhya Pradesh 455221 Map: Google Map Check-in time: 12:00 PM Check-out time: 11:00 AM Amenities: Swimming Pool Free Parking Room service Facilities: Dance Floor Dining How to reach? The property is 29.8 kilometres from Indore Railway Station and is easily accessible by public or private transportation. The nearest airport is Devi Ahillyabai Holkar Airport Indore, which is 46 kilometres away from the resort. Nearby Attractions: Lal Bagh Palace (34.7 km) Ralamandal Wildlife Sanctuary (33.1 km) Indore Museum (30.3 km) 2. The Grand Machal Resorts & Clubs The Grand Machal is an artificial forest that offers peace and tranquillity to anyone looking for a change in their daily routine and workload. TGM's primary purpose is to bring "Peace & Joy" to our visitors. They provide everything you need for a romantic break, family time, a corporate event, or a destination wedding. (Image Credits: The Grand Machal) Address: NH47, Indore - Dhar Rd, Machal, Madhya Pradesh 453001 Map: Google Map Check-In Time: 2:00 PM Check-Out Time: 12:00 PM Amenities: Swimming Pool Free wifi Free Parking Gym Facility Room service Facilities: Kids Play Area  Dining How to reach? The resort is 20 kilometres from the city of Indore, making it easily accessible by public or private transportation. Nearby Attractions: Lal Bagh Palace (26.1 km) Central Museum (24.6 km) Shivaji Vatika (23.8 km) 3. Crescent Spa And Resort The Crescent Spa and Resorts in Indore will meet your luxurious needs. It is the perfect wellness retreat for every occasion, from a work trip to a weekend break. It is home to the famous Crescent Water Park, among Indore's most popular attractions. Crescent tries to give you the luxury you desire and the security you require. (Image Credits: Crescent) Address: Ahead of Devguradiya Temple Kampel, Road, Jamnya Khurd, Madhya Pradesh 452001 Map: Google Map Check-in Time: 1 PM Check-out Time: 11 AM Amenities: Room Amenities Room Service Wifi Access Facilities: Swimming Pool Dining Kids Play Area How to reach? The closest railway station to the Crescent Resort is Indore Junction Railway Station, 12.4 kilometres away, and it takes roughly 30 minutes to arrive by public or private transportation. The nearest airport to the resort is Devi Ahilyabai Holkar Airport, which is 18.5 kilometres away and readily available by public or private transportation. Nearby Attractions: Narmada Kshipra Link Water Park (5 km) Kamla Nehru Prani Sangrahalaya (15 km) Ralamandal Wildlife Sanctuary (10.8 km) 4. Dream World Resort Dream World Resort includes: It is a theme park. A king-size swimming pool. A large garden resort with interesting figures for children. The resort's in-house restaurant delivers superb meals, and the accommodations are ample and well-ventilated. It's so clean and well-kept that you enjoy being here, but it's difficult to forget the sensation of escaping from the humdrum to the daily experience to relax. (Image Credits: Dream World) Address: Nainod Road, near Gomatgiri, Nainod, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453 Map: Google Map Check-in Time: 12:00 PM Check-out Time: 11:00 AM Amenities: Housekeeping Iron facility Facilities: Parking 24 hours Security Laundry facilities How to reach? The resort is 25 kilometres from the Indore railway station.  Indore Airport is 20 kilometres from the resort, and Bhopal Airport is 300 kilometres away.  Nearby Attractions: Kamla Nehru Prani Sangrahalaya (14.2 km) Gandhi Hall (12.1 km) Lal Bagh Palace (11.7 km) 5. Tasalli Hotel and Club Tasalli Hotel n Club is situated away from the hustle and bustle of town in a quiet and serene zero-pollution zone. Kishan Pura Lake is direct across the street. Tasalli is one of Indore's finest resorts, with no nuance overlooked and no understated luxury. Soak up the sun's rays or sit and admire the beauty of nature; do whatever you like and make the most of your vacation. (Image Credits: Tasalli) Address: Indore - Ahmedabad Highway, opposite Kishanpura Lake, Chota Betma, Madhya Pradesh 453001 Map: Google Map Checkin: 10:00 AM Check-out: 12:00 PM Amenities: Housekeeping Iron facility Facilities: Parking 24 hours Security Laundry facilities How to reach? The nearest railway station is Nagar Railway Station, 10 kilometres from the resort.  Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport is 28 kilometres away. Nearby Attractions: Lal Bagh Palace (22.2 km) Hanuman Temple (21 km) Rajwada Palace (22.2 kms)

read more